Isimiso njengotshaba. Umgaqo ukulingana enkqubo amaqela

Umthetho esisiseko ye-Russian Federation ibhengeze lo ukulingana amalungelo nenkululeko abemi bayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yindoda, yenkolo, uhlanga, ubuzwe, inkolo okanye imvelaphi. UMgaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukulingana bonke phambi komthetho, ngaphandle kokukhetha, yaye lo mgaqo leenkqubo njengotshaba. Ezi postulates ziye zafumanisa uphuhliso kunye nokuqhubekeka imithetho yenkqubo ekuxoxweni kwamatyala embambano nawolwaphulo-mthetho.

Eli nqaku liza kuphendula imibuzo yintoni na umgaqo okhuphiswano kunye nokulingana yonke phambi kwentendelezo, kwaye yintoni eyona beendidi inkqubo.

Ukutolikwa jikelele

Nangona umahluko othile phakathi yoluntu kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo-mthetho, i-siseko yokulingana amaqela unika intsingiselo efanayo ulawulo lomthetho kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba abantu abathatha inxaxheba kulingo abe nethuba elifanayo ukusebenzisa iindlela kuvumelekile ukukhusela indawo yayo ukuze akhusele ityala labo. Inkundla iyingxenye efunekayo ukuze esweni ukuthotyelwa nomgaqo evakaliswe, kunyanzelekile ukuba ukuqinisekisa iimeko alinganayo amaqela kulawulo lobulungisa yaye kujongwe ukuba sifumane inyaniso kwityala elithile.

Umgaqo njengotshaba busenza ukuba ukuba amaqela kufuneka basebenzise amalungelo abo ukuze ukusombulula imbambano emagemeni abo. Initiative of umntu ngamnye ngokukhukhumala efanayo. Wonke umntu ngokwabo okanye uthumele ummeli kufuneka asebenzise lonke yokugcina kunye lokwenzekayo ukuzikhusela ngokwabo, ukuba babe ngokwabo ulwazi zomthetho kunye nobuchule, izicelo isicelo, nakwamkela ubungqina njalo njalo.

Inkundla kuyo nayiphi na imeko ukuba ingakhethi cala namkhethe kwaye akenzi kwicala nabani wakhe.

Ukulingana ekuxoxweni kwamatyala embambano

Case ukukhusela amalungelo abemi kunye nabantu zomthetho ezinxulumene ulwalamano lobuqu, iingxabano ezoqoqosho kunye nezorhwebo, iyaqwalaselwa entendelezweni kulamlo lokugqibela nenkundla wolawulo ngokubanzi.

Kungakhathaliseki uhlobo imbambano codes yenkqubo ifuna malunga yokulingana amaqela kunye sabo.

Ingcamango umgaqo

Ngu ukulingana ngomthetho procedural uyayiqonda i iseti alinganayo ngamalungelo ukuba amaqela ukuze ngexesha kwetyala, ezizezi ummangali nommangalelwa inxaxheba ngokulinganayo kwiimviwo yobungqina, angenise amaxwebhu ezikhalazo, ukuba ukunika ingcaciso, lokubiza amangqina, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo ukuba bafune ukususwa enkundleni.

Kulo mzekelo, umntu obandakanyekayo kwiinkqubo zomthetho akanalungelo kakubi amathuba, ukwenzela ukuba zinyhasha amalungelo kwelinye iqela. izicelo Endless for yamiswa lona, ikhefu kwiimvavanyo ezijolise kucothe inkqubo, inkundla zingathathwa ubulungisa, nokuba anelise kubo uya kohluthwa. Izenzo ezinjalo umgwebi nga akuthethi ukuba ubabalweyo icala elinye, wamona amalungelo omnye. Inkundla naliphi na ityala isebenza kuphela njengoko kwicala ulamlo kunye ozimele geqe.

Umthetho uthi ukuba inkundla akakwazi benze nangayiphi na indlela ukuba amaqela babona ukuba ubeka nxaxheba enye inkqubo iadvanteji phezu kwezinye. Ngokutsho lo mmiselo, ijaji ayikwazi ngomlomo amazwi, abazibiza, iingxelo ngqongqo ukubiza umbuzo ukungakhethi zabo.

Abadlali abanalo efanayo amalungelo

Umntu ngamnye angasebenzisa ulandelelwano ezithile izenzo: enze ezixhasa iingxoxo zabo yokuveza ubungqina. Inkundla kufuneka aqhube inkqubo ngendlela yokuba ixesha elabelwe ukuvulwa sikhundla, namacala babelingana. Kakade ke, kwafuneka ukuba balandele ngqo imigaqo, ngenxa yokuba ulingo unikwa ithuba iseti kwexesha, ngokungqinelana neshedyuli amatyala, kwaye isithethi nokupheliswa, owangenela bucala ukusuka yemfaneleko imbambano, kungekhona nokuncipha amalungelo akhe.

