West-eSiberia base Oli: iindawo akuzo, iimpawu, iimbono, iingxaki, abathengi

Oyile negesi Imboni inkulu kwicandelo loqoqosho kweli lizwe. Xa oovimba engqiniweyo eRussia yesibini kuphela Saudi Arabia. Le iidipozithi eziphambili ibekwe Urals kunye nommandla iVolga, eMpuma Ekude, neCaucasus, kwi Timan-Pechora isitya. Noko ke, le ndawo resource inkulu uthathwa ukuba izibuko oyile West yaseSiberia. Makhe siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha.

West-eSiberia base Oli: indawo ethile

Le ndawo resource kuquka ummandla Tomsk, Kurgan, eOmsk, Tyumen kunye ngokomkhethe naseNovosibirsk, saseChelyabinsk, imimandla Sverdlovsk kunye zeAltai kunye Krasnoyarsk Territories. Ummandla isitya zimalunga nesi-3.5 yezigidi iinyawo square. km. Okwangoku malunga ne-70% lwezixhobo zizonke ibuyiselwe kweli lizwe unika izibuko oyile West Siberian. I indawo okuyo zale ngingqi eziliqela iimpawu ezithile. Nangakumbi, lo mmandla ngomda kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kummandla yaseYurophu kweli lizwe. Kwindawo yokuqala kunye kummandla phambene. Le proximity olunikiweyo ngexesha sisiseko sophuhliso loqoqosho esityeni.

Iimpawu eWest yaseSiberia isiseko oyile

Ezi iidipozithi zikhona echibini ezi neetyuwa lamathuba Cretaceous kunye സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe. izibonelelo ezininzi zisendaweni ubunzulu 2-3 amawaka. M. Oil itsalwa ongaphantsi, iphawulwa ezinomthamo eliphantsi nolundwendwe (0.5%) kunye nesalfure (1.1%). Okubonakalayo kukho ipesenti ephezulu zamaqhezu zepetroli (40-60%), izinto ezililize. Uhlobo ndawo engundoqo izenzo kummandla Tyumen. Inika ngaphezu kwe-70% ye umthamo raw materials enika isiseko petroleum West yaseSiberia. Gesi wenziwa umthombo okanye iindlela zokumpompa. Umthamo loovimba ezinokubuyiseka indlela yesibini, ngokusekelwe kummandla intsimi lonke iphezulu kakhulu kuneyokuqala.

amachibi

Zeziphi iindawo ezaziwayo West eSiberia oyile yokothula? Le iidipozithi zifumaneka kule ndawo, kucingelwa ukuba yenye ye bazizinhanha lizwe. Phakathi kwabo:

• Samotlor.
• Ust-Umva.
• Megion.
• Strezhevoy.
• Shaim.

Inkoliso yabo ibekwe kummandla Tyumen. Apha uvelisa ngaphezu kwezigidi 219 njengeetoni ze-oyile.

izakhiwo zokulawula

Iimpawu eWest eSiberia isiseko oyile ibandakanya uhlalutyo ezinikezelwa yi amashishini inxaxheba nezokukhupha kunye processing of resources. Iinkampani engundoqo yokusebenza nazo zibekwe kummandla Tyumen. Ezi ziquka:

1. "Yuganskneftegaz".
2. "Kogalymneftegas".
3. "Surgutneftegaz".
4. "Noyabrskneftegas".
5. "Nizhnevartovskneftegas".

Kufuneka ke, nangona kunjalo, ukuba, iingcali, umthamo izinto ekrwada kufunxwa e Nizhnevartovsk, yehla kakhulu.

uphuhliso loqoqosho

Njengoko sesitshilo ngasentla, i eSiberia yokothula oyile West ezikufutshane inkulu weSithili Urals. Kuphuhliso ekuqaleni kuqoqosho kukubonelela ukungena kwabasebenzi kunye nezixhobo kwi kwintsimi ke ezingaphuhliswanga. Enye into ekhuthazayo, ogama impembelelo uye agxile yi isiseko West-Siberian Oil - abathengi kwimimandla yasempumalanga. Kungongezwa yokuqala mveliso yerhasi zaveliswa kwintsimi ngo-1953. Oil ivunjululwe ngo-1960. Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, umthamo loovimba ezinokubuyiseka linokunyuswa kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ngo-1965, imveliso oyile ifikelele million tons yokuqala. Okwangoku, inkoliso uphuhliso kwinxalenye esemantla isitya. Namhlanje, malunga nama-ezingamakhulu amathathu endle.

zokuhamba Iimpawu

Ingxenye ye ukuyilwa yokungena nokuphuma kwezibonelelo kweli lizwe namhlanje, kunye kummandla iVolga, idepho ioli West yaseSiberia. Indlela yokuhamba zempahla ekrwada, kukhethwa, kaloliwe. izinto babesomba yaye zisebenziseke bathuthwayo i Yuzhnyy phambene, le mimandla Ekude Central Asia. Ukuhanjiswa ngamanzi Akubizi kakhulu kwaye nenoqoqosho ngakumbi. Kodwa kube nzima ngakumbi kwindawo pool ngakumbi.

