Ukraine: Ityala zangaphandle - irhintyela zemali okanye indlela yokuphila?

Ukraine - a resource-rich lizwe kunye nemozulu efudumeleyo onomoya, kuphuhliswa icandelo kunye nabantu nzima ukusebenza. indlela yakhe ekuqaleni, ndingenabo obam emva kwityala lemali lesizwe. Sinako uyavelana kuphela Enyanisweni, apho ityala lwangaphandle ye Ukraine sele efunde ngo-2015.

ekuqaleni wendlela

Ukraine waqala imbali yayo njenge geqe ngo-1991. Russia waba ezihlangwini waseUSSR, kubandakanywa ukuzibophelela wathabatha kumatyala esingumzekelo seeRiphablikhi eyayisakuba yiSoviet.

Reference "Imbali credit" indawo Ukraine kungathathwa July 15, 1992. Ngale mini, le Verkhovna rada of iziqinisekiso karhulumente ngokomthetho-mboleko kwiinkampani Ukrainian ngaphezu abaninzi kubo wathabatha ithuba. Nje ngoko ke umdla $ 2 billion. Uninzi imali ihlawulwe Ukraine. Ityala lwangaphandle iinkampani, ngoku urhulumente asicimi kude kube ngoku.

Ngowe-1993, i-gqolo ikhulise-up ematyaleni sele ufikelele kwinqanaba $ 3.6 yezigidi zezigidi. Mboleko lokuqala Ukraine ifumene eRashiya. Xa lithi ezintsha lalingekafiki imali yalo ejikelezayo yaba imali engange Russian. Ukuthatha ithuba eziziimpazamo ezikhoyo emthethweni, Ukraine aza "ezishicilelweyo" engange-elektroniki, bahlawule ukuze impahla Russian. ummelwane Eastern loo yokuziphatha lajongwa njengoyena ubuqhetseba, yaye kamva ezi zixa zazihonjiswe njenge mboleko yorhwebo.

Ukraine kunye namanye amaziko amazwe ngamazwe

Ukususela ngowe-1994, Ukraine waqalisa ukukhangela ngokusondeleyo ukuya amaziko abolekisa ngamazwe. Ukuba uthathe imali apho kufuneka ukuba bagcine ngokungqongqo ingqeqesho zemali. I angalawulwa isidoda imali ekupheleni kuka-1994 bupheliswe. Ukuze babekha National Bank uphuhlisa mali inkqubo ye kunikezelo kwiibhondi zikarhulumente eUkraine. Mbonise ukuba waba isithutyana esifutshane kunye namazinga aphezulu umdla.

Iibhondi ngo-1995 wakwazi ukuba athengise million 300 hryvnia kunyaka ozayo sele 1.5 billion. Ngokuzenzekelayo, lo mgaqo-nkqubo kuye kwakhokelela neenzima inkonzo ematyaleni. Ngowe-1995, eRashiya ubhala inxalenye yale ityala kwisixa $ 1.1 yezigidi zezigidi kwaye elinye inxalenye eseleyo ka-1997, kukho iqela lwezinye minyinyiva - ingakumbi, ukwamkela intlawulo iintambo karhulumente igesi.

Intsilelo mali ngo-1997. Kodwa ukutsala yonke phesheya $ 1,145 billion akunakwenzeka - amaziko zemali jikelele akazange sihambelane isantya njengenguqu kweli lizwe. Ukunqongophala layigubungela ngendlela eqhelekileyo - ukukhululwa neentambo-high isivuno. Ngelixa lokubalwa bafika ngo-1999. Urhulumente ayikwazanga ukuba ahlawule inzala ezintanjeni, wathi, waya ukubuyekeza imigomo intlawulo. isithutyana zaye layibhala nokuncipha inzala ityala.

