Ithuba lotshintsho karhulumente: Iingxaki, Politics, Society

Emil Dyurkgeym yachaza ingqiqo ka "isiphithiphithi" njengoko nokungabikho epheleleyo amandla ngaphakathi kwimeko ethile. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abanye abaphandi baye baqala ukucinga isiphithiphithi kunye inguqu karhulumente. Kakade ke, kukho inyaniso, kodwa loo nto zonke, yintoni uluntu lijongene kweli xesha.

Ukuchaza ingxaki

Phantsi urhulumente ithathwa ukuba ibhekisele umbutho kawonke, nto leyo kolawulo lwebhodi eyodwa iindlela, ukuyohlala kwindawo ethile. Kodwa ke, kusekho akukho nkcazelo enye oluchanekileyo ukuba yamkelwe ekuhlaleni yenzululwazi kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ekubeni UN akanaye ilungelo atyumbe theses njengoko noko kurhulumente, kuphela elixwebhu sivakalise ezithile kukuba oko kusetyenziswa Montevideo Convention (1933).

Yintoni na urhulumente?

Ngokumalunga nkcazo mihla elithi "likarhulumente", ezinokuhlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• State - yinto umbutho ethile yezopolitiko, eyaziyo, ngokokwamandla uvakalisa neminqweno yabantu (VV various).
• Phantsi urhulumente iqondwe njenge umbutho wezopolitiko elikhusela kwaye alawule inkqubo zoqoqosho nezentlalo (SI Ozhegov).

Kodwa ke, kungakhathaliseki inkcazelo, urhulumente uneempawu ezizinzileyo, etshintsha rhoqo ngexesha lodluliselo.

iimpawu karhulumente

Ngokufuthi ukuze uhlangane ukudideka ngokwemigaqo 'ilizwe' kunye 'nemeko' adla ngokusetyenziswa efanayo. Okwangoku, banalo umahluko omkhulu: igama elithi "ilizwe" lisetyenziswa xa kufikwa kwiimpawu zenkcubeko okanye wejografi kwimeko ethile, lo gama i "imeko" ezona kugqitywa isakhiwo sezopolitiko nezintsonkothileyo iimpawu ezifunekayo:

• Ukufumaneka zamaxwebhu wabhengeza iinjongo kusilungele, kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente (imithetho,-siseko, imfundiso, njl njl).
• ulawulo inkampani Present. La mandla kunye namaziko zentlalo ekunokuthiwa.
• Urhulumente impahla yayo (okt. E. Resources).
• It has nommandla wayo, enabantu inani elithile labantu.
• karhulumente nganye ikomkhulu yayo kunye nemibutho phantsi (amapolisa, imikhosi exhobileyo, ibhodi yolawulo emhlabeni).
• Ubukho yeesimboli karhulumente kunye nolwimi.
• Ulongamo (oko kukuthi, uRhulumente kufuneka ingqalelo ngabanye ukuba benze kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele.)

Ekusondeleni kwexesha lenguqu

URhulumente ithathwa ukuba sibe nenkqubo ehlanganisiweyo nezinzileyo, Injongo ogama eziphambili - ukukhusela umdla abemi. Le nkqubo ikhutshwa phandle ukwamkelwa kwemithetho kunye ukwayo, kwaye apho inyathelo kwesi sifundo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba zonke nesithethe ukuxhasa ulawulo lomthetho, izithethe kunye nemfezeko uluntu, kwaye qha uyayithatha inxaxheba zikarhulumente ngokungqinelana kunye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngamafutshane, le umbutho wezopolitiko kufuneka aqinisekise ubukho ivumelane ne konke njengelungu lombutho woluntu.

Kodwa akubi njalo oku Kwanele, kukho amaxesha xa izixhobo karhulumente yangoku lingenako ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zabemi. Emva koko beza ngamandla, uqala a mbutho mtsha wokulwa, leyo waphula isakhiwo endala zentlalo kwaye kudala iindlela ezintsha karhulumente kunye nophuhliso amandla endleleni. Le meko yenguqu.

definition

Phantsi kwixesha lotshintsho kubonisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente-zomthetho zikwimeko yotshintsho, ukutshintsha inkqubo karhulumente kunye nomthetho. Umzekelo, kwakusazeka imbali Kwiimeko ezininzi apho uhlobo slaveholding urhulumente yatshintsha Wamakhosi. Endaweni amandla feudal weza capitalism afake - socialism.

Le nkqubo iye bekusoloko kunzima yaye impikiswano. Itshintsha nje kuphela amandla kodwa iimpawu kunye nemithetho yeklasi. Umzekelo okuphawuleka urhulumente waseSoviet yenguquko 1991. Kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa republic eSoviet 15, yafumana inkululeko epheleleyo, babeza kuba izixhobo zalo ilizwe ukuba ukwanelisa ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zabemi kunye ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ingakumbi akutshintsho ithi

Ngeli xesha lotshintsho uquka deconstruction yazo zonke izinto karhulumente. Izigaba:

