Jazz: oko kukuthi, yintoni ulwalathiso, ngubani owenza

Imvelaphi wejazz mihla ongcambu zawo zisekelwe inkcubeko zomculo Afrika. Emva Hristofor Kolumb zafumana lizwekazi entsha kunye baseYurophu ahlala apho, waya kunxweme of America kusiba balandela iinqanawa labantu.

Iznuronnye umsebenzi onzima, ukukhumbula nokubandezeleka kumagosa abagulayo ubudlelwane, amakhoboka bafumana lukhulu emculweni. Ngcembe imiculo engaqhelekanga kwaye izingqisho banomdla baseMerika nabaseYurophu. Ngoko kwabakho jazz. Yiyiphi jazz na, yaye yintoni iimpawu zayo, esiza kuyiqwalasela kweli nqaku.

Iimpawu indlela zomculo

Libhekisela umculo wejazz ka-Afrika American, nto leyo esekelwe - improvisation (ujingi) kunye isakhiwo eyodwa enesingqi (syncope). Ngokungafaniyo kwezinye iindawo, apho umntu omnye abhale umculo, kunye nezinye ente, iimvumi jazz enze zombini abaqambi.

Melody idaliwe ixesha ngokuzenzekelayo ukubhala, ezahlulwe lokuphumla ubuncinane kwexesha ukubulawa. Njengoko kuvela jazz. Yintoni improvisation okhestra? Le amandla iimvumi ukuqhelana omnye komnye. Ukongeza, ngamnye improvises lakhe.

Iziphumo ze mibhalo ezizenzekelayo ugcinwe notation nomculo (T. Kouler, Arlene G. "Ndivuya imini yonke," Ellington D. "Musa uyazi ukuba ndiyakuthanda?", Njl).

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umculo Afrika kuhlanganiswa kunye yaseYurophu. Kwabonakala uncuthu ezidibanisa iplastiki, isingqisho, uncuthu kunye nemvisiswano izandi (CHEATHAM Doc, Blues In My Heart, Carter James, ngundoqo, njalo-njalo).

izikhombisi

Yaba kwiindawo ezingaphezu kwe-amathathu jazz. Cinga ezinye zazo.

1. Blues. In IsiNgesi eli gama lithetha "intlungu", "ukudangala". Ekuqaleni ke wabiza blues abamnyama ingoma wedwa lyric. Jazz-blues - it ixesha dvenadtsatitaktovy ehambelanayo ngohlobo lwemibongo trohstrochnoy. Ukuqamba Blues eyenziwa kuhamba ngonyawo lonwabu, kwimibhalo kufumaniseka ukuba aba lolu ethile innuendo. bantsebenzo langutana of blues - Gertrude Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, kunye nabanye.

2. Ragtime. Inguqulelo yokoqobo igama isimbo - elizayo eqwengiweyo. Xa ulwimi amagama zomculo "REG" indlela izandi ubuchule ngakumbi phakathi isithinzi. Icala wabonakala eUnited States, emva kolwandle bathimba imisebenzi Schubert, Chopin kunye Liszt. Umculo yi Abaqambi yaseYurophu eyenziwa isimbo jazz. Kamva, kwakukho ezaqanjwa yokuqala. Ragtime yoqobo creative Joplin S., D. Scott, D. iMvana et al.

3. Boogie. Indlela kwavela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Abanini cafes engaxabisi kufuneka iimvumi ukudlala jazz. Yintoni na le zomculo busenza ukuba ubukho iokhestra, nakanjani, kodwa ukuba umeme inani elikhulu bomculo imali eninzi. Isandi izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukulinganisa pianists, ukudala ezaqanjwa ezininzi ezinesingqi. Iimpawu Boogie:

• improvisation;
• indlela virtuoso;
• ngesandla ekhethekileyo ihambisana ekhohlo yenza ostinantnuyu motor uqwalaselo, lekhefu phakathi bass kunye lwengoma - octaves ababini okanye abathathu;
• isingqisho okuqhubekayo;
• emoto ngaphandle.

Boogie wadlala Romeo Nelson, uArthur Montana Taylor, uCharles Avery et al.

Kumabali style

Jazz ithandwa kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke. Naphi na apho kukho iinkwenkwezi angqonge umkhosi fans, kodwa amanye amagama baye ilivo. Bona uyabazi yaye wayethanda ehlabathini lonke. Ezi iimvumi, ingakumbi, ubalisa Louis Armstrong.

Akwaziwa oko bekuya kuba ziyahlelwa inkwenkwe ukusuka kwikota ihlwempu Negro, ukuba Louis abazange bayifumane kwiinkampu zentolongo. Apha, ikhwezi elizayo ebhalwe nobhedu band, Noko ke, iqela ayikho idlala jazz. Yintoni na ke blues, nendlela ukucula, lo mfana bafumanisa kakhulu kamva. Armstrong yafumana udumo Bulelani ehlabathini kwiinzame nokuzingisa.

Owaseka jazz lomculo ucinga noBillie Holiday (igama lokwenyani Eleonora Fagan). ukuthandwa Incopho lo oculayo bafika-imi- 50 yenkulungwane yokugqibela, xa ema utshintsho woko eqongeni.

ubomi nzima zazivelela neengcedevu loluhlu octaves ezintathu Elly Fitsdzherald. Emva kokufa kanina, wabaleka wemka ekhaya waza waqhubeka yokuphila hayi enesidima kakhulu. Ukuqala umsebenzi imvumi yaba ukusebenza ukhuphiswano lomculo Amateur Nights.

World odumileyo yi Dzhordzh Gershvin. Umqambi wadala zililo jazz ngokusekelwe umculo weklasiki. Indlela ngesiquphe yokusebenza uyotywe abaphulaphuli kunye noogxa. Ikonsathi zaye wawuhlala sikhatshwe yi bencoma. Umsebenzi edume G. Gershwin - "Rhapsody e Blue" (co-ibhalwe kunye Fredom Grofom), i-opera "Porgy and Bess", "An American e Paris."

Kwakhona amagcisa armada ezithandwayo yaye kusenjalo Dzhenis Dzhoplin, Rey Charlz, uSara Vaughan, Mayls Devis, kunye nabanye.

Jazz kwi USSR

Ukuvela yale zomculo eSoviet Union ngenxa igama wembongi, umguquleli yeqonga-goer Valentina Parnaha. Ikonsathi lokuqala armada band ekhokelwa virtuoso kwenzeka ngo-1922. Kamva Tsfasman, L. Utesov, J. Skomorovsky lwakhokela kwicala ijazz wokubonelwa, edibanisa yokusebenza nezixhobo kunye operetta. E. Rosner wenza lukhulu ukuba ithandwe jazz umculo Varlamov, A. Lundstrom.

Kwiminyaka 40 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, jazz kuye ngokubanzi wagxeka njengoba into inkcubeko yamaphephandaba. Kwi-imi- 50-60 zawahlasela kwi beqonga yayeka. Jazz bands ithe yadalwa RSFSR kunye nezinye republic eSoviet.

Namhlanje jazz imiswe babulawa kwi nezigaba kwikonsathi kunye namaqela.