Komtshiso oko. Sigaba nangokurhala, iimpawu

Man - a ekubeni ethe-ethe. Kodwa uhlobo yokunyamekela kusinda lweentlobo, wanika abantu isipho lebyi kunene - nezifo. Yaba nombulelo lowo umzimba wethu ukho, uguquguquka kwaye zithintela arhente nochuku esosulelayo.

Nezilonda - umonakalo okanye ukukhusela umzimba?

Igama lesiLatini inflammo kuthetha eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "ukuba aqhumisele", kunye nezinye nokutyhilwa kwalo - kukukrala. Inyathelo nangokurhala, iintlobo zalo kunye neemilo ziya ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha kulo mbandela. Ukuqala ukuqonda kakuhle nkqubo kwaye ufumanise ixabiso layo umzimba womntu. Olunjalo utshintsho phantsi kweempembelelo kweemeko ezithile (isigulo, ukwenzakala, amakhalane, negazi) abazange ngengozi - yinto indlela omzimba kuhlaselo losulelo, ukutshatyalaliswa izakhiwo iseli okanye izakhi. Le nkqubo mayibhekiswe kwasendaweni kwenxalenye umonakalo, kude kwaso ukusuka ephilile. Izenzo ezinjalo kumzimba ngenxa imfuneko nitrogen factor yayintsholongwane eyosulela kakhulu, nangokurhala, iimveliso inkunkuma yokubola yayo kunye ayehlasela site yokuphilisa. Isiphumo inyanzelekile ukuba ukumelana nezifo.

Kubalulekile ukuba ihlale engqondweni into yokuba ukudumba engathethi ntonye losuleleko. Le enohlobo omzimba ukuba yayintsholongwane eyosulela nayiphi lalwano emzimbeni, ngelixa usulelo - oku yi-arhente ndlongondlongo, ukumqumbisa ukusabela enjalo.

ulwazi zembali

Nangokurhala, ukudumba eqongeni, iimpawu ezahlukileyo sele kwaziwa ekuqaleni xesha lethu. Ingakumbi, le mibandela ichotshelweyo oosonzululwazi abanomdla yamandulo - Klavdiy Galen kunye nombhali waseRoma Korneliy Tsels. Yeyona yakhomba amacandelo ezine mva nayiphi komtshiso oko:

• erythema (ububomvu imbonakalo);
• ayanda;
• komzimba;
• ubuhlungu.

Kwakukho ngumqondiso sesihlanu - yaphula ochaphazelekayo ndawo okanye ilungu imisebenzi (indawo yokugqibela yongezwe kamva kakhulu Galen).

Kamva, izazinzulu ezininzi ukusebenza kulo mba. Yena wayifunda, yaye ihlabathi-edumileyo sebhayoloji ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. Wawuqwalasela bephilisa impendulo kwiintetho ezikralayo, isipho lokwenyaniso ngemvelo, kodwa abadinga olunye uphuhliso yendaleko, njengoko ingengabo bonke iinkqubo ezinjalo kukhokelela ekufumaneni umzimba. Singasathethi ukuba komtshiso esinzima kunene nje iimeko eziyingozi.

lwesigama

Ukuba umzimba esebenzayo kuyaqhubeka (inyathelo of ukudumba kulo mzekelo, hayi zithathelwa ingqalelo), ngoko ukuba igama sifo, ngokuqhelekileyo Latin, qiniseka ukuba udibanise i nesiphelo iimpawu "-it". Umzekelo, ukudumba kwingqula, izintso, intliziyo, peritoneum, pancreatic ekuthiwa, ngokulandelelana, laryngitis, nephritis, myocarditis, peritonitis, pancreatitis. Ukuba umtshiso oqhelekileyo umzimba uzibandakanya sifo indawo ecaleni kwakhe kwizicwili okanye adipose, idityaniswe igama isimaphambili "para": paranephritis, parametritis (ukudumba wesibeleko) , njalo njalo ke kulo mba, njengawuphi na umthetho, kukho .. ngaphandle, iinkcazelo ezithile ezifana angina okanye inyumoniya.

Kutheni ukudumba apho?