1. Oku kuvela inguqu kwintlalo yethu (babhukuqwa, neziphithiphithi, iimfazwe, ayiphumelelanga iinguqulelo).
2. Oku kubonisa nemiboniso eziliqela yophuhliso kurhulumente, enika iqembu elibusayo ukuba sikhethe indlela aya kuqhubeka ukuphuhlisa njengako utshintsho zembali, yenkcubeko, yobuhlanga, ezenkolo kunye neempawu kwezoqoqosho.
3. utshintsho Rapid zixhomekeke ukuba neentlobano zangaphandle, inkqubo yezomthetho kunye isiseko kwezoqoqosho elibuthathaka. Ngako oko, umgangatho wokuphila sibe asezantsi.
4. Buthathaka iziseko zentlalo kunye nezopolitiko. Xa ukunyuswa yoluntu kunye nomgangatho ombane i alwaziwa yoko, kunokwenzeka ukuba bagcine imeko isiyaluyalu buso.
5. Kwezopolitiko, Iexesha Ienguqu esilawulwa kwisigqeba esilawulayo kunye namagunya olawulo.

ke inguqu izixhobo kwezopolitiko elide kangakanani?

Kule nguqu karhulumente lithathelwe indawo yonke imigangatho ngokucwangcisekileyo, yaye, njengoko kusenziwa imiboniso, le nqubo ithatha ixesha elithile. Awukwazi zifikelele utshintsho lwephanyazo le nkqubo. Ingxaki ayikho kuphela ukuntsonkotha yotshintsho lorhulumente, kodwa umqaphela kunye nokwamkelwa notshintsho ngabemi.

Ukuba abantu ekugqibeleni ukukuqhela naziphi na iimeko, ukuyilwa imithetho amatsha amaziko zentlalo kuthatha ixesha. Mhlawumbi kungenzeka ukuba amaziko amatsha uthathe iingcambu kwinkqubo ezihlaziyiweyo, kwaye endala uvumelane ngokuphelele kuyo. Ngeli xesha, umthwalo eyodwa yinkqubo yomthetho ulawulo izixhobo karhulumente, ekufuneka kubonelela umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha kufuneka utshintshe kwi conductivity. Ke ukuba urhulumente akezi uhlobo olutsha karhulumente kwixesha elifutshane, linokuthetha kuphela ukuba utshintsho nomsindo luluvo imibandela (ngumntu).

Ukuba sithethe ngayo ixesha kweli thuba lokulungiselela utshintsho, ngokubanzi, oku iphela emva kweminyaka emi-5. Ngeli xesha, ixesha lokubumba aya kuqalisa ukusebenza a izixhobo omtsha karhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, eCrimea. Ubume be-Russia wangena ngo-2014, yaye izazinzulu ezopolitiko phambili lizwe bathi Iexesha Ienguqu iphela ngowama-2019.

iingxaki

Iingxaki eziphambili kweli thuba lokulungiselela utshintsho kweli lizwe iquka imeko ezingazinzanga yezoqoqosho kunye ubunzima ekuqondeni imithetho emitsha, leyo ukucola kakhulu phansi inkqubo yotshintsho. kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwazi ukubona iingxaki eziphambili ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. inguqu iqhubekela mngeni. Ngamafutshane, abantu kunye amaqumrhu asemthethweni kunzima ukumelana neemeko ezintsha emarikeni.
2. Ukungaqiniseki kunye nokungaphuhli lwezibonelelo emarikeni.
3. Ingxaki lenkululeko ngexabiso.
4. Ubunzima kunye nokuzinziswa le macroeconomy.
5. Ingxaki nomqondo.
6. Iingxaki sokulungisa izikhundla ezintsha kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele.

Imo yoluntu

Kuko konke oku ingozi yendalo ahlala uluntu akutshintsho. Kweli nqanaba, ngokubonakalayo ukungenisa inguqu ezintsha, kodwa yinto umntu oqhelekileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi utshintsho ezincomekayo. Eli lizwe ngokukhawuleza iqala ukuwa intsebenzo, turnover, kwaye oko kunciphisa umgangatho wokuphila, ngoko ke ilifa lwezenkcubeko kwenkululeko lweziqalelo ozikhethelayo.

Ku nga nakanye abakhankanywe mbhalo, nkqu kwimo kuzolile, urhulumente esengozini ngeengozi ezimbini: Ushintsho ezintsha okanye ngokupheleleyo gqiba isiqalo ngokuyilayo elizimeleyo abemi, okanye abantu baya kuba inkululeko engakumbi nokulisebenzisa, kuphazamise ngokupheleleyo izixhobo kwezopolitiko. Ngeli xesha lotshintsho, ezi iingozi anda kakhulu, njengoko lonke enomfutho imikhosi karhulumente esisiseko ubuzwe, iRashiya yatsho, kwaye baqalisa ukukhulisa izakhono iinkqubo ekungafuneki. iingxaki ezinjalo zixhaphakile kuwo onke amazwe, ingakumbi, ukuba ezendeleyo kwithuba lotshintsho eRashiya.

Ngoko ke, urhulumente iindleko inguqu imisebenzi enzima, apho kufanele ukuba lubandakanye zonke iinkalo zobomi bakhe, ngokubonelela nje ukusungulwa njengenguqu ezintsha, kodwa ukukhusela umdla abemi. Ukugcina uzinzo, ukuze kulondolozwe kokuzimela zangaphandle, ukuqinisekisa nokwanela nokuzimela yabemi balo - ezi iingongoma eziphambili apho igxininisa urhulumente utshintsho. Ke ukuba inxenye ubuncinane abanye ukuba awukho, kusenokwenzeka ukuba esenzeke lizwe okhankanywe yi Durkheim.