Isigqibo senkundla ziya kwenziwa kuphela emva kokuba inkqubo

Inkundla akakwazi awayengazukucalulwa isiphumo wenkundla kwangaphambili ekulweni, nangona izibakala obonakala kucacile akakwazi ngokuzimeleyo ukusebenzisa eminye imigaqo yomthetho, ezifana sicatshulwa kwexesha lilinganiselwa, ukuba amaqela zange anicacisele. Nasiphi na isenzo ungumgwebi ngaphaya yokuziphatha kunye nomthetho, ibe wabhenela kumaqela ngokubhekiswa iBhodi Qualification okanye umongameli wenkundla. Ukuba amaqela kufuneka ukuthandabuza isisombululo esifanelekileyo kwimbambano, ukuba umngeni ijaji, kodwa kufuneka anike ubungqina obuqinileyo ukunyhashwa abasebenzi lezomthetho, akuthethwa sokunikeza, kwaye lukwimo ebhaliweyo, okanye ukurekhodwa erekhodiweyo izibakala.

abadlali Optionality

Abantu abathatha inxaxheba kwimeko anelungelo ukuba alahle zomthetho wawo procedural and substantive. Bayakwazi izithakazelo zabo, ngokubonakalayo eziphembelela ukwenzeka, ikhondo kunye nokupheliswa nenkqubo yamakhaya, ukuze ukubuyisela amalungelo abo badlwengulwe. Imigaqo optionality kunye nokhuphiswano ababhali abaninzi esisiseko ekuxoxweni kwamatyala embambano. Ngokucacisa indlela ingenzeka, uphuhliso kunye nesiphelo kwimeko yembambano ngokubanzi.

Umgaqo njengotshaba ekuxoxweni kwamatyala embambano

Ityala ibonelela ngesiqinisekiso nxaxheba inkqubo lokuphikisana zabo kunye nendawo ngokusemthethweni zonke iindlela kuvumelekile kumthetho. Ekubeni umthwalo ubungqina kubeka kwicala wenkundla, isiphumo kukwaxhomekeke indlela ekhethiweyo ngokuchanekileyo wokhuseleko, nxaxheba abakhutheleyo ekuhlanganisweni ubungqina, isicelo ngexesha, uvavanyo oluchanekileyo izenzo utshaba.

Umgaqo njengotshaba kwi inkqubo lembambano umisela ukuba ukuze ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza Ezecala lesibini amanyathelo athathiweyo. Umntu ababandakanyeka etyaleni, kufuneka pre-ndlebe kunye nesiqulatho zabo. Le semsebenzini ukwenzela ukunika ubungqina obubhaliweyo kuphela inkundla kodwa amanye amaqela pervoosnovnoy imbambano. Kuphela ukwazi indawo umxholo elikhuselayo, ungakhetha yayizindlela nako kusengaphambili impumelelo tyala.

Ukuba nxaxheba musa kuthathwe ngokupheleleyo ukusebenzisa amalungelo abo, basityathe umngcipheko iziphumo ezingalunganga. Nayiphi ibhengeze lo ibango kufuneka kwakhona kwisithuba seenyanga ezintathu ukususela kumhla unyango, ngoko kuyacetyiswa ukuba ukwaphula umthetho kwaye musa ukuba isicelo ekuziseni abanye ukuba abize amangqina ezongezelelweyo kunye nokuthatha ubungqina kumhla wokugqibela phambi kokuphela kwexesha. Le Nkundla, akuba ingqalelo imfuneko esinjalo, kwaye ilungelo lokwala ukubhekisela kuyo kumgaqo njengotshaba kunye inadmissibility yokunyhashwa kwamalungelo yenkqubo.

Sebenzisa lo mgaqo njengotshaba enkundleni - akuthethi ukuba enkundleni ibe kwindawo ezimbini zokucwangcisa, okanye ezimbini zokucwangcisa, phakathi amagqwetha namagqwetha. kubume bayo - imbambano phakathi kwamaqela amabini phambi kwenkundla. inkqubo yomthetho - hayi umdlalo kodwa indlela ukuze inyaniso zomthetho, uqonde ukulingana umgaqo njengotshaba kuyimfuneko kwimeko yomthetho. Nandipha amalungelo abo kufuneka kufanelekile, ngokuhambelana namalungelo kunye nokuhlonipha umchasi baze entendelezweni yayo.

inkqubo Criminal: umxholo umgaqo njengotshaba

RF siseko kwiSigaba 3 Art. 123 limisela ukuba inkqubo yenkundla inkqubo esekelwe kukhuphiswano kunye nokulingana. Ukubonelela mgaqo uphambili, umthetho engundoqo lizwe asichazi kwaye abayityhilela isiqulatho yayo ethile.

Umgaqo inkqubo njengotshaba ibandakanya iimeko ezintathu mandatory:

• imisebenzi inkqubo ngokwahlukana;
• yokulingana amaqela;
• ukungakhethi wenkundla.

