Izityalo zobunjineli ezinkulu eRashiya

Russia - lizwe mveliso kunye nembali elide lophuhliso mveliso. Ngako oko, izityalo umatshini-ukwakha Russian zidlala indima ephambili kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Ngumthamo opheleleyo kwemveliso yoshishino isabelo iimveliso engineering kuluhlu ka-20%. Le avareji kwinqanaba elungileyo, Noko ke, kuyimfuneko ukuba nande, ngenxa yokuba amaninzi kumazwe asakhasayo, eli nani asondele-40% okanye ngaphezulu.

kushishino Indawo kushishino Russian

obunjineli boomatshini Russian kubume loqoqosho lwesizwe umngeni kwindawo yokuqala kunye noshishino amafutha ezimbiwa kunye kakhulu kune namanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho. Emva kokuwa waseUSSR, isabelo sayo kwi "kwiSabi jikelele" nge-28% (1990) Eyisongile kwi-16% (1995), kodwa ke waqala ukululama egudileyo. Ngu ekuqaleni amanani enkulungwane xxi landile ukuya ku-19%, kwaye ngowama-2015 - 22%.

Ngo-2013, i-mveliso kumatshini-isakhiwo Russian ifumene $ 190 ezigidi (6 ezigidi engange). Iyonke e Russia kukho 19 kwizakhiwo zoshishino, ngaphezu kwekhulu sub-amacandelo kunye namashishini azimeleyo. Le engineering inxaxheba amashishini phezu 40,000 zabo bonke ubukhulu kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zobumnini (2000 kubo - abantu ezinkulu), leyo yenye kwisithathu inani lilonke kwamashishini mveliso. 1/3 yabantu yokusebenza zizonke abaqeshwe kushishino: ngaphezulu kwe nezigidi ezi-4,5 zabantu (3.5 million kubo - ukusebenza). Inani elikhulu labasebenzi limisela ukubaluleka lwentlalo kwicandelo ekuboneleleni umsebenzi.

ulwazi zembali

Izizwe e eRussia Sizibandakanye processing metal ukususela kwixesha lakudala. Kule Urals, ekwahlala yamandulo wafumana apho kunyibilike intsimbi kunye ezenziwe kwalo ezahlukeneyo iimveliso kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-6,000 eyadlulayo. In Kievan Rus sele kwi X ngenkulungwane kwakukho iindibano ezinkulu, ukuvelisa izinto ezintsonkothileyo. Ngenkulungwane XII, ookhokho bethu kakuhle ukujika kunye noomatshini nokugaya. Nangona kunjalo, izityalo yokuqala umatshini-isakhiwo eRashiya wabonakala ngenkulungwane XVI. Bathi ezinxulumene kwityala izixhobo ze ibekwe Tula. Production yayisekelwe intsimbi ekrwada zalapha, kodwa ngamanani amancinci, aliphelelanga kwaye non-zenkqubo.

Ukutshintsha sokulwela inguqu kolu shishino kwenzeka phantsi uPetros mna, lowo ke nkqubo expansionist esebenzayo. umkhosi wakhe kwakudingeka izixhobo zale mihla ngakumbi, iimbumbulu kunye nezixhobo. Ngenxa kwafunyanwa imali enkulu yentsimbi ekrwada kwi Urals apho zadalwa kunye namashishini umatshini-isakhiwo, ingakumbi izixhobo.

imboni zikaloliwe

Ububanzi lwaseNtshona Koloni ziba imveliso langabom kukhokelela kukuba uninzi izityalo kumatshini-isakhiwo esikhulu eRashiya, ekubeni umenzi kuphela iimveliso ezithile, kwangaxeshanye abe miqulu yokuthengisa omncinane ngokwemimiselo yezemali. Ngenxa Iinkampani Russian inkulu kushishino amafutha ke, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kunye petrochemical mveliso zinokuthelekiswa ngokwemigaqo ekuphunyezweni "AvtoVAZ" AHK "Sukhoi", OJSC "ndingaz" iqela "Juice" kunye OJSC "KAMAZ".

Inani phambili kuquka iinkampani ikakhulu Automotive (civil yobunjineli sub-candelo kunye nesabelo liphezulu isakhiwo imveliso iimveliso zobunjineli) kunye MIC, yaye inani lilonke imveliso elikhulu umatshini-isakhiwo (kunye imali yonyaka engange ezingaphezu kwama-5) incinci kakhulu.

