Yintoni lo mthetho? Iintlobo kwecala. Imisebenzi ye kwecala

Naliphi na ilizwe ehlabathini luhlobo wentlangano lwentlalo. Yena a lot of iimpawu zibaluleke zasekuhlaleni. Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo kakhulu ukhuseleko loluntu, urhulumente kwaye wonke ummi weli lizwe bangaphathwa ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo yingozi empilweni kunye nobomi.

Njengokuba kude njengoko lo msebenzi olwenziwa ngokufanelekileyo, kuxhomekeke kubukho inkqubo yezomthetho, ebonelela imbopheleleko mthetho okanye yolawulo ukuba ububi.

Yintoni a kwetyala lolwaphulo

Akukho manyathelo yemfundiso ayikwazi kusetyenziswa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze mthetho. ukuqaphela yabo kunokwenzeka kuphela ikhondo eqhelekileyo yoshishino, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukucwangcisa zonke iimeko ngesiganeko, unelungelo abafanelekayo ukuba wenze kakuhle nisekelwe osemthethweni nokunyanzeliswa senzo. amagunya karhulumente kuphela ukwenza imisebenzi enjalo. Luthwala igama inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Maxa wambi ibizwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Liguqulelwe, oku kuthetha ingqiqo "kwetyala amacala." Ngenxa yesi sizathu, unako ukuchaza: inkqubo lolwaphulo - ke umsebenzi lwamaqumrhu karhulumente eyenziwa ngendlela esemthethweni, leyo ijonge ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa komthetho mthetho ngokusebenzisa isicelo kwayo ubuso yolwaphulo-mthetho. Onke amanyathelo izicelo kufuneka mayicaciswe gca kwi-Code Criminal.

Imisebenzi ye kwecala

Iinjongo eziphambili, ezifumaneka ematyaleni, zibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

1. Nokuhlonipha amalungelo kunye neemfuno abantu abathatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka babenolwazi ngamalungelo abo abe nako ukuba afezeke. Oku kusebenza kokubili abamangalelwa kwaye ummangalelwa. Ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo ayikwazi ukugwetyelwa nayiphi na inkqubo.
2. njani na ukusombulula ulwaphulo-ngokukhawuleza nangokupheleleyo. Kokuba kube nokuqwalaselwa isonjululwe kuphela xa kusekwa ngokucacileyo zonke iziganeko kunye nxaxheba kule ulwaphulo-mthetho. isantya yokuvula kuqinisekisa inyaniso lommiselo, aluhlisayo luyilelwe ukunika impembelelo emfundo kuphela abenzi bobubi kodwa lonke uluntu. Ulwaphulo-mthetho nako kunganikwa ingqwalasela zichazwe emva kokuba egwetyiwe iya kuba njengento elilize nengekhoyo.
3. Ukuchongwa bahlaseli. Oku kufuneka kujongwane nayo nemizimba utshutshiso lo. Ukuba bafuna kuphela izaphuli-mthetho, kodwa ukumisela ityala nabani.
4. ukusetyenziswa eyiyo yomthetho ukuya wobubi oyike kwaye abamsulwa bangabi abachaphazelekayo. Oku kunokwenzeka kuphela xa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwenziwa ngokungqongqo ngaphakathi komthetho. Ukuba bafumana naziphi na ukunyhashwa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zomthetho, lombandela ungadluliselwa ibuyiselwe olunye uphando kunye isigqibo ngalo - ukurhoxisa.

Iimpawu kwecala

kwecala ekunokuthiwa kuphela umsebenzi oluqhutywa ngokunxulumene nalo mthetho. Lubonakala yi ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• Imisebenzi yophando kunye nokusombulula amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.
• Zonke izenzo zingenziwa kuphela indlela kwimeko ethile.
• inkqubo Criminal - umsebenzi oluqhutywa kuphela ngabantu eligunyazisiweyo okanye imizimba.
• Yonke imisebenzi yenziwa ngendlela engqongqo kunye engqongqo, nto leyo kulawulwa ngumthetho.
• Yonke imisebenzi ingasombululwa kuphela xa izinto ezisemthethweni kunye namalungelo abemi.

umthetho Criminal kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho - iingqiqo ezahlukeneyo. Le nkqubo imisebenzi zamaqela athabatha inxaxheba, kwaye unelungelo - umzimba yomthetho, eyenzelwe ukulawula lo msebenzi.

uhlobo

Uphuhliso yembali kolawulo lolwaphulomthetho eRashiya uqala Kievan Rus, xa lesikhumbuzo yokuqala ukuya ekunene - "Russian Truth". Ukuba sithethe malunga ngembali yehlabathi, kumazwe ahlukeneyo kufuneka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Phantsi inkqubo, uhlobo ithetha ukuhlanganiswa iimeko ibalulekileyo okuluphawu ulandelelwano kwinkqubo yenkundla, neqondo lokhuselo lwamalungelo ngamnye, ngokunjalo iindlela zokuqokelela, ukuqinisekisa nokuvavanya ulwazi efunyenweyo.