imibhobho

Le yeyona ndlela isebenzayo nethandwayo ukuba yesibini, esebenzisa eSiberia yokothula oyile Western. Ihanjiswa yi womnatha ephuhliswe enika unikezelo ngaphezu kwe-95% lwezixhobo zizonke. avareji umgama transfer -. malunga 2.3 amawaka Km. Xa network Mcetywa jikelele uchazwa ezimbini lungalinganiyo kumaqela ukubaluleka kunye nolawulo iimeko ziquka inter-ndawo (kwimimandla) kunye sendleleni elikude. Okokuqala inika lo mveliso uqhagamshelwano namashishini. network ehambayo ezihlangeneyo flow oyile, obezlichivaya ingakumbi umnikazi wayo. Ezi uluhlu lwemibhobho ukhethe inani elikhulu kwamashishini kunye ezinjengeetheminali kumazwe angaphandle. Bakha iteknoloji womnatha abangatshatanga kunye nolawulo lwezoqoqosho umbuso. idepho oyile West eSiberia batshintsha ulwalathiso izinto ekrwada enabela eziphambili. Umsebenzi ibalulekileyo kuphuhliso elandelayo ye-network lomqolo ngoku safudukela kuyo. Lwemibhobho ukusuka kwindawo ithunyelwe ku:

• Ust-Umva.
• Kurgan.
• Samara.
• Almetyevsk.
• Nizhnevartovsk.
• Novopolotsk.
• Surgut.
• Tyumen.
• EOmsk.
• Pavlodar nabanye.

Izizathu ngokuba ukwehla kwe shishini kwi 90

iindlela zobugcisa gesi resource ziye zaphucuka ngexesha nophuhliso kolu shishino. Kodwa le nkqubo ophele-. Oku ngenxa indlela ebanzi, apho kwakukho neshishini le- petroleum kwixesha eSoviet. Nangona ukwanda umthamo izinto ekrwada kufunxwa lingapheleli matshini kunye nokuqaliswa iindlela ezintsha, kwaye ukufunyanwa kunye nophuhliso ngamaqula ezintsha. Iingxaki zamashishini West eSiberia oyile namhlanje zibangelwa kubuchwepheshe ukwaluphala. Izizathu iingcali ukwehla zivela:

1. Imveliso kakhulu kwimimandla ezinkulu eliphezulu-ukuvelisa kwaye liqhutywa amacandelo mali i kwezinto zokusebenza.
2. Ngokuguquguquka elibukhali kwemeko esitokisini asanda incremented. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iidiphozithi-high isivuno phantse akazange ukuvula.
3. Ukunciphisa mali kumsebenzi wokuhlola. Ubungakanani kuphuhliso eqikelelweyo kwezibonelelo e Western eSiberia yi-35%. 30% ukususela ngo-1989 kwaye yehlise nokuhlola mali. Malunga imiqulu ezifanayo yehle kusombiwa.
4. An Ukunqongophala nokoyika izixhobo ophezulu komsebenzi kunye namacandelo ukuba nemveliso. Isambuku zokusebenza ezikhoyo nenxitywa ngaphezu kwama-50%,%-14 kuphela iimoto ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe. 70% of rigs zokomba zifuna ukutshintshwa ekuqaleni. Emva kokuwa eSoviet Union ukuya ukuntsonkotha ukunikezelwa kwezixhobo evela republic bangaphambili.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amaxabiso domestic of raw materials ngoku iphantsi kakhulu. Oku nzima kakhulu self-mali iinkampani zemigodi. Ukungabikho kwezixhobo nokusingqongileyo kunye ophezulu-intsebenzo yenza ungcoliseko. Ukuphelisa le ngxaki inxaxheba zemali kunye ezinkulu izinto eziphathekayo. Ngelo xesha linye bangathatha inxaxheba nokwandiswa kwecandelo mveliso.

imisebenzi

Amathuba isiseko oyile West eSiberia, kwakunye nezinye iindawo resource enkulu eli lizwe, urhulumente kubotshwa ne-mali karhulumente, kwaye ehambelana kunye nophuhliso emarikeni. Enterprises benza kushishino, kuyimfuneko ukubonelela ngokuzimeleyo ngokwayo kunye indlela. Indima kaRhulumente liya kuba ukudala iimeko eziyimfuneko kwezoqoqosho. izinyathelo ezithile ziye kuthathwa kule ndlela. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, zokuthengwa umsebenzi karhulumente kuncitshiswa kwi-20%. I-80% lweshishini uyakwazi ukuphumeza ngokwabo. Izithintelo zibekwe kuphela ukuthunyelwa izinto ekrwada. Ukongeza, wayeka phantse ngokupheleleyo esweni umgangatho kwamaxabiso zasekhaya.