Holdings FPG

obunjineli boomatshini Russian kwiminyaka yakutshanje isungule indlela ukuyilwa iinkampani ukubamba kunye namaqela zemali-mveliso (namakhiwane). Xa oku waphawula njenge uphuhliso ngakumbi iinkampani umatshini-isakhiwo, nemfuyo, wadala kwiminyaka edlulileyo (OMZ, corporation lobunjineli amandla, "Iinkqubo ezintsha kunye Concepts" kunye nabanye), kunye nokusekwa kwamaqela amatsha kwakheka kwi njengonozala wezakhono, wayeyifumana kwamanye amashishini. Ukwanda kakhulu ephawuleka kwiinkampani zentsimbi zobunjineli, nto leyo ekhokelele ukuyilwa enamandla FPG "RusPromAvto" elishishina ngezithuthi kwaye iqela leenkampani zemoto "Severstal". Ngenxa elinye okanye kwiinkampani ezinkulu ezimbalwa (amaqela) kwasekwa ezininzi sub-kumacandelo, bababambe kwimeko lubalaseleyo.

Izityalo Umatshini-isakhiwo ngobukhulu Russia

Uluhlu iinkampani kunye nabasebenzi abangaphezulu kwama-12,000, sehle kakuhle (ukusuka 120 ukuya elinesibini ezininzi). Iinkampani Top 10 kwinani labasebenzi ezisekelwe ngubani unenzondelelo utshintsho kakhulu kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. A Inani mveliso okunene yimali, abanye baye kunciphise kakhulu abasebenzi. Ngokomzekelo, sinikela lokuthelekisa itheyibhile yamaRefa zobunjineli kwi incopho yawo namhlanje.

Uluhlu olubanzi iinkampani ezinkulu yokusebenza ngokwengingqi imi ngolu hlobo.

Central Federal District

Entshonalanga, ishishini wokhuselo abaxhakaxhaka Russian bakwezolimo (umzekelo, moya rocket zokuvelisa, iinkqubo umoya zokhuselo nemipu radar, iimoto ezinamavili), ishishini isithuba, yenza uluhlu olubanzi injini idizili, izixhobo kaloliwe, oomatshini kunye nezixhobo. Kwingingqi ukulungela kukho Sisihloko abenzi basemzini autos. Ngelo xesha, Edreyi auto yasekhaya AZLK kunye ZIL waphulukana nobuhle.

• EKR lweshishini "Almaz-Antey" (inani elipheleleyo labasebenzi Group Abantu 98,000). Oku kuquka i Moscow Machine-Building Plant "Avangard" (ukuveliswa imijukujelwa anti-moya), Dolgoprudnenskoe NPP (anti-moya imijukujelwa), iiNGO LEMZ (radars), Moscow Radio Engineering Plant (oonomathotholo) kunye nabanye.
• Khrunichev. M. V. Hrunicheva (abantu 43500, eMoscow.) - kwishishini aziintloko ngexabiso kunye nendawo zamashishini. Liphuhlisa kwaye ivelisa imijukujelwa umthuthi "Proton", "Angara".
• Moscow Machine-Building Plant "Banner of Labor" kunye RAC "Grant" (abantu 14.500, eMoscow.) - ukukhululwa abalwa "MIG".
• Car mveliso yeenkampani zamanye amazwe, "Renault Russia" ( "Avtoframos", abantu 2300, eMoscow.), "PSMA Rus» (PSA Peugeot Citroen kunye Mitsubishi, kummandla ukulungela ukusebenza.), "Volkswagen Group Rus" (kummandla ukulungela ukusebenza.), "Volvo Vostok "(ummandla ukulungela ukusebenza.) kunye nabanye.
• RSC "Energia" (Korolev) - inkampani irula kunye nendawo eziphambili ehlabathini.
• MIC "NPO Machine Building" (18,000 abantu, Reutov.) - rocket kunye nobuchwepheshe emajukujukwini.
• MZ "ZIO-Podolsk" (4700 keli.) - izixhobo izityalo amandla enyukliya kunye nezityalo mn.
• "Kolomna mveliso" (6400 keli.) - zikaloliwe, zikaloliwe zombane, izixhobo diesel.
• Bryansk Works Engineering (6800 keli.) - zikaloliwe, iinqwelo.
• "Autodiesel" (Yaroslavl Automobile) - iinjini yemveliso.