Ubukho uhlobo oluthile betyholwa ngenxa ezithile kuqikelelo, ezifana lwezoqoqosho, yezopolitiko, yezentlalo, ezenkolo kunye nabanye. Ngomhla uhlobo inkqubo iphenjelelwa iinkalo zophuhliso karhulumente.

Ngoku ke umthetho lolwaphulo elamkeleke ukuba ama alandelayo iintlobo yeenkqubo:

1. Unetyala. Okwangoku, esi iintlobo phantse awufumaneki ukuba abathile kuphela izakhi zawo. Yaba uphawu wekhoboka kunye feudal ithi, umzekelo, eRoma yamandulo, Kievan Rus. Ngelo xesha kwakukho inxaxheba angenzi amagunya karhulumente kwiingxoxo. Ixhoba ekhaya kwafuneka ukuqokelela ubungqina kwaye ufumane ubungqina ibala.
2. Investigation. Kwathi kancinci emva, kwaye zezona lwimi zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi waseRoma yaye ubukumkani Spain. ERashiya, isimangalo isaphuli-mthetho ezithile phambi kokuba utshintsho ka-Alexander II. Umtyholwa phantse ngokupheleleyo anqunyulwe onke amalungelo sokhuseleko, maxa wambi wayengazi nto egxekwa.
3. Njengotshaba. Libhekisela iintlobo mihla kwimveliso. Kulo mzekelo, kwaye amaxhoba kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ummangalelwa uya kuba namalungelo alinganayo. Lo mgaqo uphambili yale nkqubo ke ngokukhukhumala-nyhuku.
4. Mixed. Ifomu mihla lobulungisa, leyo eqhelekileyo ukuba amazwe kunye nenkqubo zomthetho yezwekazi. Oku kunokubonwa njenge ndlela impikiswano kunye nenkqubo yophando. inkqubo enjalo kulawulwa eRashiya phambi Revolution. Kule hlobo inkqubo luphawulwa ngakumbi ubukho bezinto eziqalelo okhuphiswano. In Russia mihla, elasekwa kanye olu hlobo ukumangalelana.

Izigaba kwecala

Na ukuxoxwa kwetyala lolwaphulo iqulathe izigaba eziliqela ezilandelayo elinye emva kwelinye kwaye ngokusondeleyo izingxoxo. Basenokuba lungachazwa ezinye iimpawu eziphambili:

1. sigaba ngamnye iinjongo zalo kunye neenjongo ezisekelwe kuyo imveliso oluqhutywa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Owona msebenzi - ukugcinwa semthethweni nokunyaniseka izigqibo.
2. Kwinqanaba ngalinye uluhlu yalo nxaxheba kunye namalungu aziintloko inkqubo, umzekelo, xa kukho amanyathelo pre-kwetyala, umtshutshisi kwinkqubo yolwaphulomthetho eyaziyo, ngegunya lakhe, yaye nenqanaba iinkqubo kwiholo yenkundla wakhe wabhekisela umtshutshisi.
3. Umyalelo yomsebenzi.
4. Imihla yonke imisebenzi yenkqubo.
5. Izenzo kunye nobuhlobo.
6. Izigqibo kunye namaxwebhu, umzekelo, ukubhala ukubambana kwaye uyithumele nomtshutshisi.

Inkqubo ukuze athathe amanyathelo otshutshiso unalo eqongeni, nabanako ukwahlulelana ibe ngamaqela amabini ezinkulu:

1. Eqhelekileyo.
2. Ezizodwa.

Iqela lokuqala kuquka la manyathelo alandelayo:

• Ukuqaliswa kwe kwecala.
• uphenyo lokuqala.
• Isigaba samalungiselelo phambi kwentlanganiso.
• Iseshoni enkundleni.
• Ukufeza isibheno, ukuba ikhona, iya kufakwa efayilini.
• isivakalisi uqalisa ukusebenza.