Xa kwicala ngalinye imisebenzi yayo

umgaqo njengotshaba luphawulwa kukwahlukana imisebenzi yenkqubo. Xa kwicala ngalinye amagunya ayo. Ngelo xesha, kamsinya nje kwecala wothabatha inkqubo inkqubo, ukuba babe ukulingana procedural, okt amalungelo kuqamba efanayo. uhlangothi kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho icala ubuso yomtshutshisi, ixhoba, umtshutshisi abucala kunye nommangali yoluntu kwelinye icala kunye esemqoka kule ubuso umtyholwa, umtyholwa kunye ngummeli wabo, igqwetha kunye nommangalelwa yoluntu, kwelinye icala. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwiinkqubo zobugebenga ngokulinganayo ukonwabela ilungelo ukuze anikele ubungqina kwesifundo, izicelo isicelo.

Enoba into yokuba omnye amaqela kohlwaywa, kwaye enye ezinye iseti onamandla amalungelo owakhiwa iimfuno kokumgxeka eyenzelwe ukohlwaya nomoni, zombini sinokuqiniseka unyango olulinganayo inxalenye igosa elongameleyo.

Court na umsebenzi isigqibo sokugqibela, yaye wahluliwe wokhuselo kunye notshutshiso imisebenzi. INkundla kufuneka iseke iimeko procedural, amaqela ngokulinganayo banandiphe amalungelo abo yenkqubo. Abantu egameni likarhulumente elibandakanyekayo notshutshiso abantu abangquzulana nomthetho, kufuneka athobele iimfuno umtyholwa kunye nommangalelwa njengoko umntu kunye ngummi, ngokusekelwe ngokukhukhumala-nyhuku.

kwecala kunye nokulingana iingalo

kwecala yahlukile ngokwesiseko yamakhaya zombini kwiinjongo zayo, ejolise ekufumaneni ukohlwaya umntu waphule umthetho, kwaye ubume amaqela. Ukuba enyanisweni, yaye kwelinye icandelo amalungelo eli qela kufuneka umdla malungana, ukuba nokulingana izixhobo luphawu kunokuba ukuba ubudlelwane ngomthetho, kunokuba ukuze athathe amanyathelo otshutshiso, ukususela kwelinye icala elinye lo ngumntu bezonxibelelwano bukhatshwa sisohlwayo ngumthetho, yaye kwelinye icala - urhulumente, bambongoza ukuba bohlwaye ngokukhetha nezohlwayo. ratio umthamo lunemiqathango kakhulu; kwimeko nye, indoda, yaye kwelinye - yonke izixhobo ngohlobo lwemizimba yophando, uphando, utshutshiso.

Ilungelo lokhuseleko, uncedo lwezomthetho yobungcali umtyholwa okanye ummangalelwa isiqinisekiso intlonelo yamalungelo bakhe ukuzuzwa kolingano iingalo kuba utshutshiso bubonakaliswe ngamagosa zobungcali nokunyanzeliswa komthetho abanelungelo imfundo efanelekileyo. Kwiimeko apho umntu akakwazi ngenxa yesizathu esithile ukuqesha igqwetha, kufuneka unikele isiluleko free.

Enye ingxenye yokulingana zamaqela Kucingelwa kumthetho ngokukhukhumala-nyhuku. Uthe ibandakanya isethi imithetho zomthetho, intsingiselo yazo kukuqinisekisa ukuba logama nje le nkqubo osekwe umthetho lo ubungqina bokuba unetyala umtyholwa okanye ummangalelwa, yaye oku iwayini ayiqinisekiswanga isivakalisi, wonke umntu lokubonwa engenatyala.

Ngokwesiseko imimiselo yalo mthetho, inkundla yamatyala inyanzelekile ukuba ahlole ityala yokutshutshisa ubanike yovavanyo efanelekileyo. Akukho mntu uya kuthi, apho ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, angabi lokuzithethelela, phezu koko, oko kukuthi umsebenzi wophando kunye nemibuzo imizimba. Bonke ubungqina kufuneka ifunyanwe ngendlela esemthethweni. Ukuba kokuba atsalwa usebenzise ubundlobongela okanye izoyikiso, utshutshiso akakwazi zibhekisela kuwo. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, omnye iinkolelo eziphambili: zonke amathandabuzo malunga ityala liya tolikwa engenatyala ummangalelwa.

enkantolo ukungakhethi

Udidi, ngaphandle apho ukuphunyezwa ngokomgaqo othi ithuba lokukhuphisana akwenzeki. Ukubunjwa inkundla kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngokufanelekileyo cala ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, sonke isenzo wenkundla mayibhekiswe uvavanyo elizimeleyo nobungqina ngamaqela. Ukuba umtshutshisi awuxhasi isigxina, inkundla kuqhubeka yayo kwetyala.

isiphelo

intlonelo Inviolable kuba umthetho, eyasekwa yi imithetho yase kanye-siseko welizwe lethu kwimiba ukulingana kunye nokhuphiswano enkundleni, kuya kukunceda ukuba uphephe iimpazamo komthetho kuqulatha ukunyanzelwa isigqibo nje nesemthethweni. njengotshaba mgaqo, optionality kunye nokulingana zamaqela - ekuqaleni angundoqo kwetyala.