Northwest lizuze

ESt Petersburg kunye ummandla iLeningrad unawo izityalo umatshini-isakhiwo inkulu eRashiya. shipyards Local babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo okhokelayo ekwakhiweni kweenkundla zomkhosi yoluntu. Phakathi ziintshatsheli zasekhaya iivenkile ubungakanani omkhulu (200 yeehektare kumbindi wesixeko) umi Kirovsky Tractor yeziTyalo, ingeniso engundoqo apho kwakukho isithuba irente kunokuba imveliso release iprofayili. kumnyango olandelayo,-mveliso omkhulu "Ford" kwi Vsevolozhsk izenzo ,. Enye iziko umatshini-ekwakheni ummandla ngumzi Severodvinsk, apho kwakhiwe ii nkwili.

• "Sevmash" (abantu 25,000, Severodvinsk.) - ukwakhiwa ii nkwili.
• Shipyards of St. Petersburg: "Admiralty Shipyards" (. Kwidolophu inkampani yokuqala yabantu 8,000) "Baltic Plant" (. 4000 keli), "Severnaya Verf" (. 3500 keli), "Mid-Nevsky" (phose abantu 1000 ..) .
• izixhobo imveliso energy: Leningrad Metal Works (ngo-2017 uphawula isikhumbuzo 160th, uvelisa turbines), "Electrosila" (umbane), "Izhora Izityalo" (izixhobo amandla enyukliya, abembi).
• Autoenterprise Ford, Toyota, Nissan, Itraki, Motors Jikelele, MAN, Scania.
• Lomo (St. Petersburg) - izixhobo ezisebenzisa.
• LaseKirov Tractor Plant (8000 keli.) - imveliso "Kirovets" neetrektara, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo.

Southern lizuze

Le lokuqhuba amandla ephambili obunjineli boomatshini kule ngingqi imveliso oomatshini kunye namandla kwezolimo zokusebenza. Largest umenzi imoto kunye TagAz Volgograd Tractor Plant wathi yimali.

• inkampani Engineering "Rostselmash" (abantu 10,000, Rostov-on-Don.) - imveliso ukudibanisa abavuni "UDon" kunye nezinye izixhobo zokulima.
• "Boilermaker Red" (4400 iibheji, baseTaganrog.) - umenzi inkulu kwezixhobo kwibhoyila.
• "ATOMMASH" (Volgodonsk) - ophambili umniki izixhobo izityalo amandla enyukliya kunye nezityalo mn.
• ON "nzima" (3300 iibheji, Volgograd.) - inkampani ezahlukahlukeneyo (zokudubula, iinkqubo enomjukujelwa izityalo amandla enyukliya kunye noshishino oyile negesi).

IVolga Federal District

Kwingingqi kukho izityalo umatshini-sakhiwo ezaziwayo-kakuhle eRashiya: AvtoVAZ, ndingaz, "Tyazhmash", KAMAZ, UAZ, "Kalashnikov" kunye nabanye. Uluhlu lwemveliso kumba: ukusuka iibheringi (1/4 ye kurhwebo lwasekhaya) ukuya izixhobo ekhethekileyo kwishishini amandla, ukususela iimoto ukuba iinqwelo-moya.

• AvtoVAZ (abantu 52,000, Togliatti.) - i-flagship kwinani yeemoto zaveliswa.
• "Tyazhmash" (7000 iibheji, Syzran.) - izixhobo kushishino enzima.
• Automobile mveliso yeqela "GAS": Gorky Automobile Plant (iilori amancinci naphakathi-umsebenzi, izithuthi emkhosini, ezithwala), "Pavlovsky Bus" (Paz), Ulyanovsk Injini yezityalo kunye nabanye.
• KAMAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny) - umenzi phambili iilori zasekhaya.
• Izhevsk iingalo mveliso: "Kalashnikov" (. Ngaphambili "Izhmash", 4500 keli), "IMZ" (7000 keli.).
• Le kushishino lweenqwelo of Bashkortostan: UMPO (abantu 21.000, imitha yelanga.) - iinjini moya, UPPO (Ufa) - Aviapribor, KumAPP (Kumertau) - ukwenziwa kunye nokulungiswa ntaka "KA" series.
• Perm Motors Group (abantu 12000) -. Iinjini enomjukujelwa kunye moya.
• MZ (abantu 7000, Perm.) - Sixhobo.
• UAZ (Ulyanovsk) - SUV kunye minivans.
• "Aviastar-SP" (abantu 10,000, Ulyanovsk.) - isityalo isakhiwo moya (moya "DB" imifuziselo, "INTO", "IL") ngobukhulu.

phambene lizuze

Phambene akukho ngozi ebizwa ngokuba intliziyo shishino of Russia. Ukufumaneka zezimbiwa etyebileyo kunye nendawo qhinga ebalulekileyo baba zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze obhale apha amashishini amakhulu orhwebo, ikakhulu ezinxulumene processing of zesinyithi kunye noshishino zokhuselo. Amaziko yenjineli nabanamandla Yekaterinburg kunye eNizhniy Tagil.

