Izityalo yokucocwa kwesuweji amdaka ekhaya. kuvaleke

amanzi lweNkunkuma - omnye weengxaki zehlabathi lanamhlanje. Senza ekuveliseni inani yamanzi amdaka ukuba ukungabikho isiqingatha sonyango lonke ihlabathi kuba yonke ithuba lokuba umsele wokwenene. njani le ngxaki ingasonjululwa njani? Impendulo ilula - izityalo unyango basekhaya amdaka. Amvumela ukuba ukujika inkunkuma elulwelo ulwelo kuphephe mveliso, nto leyo esele zibuyiselwe yendalo.

Ukuba ukugeleza kuphelela amanzi ngaphandle unyango, i-ecosystem ubekwa a umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Ukuze uphephe oku, bakhula iindlela ezininzi neutralization qualitative. Kakade ke, ukuba oovimba ngamanzi amatsha kwilizwe lethu mikhulu, kodwa sekunjalo bengengabo ongapheliyo, yaye ngenxa yoko ke nokuhlaziywa le resource kufuneka acinge rhoqo.

Kutheni unyango kubaluleke kangaka amanzi?

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kukho ukukhula kolu shishino kunye nomgangatho ngokubanzi lokuphila labemi, zonke ezi iinkqubo ezinxulumene ngqo ukunyuka okukhulu umlinganiselo wamanzi amdaka, nto ezo izinto zoshishino kunye noqoqosho lwesizwe. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba izityalo unyango amdaka ekhaya baba kubaluleke ngakumbi, njengoko ixhomekeka kuzo iimeko zokusingqongileyo kungekuphela nje kwilizwe lethu kodwa ihlabathi jikelele.

Yintoni eyabangela ukuba ifuthe elibi inkunkuma kokusingqongileyo?

umonakalo omkhulu, olusetyenziswa umphutha lulwelo, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba badla bakhululwa emizimbeni yamanzi yendalo kunye nezinye izinto ngendlela ngokupheleleyo ungenamandla ngumqolo ifomu, original. Bosulela amaqula, kunye neminye imithombo yamanzi amatsha ukuba uluntu. Kuyingozi evela inkunkuma kungakuncinane kuphela ukuba bazinze nabo kwizibonelelo ezizodwa. Ukuba nokucoca wenziwa degree elingonelanga ngobuchule, iqulethwe iintsholongwane ilindle neekhemikhali angenza umonakalo noqhekeko ukuze okusingqongileyo kunye nempilo izilwanyana, izityalo kunye nabantu.

NoKwenziwa ngokutsha kwezinto ebesezisetyenzisiwe ZHBO nemimiselo zomthetho

NoKwenziwa ngokutsha kwezinto ebesezisetyenzisiwe ZHBO yonke kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu. Kukho le ngxaki baba nomdla kakhulu ixesha elide ngenxa yesizathu esilula ukuba ezi uthi izibonelelo zendalo zamanzi afreshi kulinganiselwe kakhulu. Noko ke, kweli lizwe lethu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukwandisa unikezelo liba ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa kwakhona umjikelo wamanzi, ngaloo ndlela kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa kakhulu umthamo zokusela ulwelo elitsha.

uthungelwano eluncedo ezininzi izixeko ezikhulu (ingakumbi abo noshishino nophuhliso emibi) kudala iguqulelwe ngokupheleleyo kule iteknoloji. umqhubi izityalo Unyango kufuneka gqolo esweni umgangatho zokwenza nyulu, ukulawula izinga kungcoliseko ulwelo moieties zobugcisa ezingcolisayo.

izinto ngokomthetho wolawulo kufuneka ukuba sivelisa inkunkuma decontaminated eveliswa kuzo, usebenzisa sonke kunokwenzeka ngoomatshini kunye / okanye ezinye iindlela zokwenza oku. Ukongeza, umthetho limisela amanyathelo ngokwaneleyo ezinzima kunye nemigangatho, nto leyo kule meko kufuneka ilandelwe. Qaphela ukuba ukuba eli abemi uxanduva abaqhelekileyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngokutsha izibonelelo zonyango kufuneka yenziwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ngaphandle kokulibazisa.