Izigaba okukhethekile ziquka:

• Ephakamileyo.
• igunya lokuphatha.
• Zokuvulwa kwimeko ngokunxulumene neemeko ezintsha.

sigaba Pre-kwetyala

Isigaba sokuqala - ishishini yokutyela. Ukufumana abasebenzi izikhalazo kwanakubalawuli uphando okanye ukuqinisekiswa iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Eli nqanaba yeyona imfutshane, oko kudla ixesha iintsuku ezintathu. Kwezinye iimeko, eli thuba ukuze kwandiswa.

Ngenxa yoko, kukho isigqibo malunga nokuba okanye hayi ukuba okumisela. Kweli nqanaba le nkqubo ebandakanyekileyo inani elincinane labantu.

Emva koko, uphando lokuqala, oluqhutywa iifom ezimbini - Uphando lokuqala kunye nemibuzo. Eyokuqala yenziwa xa mthetho Lenza mthetho ukuba abe ayingozi eluntwini.

Le yokuphanda olwenziwe ezimweni ngokwanelisayo elula mthetho. Uphando lokuqala ngexesha kuthatha malunga ezimbini iinyanga ukuba ityala ezintsonkothileyo, eli thuba ukuze kwandiswa. Kweli nqanaba amaxhoba kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo-mthetho ndithi zonke iimeko zayo zonke iinkcukacha, ukunika ulwazi malunga amangqina ngubani na ingqina ingqalelo.

Ngenxa zonke izenzo kunye neziganeko bayilungisa ukubambana.

trial

Esi sigaba luqala kumalungiselelo kwetyala. Umsebenzi ophambili kukuba ukulungiselela intlanganiso lentendelezo. Kweli nqanaba umgwebi ngokuzimeleyo okanye ngexesha zetyala yaphambi-closed ngokuphonononga bokuqonda kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba ucinga ukuba kukho izizathu, ezindlebeni elimisiweyo. Ukuba kukho iingxaki kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho, lo ijaji, ngaphandle injongo ulingo ukuthumela ityala emva olunye uphando.

Andiva kwi inxaxheba kwawo onke amaqela ukuba athathe inxaxheba kule nkqubo. Umzekelo, igqwetha unelungelo ukubiza amangqina.

Ityala i ngundoqo naluphi na utshutshiso lo. Yahlulahlulwe yaba kwizigaba ezininzi:

1. izenzo wokulungiselela.
2. Uphenyo kwezomthetho. Amaxhoba kwinkqubo sesenzo uze umxelele konke enyanisweni swonghasi. Abamangalelwa nabo banelungelo lokuba athethe phandle kwaye unike ubungqina.
3. Aziphendule. Iqala nesibakala sokuba umtshutshisi neekqubo zenkundla ezijongene nolwaphulo ithandeka utshutshiso kunye nezibheno enkundleni yokunika isohlwayo ethile. Emva kwakhe, ilizwi isole nomkhuseli.
4. Ilizwi ummangalelwa. Kule nxalenye ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuba igama lokugqibela, ukuba uxolo, ukuvuma okanye ungenatyala.
5. Isigwebo. Kusenokuba nokuba lokuzithethelela okanye unetyala. Kwezinye iimeko, inkundla kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo-mthetho iya isigqibo ukupheliswa kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ulingo ungatsala isixa elingenammiselo ixesha, kwezinye iimeko ezinzima, inkqubo ithatha iminyaka.

Ukumangalelana and Justice

Ukuba sithethe kakuhle eli tyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kufuneka nakanjani ingqalelo ngokunxulumene okusesikweni, leyo yenye yeendlela ukuphumeza ezobulungiswa. Oku kuthetha ukuba imisebenzi iNkundla ukuba bafunde yaye uthathe amanyathelo ngeembambano zomthetho, ekufuneka wenziwe ngokungqongqo ngaphakathi komthetho.

inkundla kuphela ukwenza okusesikweni eRashiya. igunya lenkundla luyasetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

• zomthetho-siseko.
• Civil.
• Administration.
• Criminal.