• "Uralvagonzavod" (abantu 27,000, Nizhny Tagil.) - omnye flagships zoshishino zobunjineli yasekhaya. Ikhupha uluhlu olubanzi iimveliso: ukusuka iimoto impahla kwiitanki. Kwisebe "Uraltransmash" (Ekaterinburg) ukuvelisa iinkqubo zokudubula esingazihlabeliyo tram.
• "Uralmash" (abantu 14,000, Ekaterinburg.) - kwinkokeli kwimveliso zokomba, imigodi, izixhobo metallurgical.
• Zeke (Ekaterinburg) - Iinkqubo enomjukujelwa anti-moya, izithuthi nkonzo.
• EChelyabinsk Tractor Plant (abantu 13,000) -. Iitrektara, oomatshini ukwakhiwa kwendlela, iinjini.
• Automobile Plant "phambene" (abantu 13.500, Miass.) - iilori.
• "Kurgan" (4800 iibheji, Kurgan.) - izithuthi zomkhosi (BMP, iitrektara).
• Zlatoust Machine-Isakhiwo Plant - rocketry.

District Federal Siberian

imveliso Engineering swi kushishino wokhuselo, moya kunye nezixhobo imisebenzi yemigodi. Abaninzi lweshishini basic yimali okanye kufutshane nayo. Industry kummandla abadinga langoku kunye nenkxaso.

• Iinkampani Aerospace: Napo. VP Chkalov (abantu 6000, naseNovosibirsk.) - imveliso moya of "owomileyo"; "Polyot" (4500 iibheji, eOmsk.) - Aircraft "An" Hewana "GLONASS" inkqubo, irula kunye nendawo nobuchwepheshe; Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant - enye abenzi ezininzi moya: ntaka "Mi" kunye moya "Su"; (abantu 6,000.) Irkutsk Aviation Plant - moya "Su", "Yak", "MS", amacandelo for Airbus; "Information Satellite Systems" (8000 iibheji, Zheleznogorsk.) - satellites ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano.
• "Tyazhstankogidropress" (naseNovosibirsk) - ngumvelisi phambili oomatshini hydraulic, izixhobo umatshini, iimpompo.
• Radiozavod kubo. A. S. Popova (eOmsk) - Iinkqubo zobunjineli Radio nonxibelelwano.
• "Altaivagon" (7000 iibheji, Novoaltaysk.) - ukukhululwa iimoto.
• LVRZ Engineering Enterprise (abantu 6000, Ulan-Ude.) - imveliso kunye nokulungiswa zikaloliwe kunye noololiwe.

Far District Federal Eastern

Eza ngamashishini amakhulu ngamnye:

• KnAAZ kubo. Gagarin (abantu 13.500, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.) - le nkampani phambili kweli lizwe. Ifumaneka emkhosini (usapho "Su", "Pak FA") kunye moya waseburhulumenteni (Sukhoi Superjet), amacandelo for "kwendiza".
• Enterprises of imikhumbi kunye nokulungisa inqanawa: zalapho Amur (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) - wavelisa ngaphambili lweenqanawa ezintywilayo zenyukliya ngoku yomkhosi kwinkundla waseburhulumenteni; "Dalzavod" (Vladivostok); Lolwandle Factory (Nakhodka), Nakhodka zalapho.

isiphelo

zobunjineli Russian ujongene ngamaxesha anzima. Nangona amathuba ezoshishino kunokuba enamandla, uninzi flagships yokwehla kwemveliso, abaninzi ngokuphandle asinde. Le industry efunwa ngabantu utshintsho, yotshintsho oomatshini kunye nezixhobo, indlela entsha yolawulo. Ngelo xesha, ulwakhiwo kwamashishini oluphezulu lwe entsha, ikakhulu amancinci naphakathi. Siye saba izityalo umoya yesibini ukulungiselela ukuveliswa kweemveliso zomkhosi. Bonisa umdla omkhulu amahlakani amazwe, ingakumbi automakers. Xa inkxaso entsonkothileyo karhulumente kunye nawabucala yobunjineli lwamashishini ungenza igalelo elikhulu kakhulu kuqoqosho lweli lizwe.