Corporatization privatisation

Le misebenzi ke ngoku ephambili kuphuhliso shishino. Ngexesha yamiswa iifom kwiziko kwamashishini utshintsho qualitative. iinkampani-kaRhulumente inxaxheba kule nezokukhupha nokuthuthwa neoli, inkqubo kunye nokubonelelwa, iguqulelwa inkampani joint-stock evulekileyo. Xa impahla karhulumente xa lithi ligxininise 38% ezabelo. ulawulo Commercial bamthwala SPV "Rosneft". Wadlula iphakheji izabelo karhulumente ukususela 240 AD. Njengenxalenye "Rosneft" zizonke ziza nezazo ezahlukahlukeneyo beebhanki, Stock Exchange, imibutho namanye amaziko. Njengoko zokuhamba, ulawulo lwamashishini ezifana neenkampani ezizodwa kwakheka. Bona 'Transnefteprodukt "yaye" Transneft ". Ke idluliselwe 51% ye izibambiso.

Isimo izinto iziseko ekrwada

isiseko oyile West eSiberia, kwakunye nezinye indawo resource enkulu iquka loovimba eqinisekisiwe kwaye eyay. Ngexesha lovavanyo zejoloji wenziwe uhlalutyo noshowo le iidiphozithi. Kwixa elizayo, kulindeleke ukuba ukuvula amasimi amawaka aliqela. Namhlanje, Noko ke, ukuqaliswa iindlela zale mihla kunye nobuchwephesha kuthityazwa iindleko ezinkulu yaye okusebenza eliphezulu ukusetyenziswa xa kuthelekiswa ne yemveli. Kule nkalo, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa of Energy liphuhlisa isindululo ukwamkela uthotho amanyathelo kwinqanaba mthetho. Kufuneka ezijolise ekukhuthazeni ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa ezintsha kunye neendlela zokwandisa beentanda ioli imbuyekezo. La manyathelo kufuneka ukunceda ukuphucula ngemali yophando kunye nophuhliso kunye nomsebenzi wophando kwi zokudalwa ndlela zobugcisa ezintsha, uphuhliso esebenzayo babangenagama eziphathekayo kunye nobugcisa.

uqikelelo

umthamo esilindelekileyo zokulima Western eSiberia ngo-2020 kufuneka afike million tons 290-315 ngonyaka ngamnye. Kulo mzekelo, yonke intsebenzo yeli lizwe kufuneka kufikelela kwizigidi 520-600 iitoni. Lunikezelo izinto eziza kwenziwa kuloo mazwe APR. Bona akhawunti kuba malunga ne-30% ye losetyenziso lomhlaba. Kubathengi inkulu zithathwa ukuba China kunye Japan namhlanje. program iye yenziwa ukwenzela 2005-2020. It Kujongwe kwakhiwe yombhobho oyile East eSiberia ukuya Pacific Ocean. Bekucingelwa ukuba le projekthi iza kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba ezine. Oil zokuhamba kwacetywa kwi mali-80 lezigidi zeetoni.

isiphelo

Uphuhliso eWest eSiberia isiseko ioli nzima amaqela amathathu iingxaki. Eyokuqala kwezi kubangelwa kakubi, eyasekwa ngamaxesha Soviet. Iqela lesibini yaba sisiphumo yinkululeko kwezoqoqosho, ukusekwa ubudlelwane kwimakethi zolu shishino. Ebudeni utshintsho uhlobo ipropati uphelelwe ngamandla ulawulo lokungena nokuphuma kwezimali. Oku, kwakhokelela sokungagqibeki ezinkulu, unaniselwano kunye nezinye iingxaki. Iqela lesithathu kwemiba iphathelene ukonakala iimeko kwiimalike zehlabathi. Oku kubangelwa hormone imathiriyeli ekrwada. Zonke ezi ngxaki ziyadibana ukunciphisa kakhulu kwimveliso. Lokuqala ngongoma xa lo mkhwa waphawula ngo-1997. Yena iye yanxulunyaniswa ukunyuselwa okwexeshana kwemfuno izinto kwi kwimarike yehlabathi kunye nokwandisa umsebenzi ishishini kwamashishini zasekhaya. Oku, kwakhokelela ugxalathelwano utyalo-mali lwangaphandle kolu shishino. Noko ke, namhlanje imeko kwimarike yehlabathi usahleli simbi kakhulu. Isiphakamiso udlula kakhulu yimfuno, apho ekugqibeleni iba nefuthe elibi kumaxabiso. Kulo mba, amazwe abazibandakanya lezemigodi nokusulungekiswa, kwakunye ngaphandle kwabo, bafuna iindlela ezingcono ngaphandle meko ezibalulekileyo. Karhulumente kunye nabaphathiswa lamazwe awohlukeneyo aqhube incoko rhoqo kwi meko. Kungoku nje ngenkuthalo Ukuxoxa ukuncitshiswa imithamo yemveliso okwethutyana. Ngokutsho emazweni ukurhweba, uya lizinzise amaxabiso emarikeni.