Kwabantu baseYurophu: imbali, iimpawu, izithethe, amasiko, inkcubeko, ulwimi, inkolo, indlela yokuphila

Abantu of Europe - yenye yezona umdla kwaye izihloko ngexesha entsonkothileyo efanayo kwimbali nenkcubeko. Ukuqonda uphuhliso lwabo, endleleni yobomi, izithethe nenkcubeko ukuze baqonde ngcono ngeziganeko zangoku ezenzekayo kule nxalenye yehlabathi kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Ngokuba bonke iyantlukwano abantu abahlala kumazwe aseYurophu, sinokuthi, umgaqo, bonke bephela ziye ngendlela eyodwa yophuhliso. Uninzi kwamazwe kwakheka kwi kummandla lowo wayesakuba baseRoma uBukhosi, nkqubo leyo iquka indawo enkulu, emazweni German esentshona kwiindawo mbobo kwi ngasempumalanga, ukususela kumntla eBritani ukusa kuMntla Afrika esemazantsi. Yiloo nto sinokuthi bonke bala mazwe, nangona dissimilarity kwabo, kunjalo, kwasekwa kwisithuba efanayo.

Umendo yophuhliso kumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni

Kwabantu baseYurophu njengoko nobuzwe waqala ukubonakala ngenxa yokufuduka omkhulu izizwe owatshabalalisa yezwekazi IV-V eminyaka. Emva koko, ngenxa lokumpompoza amazwe kwenqwaba kwenzeka utshintsho olukhulu yokuma koluntu ukuba likhona kangangeenkulungwane kwisithuba imbali yamandulo, kwaye beka uluntu ezintsha yobuhlanga. Ukongeza, ukuyilwa intshukumo kazwelonke nempembelelo izizwe zamaJamani, ngubani waliseka phezu amazwe yangaphambili baseRoma uBukhosi, imo yabo ebizwa ngokuba yi-singamaqaba. Xa sikhokelo labo kunye neentlanga ngophuhliso yaseYurophu malunga uhlobo kukho apho ke okwangoku. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokugqibela owabumba yesizwe kwenzeka kwixesha of the Ages Aphakathi oqolileyo.

liqhubeka lithi usonge

Ngowe-XII-XIII iinkulungwane kumazwe amaninzi kweli lizwekazi, inkqubo ukuyilwa ubuzwe. Yaba ixesha xa iimeko ephuhliswe kubahlali States baqalisa ukuchonga ukubeka ngokwabo beliqela yesizwe ethile. Ekuqaleni, lo wazibonakalisa ulwimi nenkcubeko. baqala amazwe aseYurophu ukuphuhlisa iilwimi yesizwe zoncwadi, leyo kwagqitywa ukuba lilungu iqela elithile uhlanga. ENgilani, umzekelo, le nkqubo yaqala ekuqaleni kakhulu: sele kwinkulungwane XII, umbhali odumileyo D. Chaucer wabhala "Canterbury Tales," yakhe edumileyo leyo wabeka isiseko ulwimi IsiNgesi yesizwe.

XV-XVI ngenkulungwane kwimbali Western Europe

Ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi kade kwaye kumaxesha angaphambili mihla wadlala indima egwebayo ekubunjweni ithi. Yaba ixesha ukumkani, kuqulunqo ulawulo eziphambili, ukwakha umendo yophuhliso loqoqosho, yaye, okubaluleke - Wayila nkcukacha yomfanekiso yenkcubeko. Ngenxa kwezi meko, izithethe kwabantu baseYurophu zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Kwagqitywa yonke ikhosi lophuhliso odlulileyo. Kwindawo yokuqala wathinta into eendawo, kwakunye iinkalo ukusonga kohlanga-amazwe, nto leyo ekugqibeleni wathabatha imilo kwisithuba esiphantsi kovavanyo.