Unyango kwamanzi amdaka ekhaya

, Kwiminyaka yakutshanje lenze iqela izixhobo akuvumela ukwenza ukucocwa epheleleyo amanzi amdaka, ezo luyasekwa ubomi avareji ikhaya ipoma. Qaphela ukuba amanzi imvelaphi ezahlukeneyo "ezibekwe" njenge ndlela zokuhlanjululwa kwabo kunye yokubulala utshintshatshintsha kakhulu.

Zeziphi iindlela zokwenza nyulu kunye mveliso amdaka ZHBO?

Oku kuquka yonke uluhlu lwemisebenzi ukuba kususwe ngempumelelo ukusuka kulwelo zingcoliswe ezahlukeneyo izinto kunye nemixube. Kukho ubugcisa eyahlukileyo yokubulala iimveliso manxuwa lokulungisa oyile, izityalo unyango amanzi amdaka asendlwini evela kwizibonelelo imfuyo, njl Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela iyasetyenziswa, libhekisela omnye lweentlobo eziphambili:

• besifunda biological.
• Mechanical zokucoca (iigridi, ezo baxhotyiswa izibonelelo zonyango amanzi emvula).
• iindlela Physical nemichiza.
• Indlela iintsholongwane amdaka.

Makhe sijonge nganye kwezi ndlela kwezinye ngokweenkcukacha.

Indlela mechanical

Zonke izakhiwo unyango amdaka asendlwini ukusebenzisa le ndlela, ekubeni ulwelo phambi kokuba ungena amasebe kulunge kanye processing kufuneka wayekiswa ngamasuntswana mechanical enkulu inqambi. Ngaphezu koko, indlela esetyenziswayo ukususa amanzi ukusuka elitshisiweyo ezibangelwe kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zonyango amdaka. Ezi nkalo zilandelayo zingasetyenziswa le njongo:

• Utshintsho apha naphaya ezifana ezikrobeni okanye bamanqatha, adla babonelelwa ngezixhobo self-ukucoca. Abo badla yafakwa amanzi amdaka.
• Ukuganga iziqalelo ze entlabathini.
• amacebo ndizayo.
• umyalelo yodaka kuqala.
• kumatanki septic.

Phakathi imivalo kwimiboniso umgama ngowona mba kufuneka ube milimitha kungekho ngaphezulu kwe-16, kuba asetyenziswa ukuyicoca phantse wenu kunye neeseli ezinkulu (kaninzi kuwa kwimijelo yamanzi). Zingafumaneka kweli nqanaba ziphantsi kukutyumza okanye inkunkuma, okanye kuthathwa ukuba kwiindawo apho nokuchithwa kwazo iyaveliswa. Ngaphezu koko, kukho isithuba migibe njengentlabathi ezivumela nje kuphela amanzi acocekileyo kuwo, kodwa i window encinane kunye nezinye ukungcola ezinjalo.

Abanakukwazi ukuba nakhandiweyo okanye kungcwatywa, kwaye kuyiswe warehouses zokugcina ixesha elide. izinto, leyo oqokelela, ke isetyenziswe umgwaqo umsebenzi ezahlukeneyo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukucocwa izityalo zonyango amdaka kufuneka kwenziwa rhoqo ngakumbi kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ngomatshini ivaliwe, njengokuba kungenjalo ukusebenza sabo siwela kabukhali, ubambisa izixhobo kuqala ukutsiba ezingcolisa ezininzi kakhulu.

Indlela ethembisayo kukuba ukucoca amanzi ngokusebenzisa izihluzi ndizayo. Oku kukuvumela ukuba Ukucima inkunkuma kangangokuba kwezinye iimeko kokuba bavunyelwe ukuba babuyele emva mjikelo wemveliso. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba indlela mechanical kwenza kube lula ukuba anele hayi ngaphezulu kwe-70% yazo zonke iintlobo ezingcolisa, kangangokuba izityalo yokucocwa kwesuweji nje kuphela kubo.

iindlela eziphilayo

Phantse nawuphi na amanzi amdaka phantsi amazwe kunye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo ezincinane. Xa indlela amdaka bemvelo ukususa nitrogen, iphosphate kunye anaerobic neentsholongwane aerobic. Amaxesha amaninzi, xa le ndlela isetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe yokubola eziphilayo, elitshisiweyo iyasebenza yaye amacebo zebhayoloji ukulungiselela ukuyicoca entle. Njani izityalo unyango zebhayoloji le nkqubo?