Ngoko ke, yintoni na unobangela ukudumba? Bona ukwahlukanisa iindlela ezintathu:

1. Physical. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yokukrala emzimbeni uqala ngenxa ezahlukeneyo yokwenzakala mechanical, ukutsha, kuquka ziqu, frostbite, ubukho lwamaqumrhu angaphandle, ifuthe yangoku yombane.
2. Eziphilayo. Kulo mzekelo, libhekisela kwinkqubo yezifo ezibangelwa arhente ngeentsholongwane, olwaye lwamfimfitha kunye wentsholongwane egazini. Olu didi iimpawu zikwaquka amagciwane zezifo ezithile ezifana tubercle lesifo sephepha (tuberculosis), Treponema pallidum (negcushuwa), Mycobacterium leprae (iqhenqa) kunye nabanye.
3. Chemical. Eli qela yezinto isekelwe kwi intshukumo isimaphambili se ezahlukeneyo Izinto eziyimichiza icala (imithi, iityhefu, iityuwa, alkalis, ii-asidi, kwaye ityhefu kwasekwa emzimbeni).

Kwakhona ebangela ukudumba unokuba lokuthuthuzela amaxhoba ngokwasengqondweni eziqatha, uxinezeleko rhoqo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala.

iinkqubo okanye kwenzeka imilo kakuhle okanye onesifo ukuthatha. Xa kwenzeka indlela isivuseleli ngoko nangoko, oko kukuthi, iiseli ezimhlophe plasma zicwangciswa intshukumo kwaye aziphathe kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo isebenza kakhulu, oko luphawu inkqubo oyingozi. Ukuba, ke, kwinqanaba zeselula, utshintsho kwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe, ibizwa ngokuba nokudumba ezigulo ezondeleyo. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi malunga neendidi iifom ziya kuxoxwa kamva.

symptomatology

Zonke izigaba ukudumba luphawulwa iimpawu ezifanayo eziphambili. Zahlula-hlulwe zasekuhlaleni ngokubanzi. Iqela lokuqala imiqondiso luquka:

• Hyperemia (ububomvu) kummandla ochaphazelekayo. Le uphawu kwenzeka ngenxa yokumpompoza kwegazi kakhulu.
• Komzimba - ukwanda lobushushu ekuhlaleni, ekubeni ukutya olukhawulezisiweyo.
• Ukudumba, ukuba kukho afunxwe yethishyu exudate.
• Lactic - ukwanda iasidi. Le uphawu kudla kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ifiva.
• Giperalgiya (ubuhlungu obukhulu). Oku kuza kuphendulwa ifuthe receptors kunye kwalapho.
• Ilahleko okanye ukungasebenzi kummandla ochaphazelekayo. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yazo zonke ezi mpawu zingasentla.

Hi ndlela leyi, nangokurhala ngamalungu angaphakathi akusoloko kuboniswa ubuhlungu, kodwa xa inkqubo ithatha indawo phezu kwamanzi, zikho phantse zonke ezi mpawu zingasentla.

Iimpawu Common kungabonwa laboratory, ingakumbi, ngokupheleleyo wegazi. Umzekelo, utshintsho ezithile kwiindawo ifomula leukocyte igazi, kwakunye ukwanda okubonakalayo ESR. Ngoko ke, ukuba ngenyameko wafunda oluntsonkothileyo neempawu, nokuba unesifo komtshiso oko. Isigaba yokukrala - umbuzo olandelayo umdla abantu abenza esi sifundo.

Eli nqanaba kunye nohlobo inkqubo arhabaxa

Njengaye nayiphi na inkqubo, oko nayo eziza kwenziwa ngokwezigaba. Inyathelo 3 Ukwabela komtshiso oko. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ziphuhliswe ngamaqondo ahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa njalo. Ukuba ukuchaza ngamazwi alula, oko imveliso umonakalo imithana fluid kunye kwithishyu. Isigaba sokuqala sale ukudumba - silungiswe. Oku kulandelwa exudation, kwabe emva kwazo - ukwanda.

Ngoku kubiza kancinci ukuze uxoxe iindidi ukudumba ezinxulumene ngqo izigaba. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, xa inkqubo likhula ngokukhawuleza, oko kuthiwa bukhali. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuze bafaneleke njengento, ukongeza kwixesha factor kufuneka anincedi ibakala ukudumba etsolo ezifana exudation nonyebeleziso.