ngexesha elitsha

XVII-XVIII ngenkulungwane - yeyona ngxaki zaloo amazwe Western aseYurophu ukuba baye kwelona xesha linzima kwimbali yayo ngenxa inguqu neemeko zentlalo-zezopolitiko, ezentlalo nenkcubeko. Sinokuthi kule nkulungwane, isithethe kwabantu baseYurophu baye iwupasisile uvavanyo amandla kuphela xesha, kodwa yeenguqu. Kule nkulungwane, uthi babesilwa ukuze uqoqosho kweli lizwekazi, kunye ezishiyanayo impumelelo. ngekhulu XVI yabalasela ukongamela Austria neSpanishi Habsburgs, kwinkulungwane elandelayo - phantsi kokukhokelwa ecacileyo waseFransi, endinceda isibakala ngokusekwa apha absolutism. leminyaka XVIII ihlunguzela indawo yayo becala ngenxa revolution, imfazwe ntlekele kwezopolitiko.

Ukwandiswa kwinkalo

Namakhulu amabini zilandelayo babeba iinguqulelo ezininzinzi kweli meko neAfrika eNtshona Yurophu. Oku kungenxa yokuba amanye amazwe phambili kwindlela nekoloniyalizim. Abantu abahlala e-Europe baye isithuba esitsha zendawo, ingakumbi North American, South American kunye namazwe aseMpuma. Oku kwanefuthe kakhulu ubuso benkcubeko kwamazwe aseYurophu. Okokuqala kumayelana i-United Kingdom, nto leyo ibangele ubukhosi zamakoloniyali neyathi ifihle phantse isiqingatha ehlabathini. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni lulwimi IsiNgesi kunye bokuphathisana waseBritani baqalisa ukuphembelela kophuhliso lwaseYurophu.

Esinye isiganeko lubonakala ngamandla kwimephu neAfrika belizwekazi - iimfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi. Abantu abahlala e-Europe, nganeno ngaseludinini wentshabalalo ngenxa ngomonakalo kwabangela umlo. Kakade ke, konke oku kuye ngayo into yokuba nempembelelo lithi West yaseYurophu ekuqaleni inkqubo yelizwe jikelele kunye nokudalwa imizimba zehlabathi ukusombulula imbambano.

karhulumente yangoku

Nenkcubeko yabantu of Europe namhlanje luqinisekiswa kakhulu kwinkqubo sula imida yesizwe. Computerization yoluntu, uphuhliso olukhawulezayo kwi Internet, kunye nokuphuma yemfuduko olunzulu imicela-mngeni ukuzicima iimpawu identity yesizwe. Ngoko ke, le minyaka ilishumi yokuqala yale nkulungwane yabalasela isigqibo ukugcinwa singobani emveli ngokwenkcubeko kwamaqela eentlanga kunye nobuzwe. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukwandiswa jikelele, kukho umkhwa ukulondoloza iinkcukacha kazwelonke amazwe.

uphuhliso lwezenkcubeko

Life of kwabantu baseYurophu bubonwa imbali yazo, abacinga nonqulo. Ekubeni zonke ezahlukahlukeneyo umfanekiso lenkcubeko eli lizwe, ungakhetha umgca enye jikelele lophuhliso kula mazwe: kuba uthsintsho, ukuba nokusebenziseka, iinkqubo nokuzimisela ukuba kwenzeka ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, kwinzululwazi, ubugcisa, ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Ngoko ke inkalo lokugqibela iimpawu kubonisiwe sobulumko owaziwayo Oswald Spengler.