Kuba kuqoqosho Ukraine for 1999 kwaba ngumnyaka inzima kwimbali yawo. Ukwehla kwe hryvnia, irekhodi GDP eliphantsi kunye okwendalo zenzeka kulo nyaka. Nge-1 Januwari 2000 kwityala lemali lesizwe baba $ 12.5 billion, okanye i-60% ye-GDP. Ukwandisa izibonelelo kunye neendlela evumayo kolu shishino kunye Khimprom ukuqinisekisa Ukraine 's ukukhula koqoqosho ukuya ku-2008. Ngeli xesha, imali ebolekiweyo phantse akwenze, yaye ngokuthe ngcembe ityala iyonke lihlile.

Ukraine: ityala lwangaphandle ngexesha lokudodobala 2008

Le ntlekele jikelele etsale uqoqosho Ukrainian. Ukoyisa ezi imikhuba emibi ne IMF kwavunyelwana ubungakanani amboleke $ 16.5 yezigidi kunye ukuvuthwa engama-15. Ngeli xesha, irhasi kunye Russian neengxabano xa ukwala ukuhlawula lwerhasi ngenkani Gazprom zinonxibelelwano ubonelelo amafutha. Le ntlekele yaqhubeka zibe 2009.

Lo mzobo ubonisa indlela ityala yangaphandle Ukraine iminyaka ngeminyaka, kulula ukuba baphawule nokunyuka kungayanyaniswa kule minyaka-2. Ukuba $ 54 billion, ekuqaleni kuka-2010 lakhula $ 103 billion Le ntlekele iye kabukhali watsiba umlinganiselo kwamatyala angaphandle GDP e Ukraine ngo-2007 -. Ukususela 55 ukuya ku-85%.

Ukusuka ukuwa ukuze bawe

nokwehla kwezoqoqosho wayeka ngo-2012, kwikota yesi-2 kwaba nokuba ukukhula ethile. Kule minyaka mi-2 izayo kwakukho ukuhla kwe GDP nge 1-2%. Uqoqosho na esikalini ziyingozi, kodwa kuphazamiseka zopolitiko ngasekupheleni 2013 - ekuqaleni 2014 kwabangela ukwehla yayo ngokukhawuleza.

utshintsho bobundlobongela igunya ngoFebruwari 2014 kwakhokelela isiyaluyalu kwimpuma Ukraine. Russia kumiswe ukukhululwa -umlenze wesibonelelo se-2 kwesixa-mali sisonke of $ 15 billion, bavumelana nguRhulumente wangaphambili. Ukraine, uxolelwe angaphandle Gazprom yafikelela etyhutyha ezingcolileyo, Babe kunyanzeleka ukuba kuthengwe igesi kancinci qho isele. Ukususela ngalo mzuzu kungenzeka ukuba imali evela eRashiya walahleka eUkraine.

Le omtsha esikudingayo inkxaso lwangaphandle ngokunxulumene ukwahlulwa eCrimea kunye imfazwe kwi Donbas - kummandla wakhe igalelo GDP kufika-20%. Ukraine, uxolelwe yangaphandle ifikelele enkulu yingozi, akwazi ukubala kuncedo IMF. Uncedo yanikezelwa, kodwa kukho inani iimeko.

iimfuno ImiGangatho ukuba zeIMF kumazwe ezibanjiswa emngxunyeni zemali - ukunciphisa neenkcitho mali, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngenxa labemi, ingqeqesho olungqongqo kwezezimali.

Uqikelelo namathemba

iingxaki zoqoqosho kunye nokuncitshiswa kwe neemali zangaphandle kwabangela ukwehla kule hryvnia amaxesha 3. Service ityala lwangaphandle kamva wase US, iye umsebenzi onzima. Ityala yangaphandle Ukraine, ishedyuli yakhe sentlawulo ufana izigcayiseli, esongela ngalo naliphi na ixesha ukuze ilizwe angagqibekanga. Nangona waqhubeka mboleko entsha ngakumbi nangakumbi wasiyeka kuphela.