Okokuqala, amanzi aye abahla- yomyalelo yokuqala. Kukho ehlele oluludaka eziphilayo, kunye amasuntswana ezininzi emihle phantsi ukufunxeka. Xa sumps zamabanga elitshisiweyo accumulated isuswe esebenzisa iimpompo ezizodwa. Enyanisweni, inkqubo enjalo mayixhotyiswe phantse wonke umhlaba lizwe Umzi.

Ngoko ke, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo ekhoyo ngokorhwebo esele zenziwe, ezo ukuvumela ZHBO bemvelo mechanical zokucoca. Ixabiso zazo eziphambili ilele ningenakumbi ukusebenza kwaye kungekho mfuneko ukulungiswa rhoqo. Amanzi emva kokuphumelela ngenkqubo unyango esha nasongo, unako ngokukhuselekileyo usetyenziswe xa ezahlukeneyo kwiimfuno zoshishino, kuquka izilwanyana yamanzi.

Imifuziselo kakhulu eninzi kwaye ngempumelelo ziquka block yelanga kweentsholongwane amdaka. Emva manzi zokucoca angasuswa nakwezona emanzini zendalo. Bongeka ZHBO ukhupha ulwenziwo iinkqubo ezinjalo kwinqanaba kwezisombululo mveliso.

indlela Physico-chemical

Kulo mzekelo, iteknoloji ezihamba, equka ndlela zilandelayo:

• Evaporatsiya.
• amdaka processing usebenzisa ozonation.
• Ukongeza iikhompawundi chlorine.
• Electroflotation.

kakhulu kwimfuno ezi ndlela ukuya kwimveliso zamashishini iimveliso zepetroliyam, ukusukela ukuba enzelwe indlela ngamandla ngokugqithisileyo ukulawula ukusebenza konyango zaveliswa. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, yamanzi efanayo baye besiba baninzi ngakumbi kwindawo yabucala imizi eziqhelekileyo ipoma. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ubuchule ezifanayo ukusetyenziswa eyenzeke kwindawo yabo kungakhuthazwayo ngamandla. Inyaniso kukuba xa le ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu kwemichiza ezinokubangela umonakalo ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yakho kunye nempilo lezilwanyana kunye nezityalo.

Kwezithembiso kakhulu nangempumelelo kwiimeko lazibonakalisa zokuhlanjululwa iindlela ZHBO ngu pulses zombane, kwakunye ultrasound kunye eyingozi. Engxakini kule meko kuphela mnye - iindleko eziphezulu kakhulu enjalo izixhobo, nto leyo eyenza kube ingafikeleleki kubanini ezininzi zokuhlala ezisezidolophini.

Kweentsholongwane amdaka

Phambi kokuthumela ulwelo okuhlamba emizimbeni yamanzi yendalo, kufuneka ukuba aqhube kweentsholongwane epheleleyo kunye yokubulala. Ukulungiselela le njongo, ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa ukukhanya yelanga kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kodwa asikabi ukusetyenziswa iklorin "wayengekho". Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ukusebenza kwezityalo yokucocwa kwesuweji kubandakanya indawo yabo emoyeni nayiphi yokuhlala okanye ikhaya. Ukongezelela iqonga labo nokubekwa kufuneka abanalo kwithambeka, apho amanzi iza kupheliswa ngendlela yemvelo, ngaphandle kwesidingo ukufaka iimpompo ezizodwa. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ingakumbi xa ekuyileni yamanzi ezidolophini.

Okubalulekileyo! Xa kuyilo lwezisekelo ezinjalo kufuneka ngokuqinisekileyo ukunika ithuba incinane wezandyondyo ze ongaphantsi site kunye / okanye amdaka. izibonelelo Treatment zibandakanya ezi zixhobo zilandelayo:

• Isixhobo ukuze zinikwe uniform amdaka (ngakumbi, izibonelelo zonyango umsebenzi onzima kakhulu).
• Devices ukuba ngokuzenzekelayo ukuvelisa kususwe elizimeleyo kokungcola engaphezulu evela isixhobo ukhuseleko.
• Izixhobo evumela umyalelo olungxamisekileyo ukuba zigcwale amanzi amdaka kwemfuneko.
• Devices ukuba awulinganise iimpawu zomzimba kunye imichiza amdaka kunye nemvula.
• Ukuba kuyimfuneko, ufakelo ingasetyenziswa eziqulathe ngaphandle isampuli oluzenzekelayo.