Kukho omnye division: banal (normal) omzimba kunye arhabaxa. Kwimeko yesibini ke ngqo abasabela ngayo amajoni omzimba. Ukufunda eqongeni, yaye olu hlobo iindlela nangokurhala, singatsho kakuhle ukuba ukushiyana luxhomekeke kade okanye kwangoko. Le ngxelo inokucaciswa kakhulu nje: Okokuqala kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngexa lo matshini na ukudumba ngaxeshanye "iantigens - unalo". Ukuba impendulo njengomlamli kungena ephilayo iphuhlisa ngoko nangoko, ngoko kuqala owenziwe le nqubo, kunye neenkqubo kamva ngenxa phagocytosis, ukuxubana uthe ngokubambisana kunye leukocytes kunye nomonakalo iindonga nemithambo data esimbaxa zomzimba likhula ngokukhawuleza ukudumba kunye haemorrhages ezininzi. Umzekelo i imeko elibukhali kangaka ayanceda njengomothuko anaphylactic, angioedema (okanye angioedema), kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezifuna ukusetyenziswa amanyathelo yokurhaxwa.

Xa impendulo kade ngenkqubo iantigens uba ukwanda kangaka (umz, Mantoux test). Kulo mzekelo, Iiseli kuqala atshabalalise arhente angaphandle kunye emzimbeni. Ngaphezu koko kukho granulomas kancane. Le nkqubo lubonakala ngokuba kunokuba ixesha elide.

Ngoko ke, ezi ndidi zilandelayo iinkqubo arhabaxa:

• Sharp. ubude bayo iiyure eziliqela. Kukho iimeko ukuba kuthatha malunga neveki.
• Subacute. Ngokuqhelekileyo siphela emva kweeveki ezimbalwa.
• Ezondeleyo. It ingahlala iminyaka okanye ubomi, aqukuqelayo ngamaza oyingozi ukuze kuxolelwe.

Ukonakala: Inqanaba lokuqala

Ngoko ke, hamba uye nenkcazelo ngqo lotshintsho inyathelo emzimbeni. Nayiphi na ukudumba iqala ngaloo ndlela. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, omnye ibakala ukudumba kuthiwa utshintsho (ukusuka alteratio amagama - "umonakalo"). Loo uqhekeko izicwili kunye, ngokulandelelana, ukuphazamiseka ingqibelelo iiseli kunye imithambo yegazi ezikhokelela utshintsho necrotic nokukhululwa mediators arhabaxa. Ezi zinto eqhubayo ukutshintsha ilizwi semithambo, zibangela intlungu ezibukhali ukudumba.

exudation

nokuphazamiseka ezinemigca kwindawo asha unobangela exudation (exudatio). Oku 2 ibakala ukudumba a. Le nkqubo iqulathe kwi iplagi igazi kulwelo kwithishyu. Ibizwa exudate, nto leyo enika ithuba ukubhekisela le nkqubo ngaloo ndlela. Xa eli nyathelo ibangela mediators nokudumba lokuvula lophazamiseko yegazi. spasm Ngenxa, nto leyo eyenzeka kwi arterioles, isahlulo zonakaliswe zinokukhuliswa kakhulu ukuhamba kwegazi, ekhokelela ingxinano. Eminye kwandisa nethe, kunye hyperemia le lwemithambo umfutho ungena. uxinzelelo semithambo likhula ngokukhawuleza, yaye inxalenye engamanzi igazi ephuma emideni yabo. Exudate inokuba ukuzaliswa eyahlukileyo iya kuxhomekeka arhabaxa imilo yabangela kubo.

inkqubo nemveliso

Isigaba sesithathu kuthiwa proliferative komtshiso oko. Eli nqanaba arhabaxa Kuyinto sesokugqibela. iinkqubo okungenisa zomzimba, avumele okanye buyisela iindawo ezimashakeleyo of yokukrala okanye kule ndawo kwasekwa amabala. Kodwa bokuqonda wesekethe lusekiwe kwaye uzinzile kuba nezigaba 3 ukudumba Kokuba ezahlukahlukeneyo ayifani. Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi kweentlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezi nkqubo.

asisiseko

Iintlobo, iintlobo kunye amanqanaba ukudumba - le yinto ukuba kufuneka uhlawule ingqalelo indawo yokuqala. Njengoko sele sibonile, le nkqubo emiselwe ixesha gama ezifana uhlobo. Kodwa oku zonke iimpawu ezinokusetyenziswa ukuhlola komtshiso oko. nqanaba yokukrala - sisiseko yemfundo bakhe kunye novavanyo. Kodwa kwenzeka ukuba amacandelo zenkqubo zibonakaliswa shiyana. Kuxhomekeka iziseko impendulo kwiintetho ezikralayo, kukho iintlobo ezintathu utshintsho ezithile:

1. Alterative. Le fomu iphawulwa ubukho iinkqubo necrotic kwi organ ebushushwini babo. Nangona ezinye zeempawu ichazwa buthathaka kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo olu hlobo ukudumba waphawula kwizigqeba parenchymal: intliziyo, nezintso, nomhlehlo wesibindi. Kulo mzekelo, uphawu ukuphela nokuwa Imisonto izihlunu kunye amalaphu. Eli binzana ngandlel lixesha, kodwa kwiinkalo ezithile amayeza sisabalulekile.
2. Exudative. Kakuhle eli nkcazo kukuqinisekisa ukuba xa uhlobo yokukrala enjalo wobukho imbopheleleko yenu exudate. Kuxhomekeke kuya kuba njani, kukho ezininzi sub-iintlobo ukudumba: ubovu, ukopha, serous, fibrinous, catarrhal. Makhe sithi gqaba-gqaba ngamnye kubo. Umzekelo, ukuba ukudumba serous luphawulwa ukuyilwa bolwelo protini. Kunokuba ukugcwalisa naziphi nemingxuma (pleural okanye capsule ngokudibeneyo kunye nabanye). Kungenzeka kwakhona ukuba ityalwa imicu kunye amalaphu, ngaloo ndlela ebangela uqwalaselo idumbile. Ukuze banokunyanga imilo ezifana kunokwenzeka, exudate sokumpompa. uhlobo Fibrinous of ukudumba sahlulwe lobar kunye ukubola komqala. Kulo mzekelo neprothini secreted yakha uphawu umbala film omhlophe. Ingozi yale fomu ukuze zibe azikhuli. Ubovu ukudumba ukuyilwa protein ezahlukeneyo kunye leukocyte exudation. Ukuxoxa iifom, izigaba, iintlobo nangokurhala, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba olu luhlobo enkulu kakhulu, nto leyo ngokoqobo, bayinyibilikisa esiqwini, into emangalisayo. ifomu ongamphambi kokugqibela koKuhlala - ukopha. Exudate kulo mzekelo uquka ezininzi erythrocytes. Oko kukuthi ngenxa kukhetho zingenzeka igazi. Le ukudumba kushukunyiswa izifo ezosulelayo: anthrax, ukopha meningitis, isibetho, yingqakaqha, kunye nabanye. Isiphumo iya kuxhomekeka umenzeli walo causative kwesi sifo. Kodwa olu hlobo ukudumba kuyo nayiphi na imeko akukhuselekanga kakhulu. uhlobo Catarrhal yokukrala akhanya zonke ngasentla. Ukukhethwa uphawu S of isixa esikhulu yencindi yomlomo (nokuthimliswa, tracheitis).
3. Proliferative. Le fomu luphawulwa kukukhula ngokukhawuleza ancedisana ukuyilwa granulomas. Oku kudale kwesibindi (imibimbi) ngamalungu ezahlukeneyo, liphuhlisa ngeenxa namaqumrhu angaphandle kunye inclusions olwaye lwamfimfitha.

Ngokusekelwe kule nkcazelo ingasentla, kuyimfuneko ukuba achaze oko ibakala ukudumba suppurative cell ukuba iingcali:

• nokungena Serous.
• inkqubo Necrotic (flegmozny, xuki, abscessed)

imfundo esisiseko Pustular yahlulwe ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

• ukudumba Focal (ithumba). Kungenjalo, le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ithumba. Nge kwenzeka loo ukudumba kulandelayo: umthombo losulelo iyabhiqiza kwisisu amiliswe na ukuba ngama rhoqo leukocytes apho. Ukuba ithumba iyazigqabhuza ngaphandle, ngoko ke kuthiwa fistula. Ziquka kwakhona abile abengezelayo.
• Empyema - lo ukuyilwa ubovu exudate kwi nemingxuma zendalo (isihlomelo, pleura, parenchyma) ngokusilela ukuba ahlale imixholo.
• Infiltrate. Ngenye indlela, le nqanaba libizwa ngokuba cellulitis. Kulo mzekelo, ubovu okusaqhubekayo umzimba ngokupheleleyo. Le nkqubo yahluka isasazwa ngokubanzi kuyo yonke isakhiwo kummandla ochaphazelekayo.