Imbali abantu Yurophu ebalasele siqonde akudala inkcubeko izinto zehlabathi. Oku kuchazwa njengoko uphuhliso olukhawulezayo ukupeyinta, ukukrola, ukwakha kunye noncwadi. Umnqweno rationalism waba ezendeleyo iinkcuba eYurophu, abalimi kunye izazinzulu, yaye oko kwakhokelela izinga lokukhula ngokukhawuleza phambili zobugcisa. Ngokubanzi, uphuhliso nenkcubeko nemisinga echazwe kwii yokuqala ulwazi wempangelo kunye nengqiqo.

impilo ngokomoya

Iinkonzo ze kwabantu baseYurophu zingahlukaniswa ngamaqela amabini amakhulu: ubuKatolika, Protestantism Orthodox. Eyokuqala yenye ixhaphakileyo, hayi nje kuphela kweli lizwekazi kodwa ehlabathini lonke. Ekuqaleni, yena lawula kumazwe Western aseYurophu, kodwa ke, emva kokuba uHlaziyo, owenzeka kwinkulungwane XVI, kwavela Protestantism. Owokugqibela amasebe ezininzi: nezenkolo, nawo, Puritanism, yaseTshetshi kunye nabanye. Kamva, ezisekelwe kuyo ukuba ezinye commonality lohlobo ezivaliweyo. UbuKristu lwandile eMpuma Yurophu. It lathathwa kuBukhosi ezingabamelwane yaseByzantium, apho eyangena eRashiya.

Ezolimi

Iilwimi ezizwe of Europe lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe ngamaqela amathathu amakhulu: Romance, zaseJamani kunye Slavic. Okokuqala bobabo eFransi, eSpeyin, Italy kunye nabanye. peculiarity wabo ukuba zimile ziintlanga empumalanga. KumaXesha Aphakathi intsimi ahlasela Arabhu Turks, ezithe azachaphazela ngokuqinisekileyo ukusonga iimpawu zentetho. Ezi lwimi ikhululekile, sonority kunye melodiousness. Hayi kuba akukho nto ibhalwe Italian ezininzi opera, kunye ngokubanzi, loo nto ithathwa omnye kakhulu zomculo ehlabathini. Ezi lwimi zilula ngokwaneleyo ukuba baqonde kunye nokufunda; Noko ke, igrama kunye pronunciation in French kunokubangela iingxaki ezithile.

Iqela German kuquka iilwimi kumantla yaseScandinavia. Le ntetho ezahlukeneyo pronunciation ngokuba lukhuni kunye nesandi novakalelo. Zibe nzima ngakumbi ukufunda kunye nokufunda. Umzekelo, ulwimi waseJamani njengenye yezinto ezinzima kakhulu phakathi iilwimi zaseYurophu. YaseScandinavia oko linophawu ukuntsonkotha isakhiwo sezivakalisi kunye negrama kunzima kakhulu.

iqela lenqaba nalo kakhulu kunzima inkosi. ulwimi Russian kwakhona ingqalelo omnye kakhulu kunzima ukufunda. Nangona kunjalo, uluvo eyamkelekileyo kukuba esisityebi kunene nokubunjwa kwayo lungelelanisa kunye namazwi esemantiki. Bakholelwa ukuba zonke iindlela eziyimfuneko ulwimi intetho ajike adlulisele iingcinga ezifunekayo. Fanekisela kukuba ukuba iilwimi zaseYurophu ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kunye iinkulungwane ingqalelo ihlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, ekuqaleni ukuba Latin nangesiRoma, nto leyo ngenxa yokuba kumazwe Western Yurophu, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngentla, kwakheka kwi kummandla lowo wayesakuba baseRoma uBukhosi, apho bobabini udumile. Kamva wafumana ngokubanzi Spanish ngenxa yokuba ngenkulungwane XVI, Spain waba phambili kumagunya olawulo lobukoloniyali, kunye nolwimi yayo iye yandele kwamanye amazwekazi, ngokuyintloko eMzantsi Merika. Ukongeza, ukuba kungenxa yokuba i Habsburgs Austria-Spanish ezikhokelayo kwi ukuhlasela.