Kweentsholongwane angcolile

Ukuze enze ukucocwa olufanelekileyo amdaka kufuneka zihambelane ngokupheleleyo le miqathango ilandelayo:

• Ukhetho oluchanekileyo lwe-technology ukuba isetyenziselwe le njongo.
• Ukukhetha izixhobo ngokukuko ulwelo ukuhlanjululwa lexinene eka spectrum ebanzi zonke izinto.
• ukuthotyelwa Absolute umvelisi nobuchwepheshe ekhuthazwayo.

Kuphela xa isondela uxanduva kunye neendleko-olusebenzayo kukhetho kweenkqubo unyango, baya kuba ofanelekileyo. I inyuka iqondo izinto ezikhutshwa yokubulala, ngcono ke anokuphinda asetyenziswe ngayo imveliso, inkampani ukonga iindleko ezinkulu. Ayinto kunye inwebu okucoca iye ukuba oku kakhulu nomtsalane, njengokuba bahlangabezane ngokupheleleyo iimeko ezininzi ezibalulekileyo:

• nezimo High ngenxa apho izibonelelo zonyango amanzi ekwaziyo ukugcina phantse zonke iintlobo zonke izinto.
• ukusebenza yabo 99,5%.
• A indawo encinane ezifunekayo ufakelo kunye eziphantsi iindleko zokusigcina sisebenza.
• ufakelo Easy kunye nokuba nako ukufaka ezinye iimodyuli, nto leyo yandisa kakhulu ukusebenza kolu fakelo.

malunga abaqokeleli

Nayiphi na iprojekthi kwamaziko onyango Uhlobo yangaphandle kufuneka angqinelane isniphu 2.04.03-85. Umgaqo ezisisiseko pads zabo - oluneqela: zonke womnatha encinane uqhagamshele okugcina amanzi amakhulu. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, le nemibhobho lwenziwa ukuze ulwelo phezu kwazo nga kuzihluza yi womxhuzulane. Xa networks kwelindle ezisezidolophini kwiqela elinegunya ilandelayo:

• Yard kwaye amacandelo zekota, ogama ubukhulu ngu 150-200 mm. peculiarity wabo ukuba xa ufaka ezi zakhiwo zange kurhoxiswa ngaphaya ezitratweni.
• Street uhlobo kubaqokeleli, ubukhulu yabo 250-400 mm. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba nje isakhiwo enye kwindawo esitratweni, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ukuze mayixhotyiswe kwizitishi zokumpompa compact.
• Abaqokeleli District. ububanzi yabo ibe malunga 500-1000 mm. Zakhiwa ukuba lonke kwimimandla esezidolophini kwaye axhotyiswe compulsorily kunye nezikhululo sokumpompa amanzi.
• Abaqokeleli amaxabiso zasezidolophini. Ububanzi - 1000-5000 mm. Yakhelwe ecaleni kujikelezo isixeko kwiindawo ezininzi edandathekileyo.

Kuyo kuthungelwano lwemijelo efunekayo ukwakha yemingxuma umsebenzi osontiweyo ufakelo lwesamente enobubanzi kwimitha 1 (ubunzulu yabo - iimitha ezintandathu). Kwezinye iimeko, esebenzisa isangqa unyawo ezintlanu-, ubunzulu kakuhle phantsi kwezi meko - ukuya kutsho kwiimitha ezintandathu. Inyathelo kubo ibalwa le isniphu 2.04.03-85. Umzekelo, eyadini ukwakhiwa ayinathungelwano lwesuweji enobubanzi ka 150-200 abaqokeleli mm inyathelo phakathi kwabo ukuba ibe ngaphezu:

• At 150 mm - 35 eemitha.
• Ngaphezulu kwe-150 mm - 50 eemitha.

Siyathemba ukuba ingcaciso kweli nqaku luncedo kuwe.