Ubovu exudate iyanyibilika ngokupheleleyo, bakha amabala. Kodwa kukho kwakhona ithuba isiphumo esibi. Oku kwenzeka xa ubofu engena egazini. Ngenxa yoko, ekugqibeleni iphuhlisa nokudumba, yaye le nkqubo iba yingozi, lahamba losuleleko ngokubanzi wonke umzimba.

A Umzekelo: inyumoniya

Le yenye sifo kakhulu mpela kwaye kunokuba akucingeleki, okubangelwe kwamagciwane ezahlukeneyo ezibangela inyumoniya. Yeyona ubukho ulwelo kwi alveoli ukuphefumla nzima yomguli aze afune ukutshintsha umgangatho wobomi ukuba mandundu. Le izehlo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, ikakhulu kwi kumajoni omzimba womntu. Kodwa nayiphi na imeko, ukugcina ingxelo yazo zonke izigaba ezithathu inkqubo arhabaxa umzekelo esi sifo kunokwenzeka.

Inyumoniya kwakhona lwenzeka kwi amanyathelo. Ngokwembono Pathogenesis ezi-4 Inqanaba lung ukudumba: tide hepatization red, imvume hepatization hina. Eyokuqala kwezi echaza ehlaselayo nje arhente ezosulelayo emzimbeni, ingqibelelo umonakalo iseli (ukuguqulwa). Ngenxa yoko kukho ukuxinana, reactions isikhumba negazi, ukuphelelwa umoya, nentliziyo ngokukhawuleza, iimpawu yetyhefu kakhulu.

Ngokwezigaba hepatization (hepatization ebomvu yaye ndiyingwevu) ngokubonakalayo exudate senziwa kwizihlunu zemiphunga. Le nkqubo ukutswina ngokucacileyo, ukunxila, zizigulo zemithambo. Imfundo phlegm eninzi kakhulu - exudate lizele phantse kwindawo yonke echaphazelekayo. enkulu kangakanani pneumonia, uthe into izilonda olubanzi (ingxenye iziko, nomhlehlo kwemiphunga, okanye ukudumba total). Kukho iimeko yokutsala izitshanguba kwenye.

Ngexesha Isisombululo percolation inyathelo esahlula exudate kwakhiwa, ukuncitshiswa (ukwanda) izitshanguba wemiphunga recovery ngcembe. Ngokuqinisekileyo, amanyathelo yinyumoniya ukubonisa iinkqubo uphawu ngemeko echazwe kulo eziphilayo. Ngaphandle pneumonia umzekelo sezifo enohlobo ezinxulumene ngqo kuphuhliso ukudumba kungaba:

• Yamafutha.
• ngamathumba ngumhlaza.
• utshintsho somoya.
• Prostatitis: zombini oyingozi futhi ezigulo ezondeleyo.
• Izifo nemithambo yegazi (umzekelo, isifo kwemithambo).
• Glomerulonephritis.
• nokudumba emathunjini.
• Izifo amalungu kwingingqi isinqe.
• isifo samathambo.
• Iqela lwezifo sokuhlasela.
• Vasculitis.
• Ngokuzimela.
• Ukufakelwa sokwala.
• Sarcoidosis.

Ekugqibeleni, amaqhakuva banal kwakhona ivela njenge ngenxa yeenkqubo ukudumba eluswini kwaye kwiingcamba ezinzulu sangaphandle.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba amajoni omzimba udla ngokukwenza a joke okhohlakeleyo nequmrhu, ebangela kuphuhliso komtshiso oko. Ngokufutshane chaza inkqubo, singatsho ukuba umzimba omzimba ehlasela umzimba wayo siqu. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba babeyibona inkqubo umzimba uphela njengento esisisongelo isakhiwo yonke yobomi. Kutheni le nto isenzeka, ngelishwa, akukaqondwa kakuhle.

yokugoqa

Kakade ke, ukususela utshintsho yokukrala ezahlukahlukeneyo ubucaka bangabi kuqinisekiswa namnye labaphilayo. Ngaphezu koko, le nkqubo iye yanikezelwa uluntu ngendalo yaye kujongwe ukuba ukuphuhlisa amajoni omzimba kwaye kunceda umzimba kuliva ngempumelelo umendo zazivelela. Ngoko ke, ukuqonda iindlela ezithe zenzeka ngexesha olukhulu yokukrala eziyimfuneko ukuze wonke ummi abazi kulo mhlaba.