Kubonakala ukuba inkqubo yobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho yenye iifom. Nakuba kunjalo, kufuneka ukuba ngumuntu kuphela kweenkundla. Inkundla apha ngokwenene yengundoqo, kodwa hayi kuphela iqumrhu uphumeza inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Oku kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba kwinkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulomthetho ezinxulumene ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Ukuba sithethe ngayo imisebenzi kunye umbandela ummiselo osemthethweni, nobulungisa kuba banzi kakhulu iingxoxo lolwaphulo-mthetho.
• Xa kuziwa kwi zifundo, ubulungisa kulo mba kwiinkqubo enasilela njengokuba inxaxheba kungekuphela enkundleni kodwa ke abaphandi, abaphandi, abatshutshisi kunye namanye amagosa.

Imigaqo kwenkqubo ngenxa

Nayiphi wamacala usekela umsebenzi wayo kwimigaqo ethile:

1. Kusemthethweni. Inkundla, kunye namanye amalungu ekwenziweni okuchaneka kufuneka ukuba kulandela iimfuno ezingummiselo ze-Code Criminal. Nakuphi na ukunyhashwa abavumelekanga noxanduva neziphathelene nemisebenzi emiselwe ngumthetho. Ekuqhutyweni kuxoxwa ityala lolwaphulo-amalungelo abantu ababandakanyekayo kule nkqubo, kufuneka ihlonitshwe.
2. Inviolability lo mntu. Wonke ummi unelungelo lokukhuselwa ukuphazamiseka mthethweni obubobakhe. Oku kuyinyaniso nje kuphela nokungena ngokungemthetho kumashishini abucala, kodwa imbalelwano kunye neenombolo incoko. Umrhanelwa kunye nexhoba banelungelo lokuzithethelela, nto leyo yenze zombini ngokuzimeleyo ngoncedo igqwetha. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo banamalungelo alinganayo ngokupheleleyo phambi komthetho.
3. Umgaqo emphakathini. Ngqo kwi Code Criminal oko alukhankanywanga, kodwa yenye iziseko kwetyala. umdla Public luboniswa ekudalweni meko, ebonisa ukuba naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka bohlwaywe.
4. Intlonipho nembeko isidima somntu lowo. Amalungiselelo engundoqo yomgaqo ebekwe phantsi kuMgaqo-siseko, ngoko ke, kufuneka ngokuthe ngqo. Ekuhambeni wolingo yokuba akwamkelekanga ukusebenzisa ukulwa ukuseka isibakala le ulwaphulo-mthetho.
5. Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye neenkululeko kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo-mthetho.
6. Ukulawula ubulungisa ungenziwa kuphela enkundleni. Inkqubo yenkundla eyasekwa ngumGaqo-siseko, ukuyilwa kwezinye iimeko ezifana akuvumelekanga.
7. ulwimi olusetyenziswa umgaqo enkundleni. Ulingo kufuneka ziqhutywe ngolwimi lweenkobe lezakhiwo inxaxheba kuyo.
8. Kubekho msulwa. Nangona ityala lomntu kubonakele enkundleni, mayingabi sakhululwa ngokuba ityala kwaye asebenzise isohlwayo sentambo. Kwaye le nto uluvo lobuqu abantu namaqumrhu ezikhokelela inkqubo, kwaye indawo injongo uyakwazi ukwenza izigqibo eziphambili ukusuka apho: umntu omsulwa ukuba nilingwe kwaye atshutshiswe; akufuneki ukuba ubanjwe nje otyholwa nawuphi na ummi, oko kufuneka kwenziwe ngaphandle ngokwesiseko kwaye ukuze inikwa ngumthetho.
9. Umgaqo ukuzimela kweenkundla, labagwebi kunye abagwebi ezizimeleyo. Namajaji yenye yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo igunya karhulumente, leyo uphumeza ulawulwa kuphela nguMgaqo-siseko. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba imizimba lomthetho nelesigqeba ngemisebenzi yabo yahluke leenkundla, zihlanganiswe kunye nezinye nakanjani. INkundla ukulungisa iintsilelo igunya lolawulo, ukuba enze ulawulo-siseko, ukuba iliso semthethweni nokunyaniseka nezigqibo amagunya karhulumente.

Ukuba le migaqo baqondisiswa ngqo, unokuqiniseka ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luza kusonjululwa iindlela unyanisekile, yaye zonke unetyala ngokuyimfuneko kukuhlawula nje.

Ubungqina kunye nenkqubo ubungqina

La magama mabini zizinto ezingenakwahlulwa, nangona ezahlukahlukeneyo zendalo. Ubungqina uquka nawuphi na data ifunyenwe ngokusebenzisa umthetho. Xa ucinga ngabo, abasemagunyeni ukuqhuba iseti uphando, kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye akunjalo. Kananjalo wamisela iqondo engekho le umrhanelwa.

Ubungqina kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho - lo msebenzi amagosa karhulumente kunye noluntu, ejolise ukuqokelelwa, ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokuhlolwa ubungqina lokuseka zonke iimeko ezibalulekileyo isisombululo enobulungisa nelungileyo kwetyala.

Inkqubo Ubungqina aquka ziincindi ezininzi:

• iinguqulelo Nomination.
• Ukuqokelela ulwazi.
• Ukuhlola kokugcina.
• Ukuvavanywa ubungqina.
• izigqibo alungile.

Ubungqina kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa phantse kuzo zonke izigaba iingxoxo. Ubungqina obufunyenwe ngendlela engekho mthethweni, akukho zisetyenziswa enkundleni njengezibakala elingenakuphikiswa. Azikwazi kuba sisiseko izityholo.

Ubungqina zihlelwe ngokuxhomekeke umgangatho imithombo yolwazi. Xa siqwalasela kubo ngokunxulumene ummangalelwa, zezi:

• Kokumgxeka.
• Exculpatory.

Ukuthelekisa ulwazi amandla efunyenwe zingahlukaniswa:

• ubungqina Initial.
• Yezabelo.

Ngokunxulumene izibakala ze-mthetho:

• Tye.
• Engathanga ngqo.

Indlela wesiseko ubungqina ingaba:

• Real.
• Personal.

Xa umkhuba kokuvavanywa kwetyala lwasenkundleni elimisiweyo rhoqo kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mcuphi, ngubani na ityala lolwaphulo unelungelo lokuba amisele ubuchule, kodwa oku xanduva ayinayo. Kukho inani lamatyala xa umphandi kuya kufuneka ukuba amisele Uviwo lwasenkundleni

1. Ukuba kukho ubungqina engqina ukufa okanye iintlungu emzimbeni.
2. Ubungqina ekhululekile ethandabuzekayo ye nomrhanelwa okanye ixhoba.
3. Ukuba enyanisweni akukho lwazi kubudala-nxaxheba, xa ezi iinkcukacha kubalulekile.
4. Ubungcali efunekayo xa kuyimfuneko ukuseka unobangela wokufa.
5. Ukuba ufuna ukufumana ngaphandle ubungakanani umonakalo obangelwe empilweni.

izenzo Civil ekuqhubeni

Kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ozakuthathwa amabango ezivela abahlali kunye yezomthetho. A ibango lembuyekezo umonakalo yokuziphatha okanye ipropati kwabangelwa ngexesha ulwaphulo-mthetho, umtshutshisi isicelo.

Xa ummangali ukufaka ibango, oko engarhafelwayo karhulumente. Ukubonisa ukuba amanyathelo omthetho yenziwa apha ekuhambeni kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngendlela esemthethweni.

Ukumangalela kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo ngalo naliphi na ixesha ukususela ityala esuthwini ukuya ekupheleni kwetyala. Ibonisa ukuba isenokuba ngembalelwano okanye ngomlomo. Nangaliphi na ixesha, ibango unako ayiyomfuneko, kwimeko apho isicelo - ukungaphumeleli - wangena kule kwetyala protocol, kunye nokuveliswa kokuba kupheliswa.

Kuba naliphi na ibango liya isigqibo:

1. Xa isigqibo ngayo enetyala, inkundla, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubungqina iziseko kunye nobungakanani yebango, oko ukwanelisa ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye.
2. Ukuba akukho manyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanyathelo omthetho asithatyathwa kwi-pre-kwetyala eqongeni, inkundla unelungelo isigqibo okusisiphumo wokwamkelwa kwazo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ulahliwe ngenkani ibango ukuba yamkelwe.

Imithombo kwecala

Naziphi na iinkqubo kwimisebenzi esekelwe kuphela kule mithetho ilandelayo:

1. RF siseko.
2. I-Criminal Procedure Act.
3. Code of Criminal Procedure.
4. Federal uMthetho "Ngomhla nokuvalelwa ye kunye abarhanelwa ummangalelwa."
5. UMthetho "Ngaloo Procuracy ye-Russian Federation."
6. FZ "Ngomhla Isimo yaBagwebi".
7. Umthetho "Xa umsebenzi esebenzisanayo search."

Kuphela ngokuthembela ngomthetho, oko kulungile ukuphanda ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho yaye ukufikelela isigwebo kwaye kumgwebela abamsulwa.