Kodwa ke indawo ophambili kuyo eFransi, nto leyo nayo kakuhle kwindlela nekoloniyalizim. Ngoko ke, ulwimi French iye yandele kwamanye amazwekazi, ngokuyintloko eMntla Melika kunye naseMntla Afrika. Kodwa sele kwinkulungwane XIX, uBukhosi baseBritani yaba umbuso lubalaseleyo lobukoloniyali, nto leyo wagqiba indima ephambili IsiNgesi ulwimi kulo lonke ihlabathi, apho zigcinwa zethu. Ngaphezu koko, le ulwimi Kulula kakhulu ukuba ukusebenzisa yaye kulula ukuthetha, isakhiwo yayo ntetho ayikho nje entsonkothileyo nje, umzekelo, isiFrentshi, kwaye ngokunxulumene Internet kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphuhliso olukhawulezayo IsiNgesi lula kakhulu kwaye phantse buncokola. Ngokomzekelo, amagama amaninzi IsiNgesi ngesandi Russian weza ukusetyenziswa kweli lizwe lethu.

Emqondweni nokuphila

Ingakumbi abantu Europe kufuneka kubonwe kwimeko uthelekiso kunye abemi East. Olu hlalutyo lwaqhutywa nkqu kule minyaka ilishumi yesibini lwenkcubeko ezaziwayo-kakuhle O. Spengler. Wathi ukuze zonke izizwana yaseYurophu luphawulwa kwindawo esebenzayo ebomini, yaye oko kwakhokelela ekukhuleni okukhawulezileyo ezahlukeneyo kwiinkulungwane zobunjineli, ubuchwepheshe kunye noshishino. Yile meko yokugqibela uzimisele, ngokwembono yakhe, isibakala ukuba ukudla kakhulu kwindlela uphuhliso oluqhubekayo, waqalisa ukuhlola ngenkuthalo kumazwe ezintsha, ukuphucula imveliso njalo njalo. Indlela esebenzayo kuye isiqinisekiso sokuba aba bantu ziye zafumana iziphumo mkhulu maxesha ubomi kwezoqoqosho kodwa kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kuphela.

Nomqondo kunye ezingqondweni baseYurophu, ngokutsho sisazinzulu ofanayo kangangeenkulungwane babedalelwe ukuba ufunde kuphela nokuqonda ubume kunye ubunyani ngeenxa zonke kubo, kwakhona yenze kube nokusetyenziswa kweziphumo zezi mpumelelo xa befundisa. Ngoko ke, lo baseYurophu ingcamango belusoloko ejoliswe nje kuphela yokuqala ekufunyanweni kolunye ulwazi kwifomu yayo enyulu, kodwa ekubeni nako ukusebenzisa kubo inguqu uhlobo ngokweemfuno kunye nokuphuculwa kweemeko ubomi babo. Kakade ke, indlela ngasentla zophuhliso yaba okufana nezinye iingingqi zehlabathi, kodwa oko kwenziwe eNtshona Yurophu, kwabonakala kakhulu ngokupheleleyo imizwa. Abanye abaphandi bathi oku ezingqondweni zoshishino nangokusebenzayo wayalela nomqondo ka baseYurophu kunye awohluke iimeko eendawo zokuhlala kwabo. Eneneni, uninzi amazwe aseYurophu wayemfutshane ngesithomo yaye, ke ngoko, ukuba benze inkqubela izizwe awayengabemi eYurophu, bahamba kwindlela olumandla yophuhliso, t. E. Ngenxa izixhobo zendalo zokusebenza ezincinci ndiqalile ukuphuhlisa nokwamkela ubugcisa ezahlukeneyo ukuphucula imveliso.

Iimpawu uphawu lwamazwe

Namasiko abantu of Europe kubonisa sokuqonda nesiko yabo seengcamango. Babonakalisa zabo amaxabiso ubomi kunye eziphambili. Ngelishwa, ngokufuthi kakhulu ezingqondweni mass wabumba umfanekiso uhlanga phezu iimpawu nje yangaphandle. Ngaloo ngaphezulu iilebhile kwilizwe elinye okanye elinye. Umzekelo, eNgilani kudla kakhulu ezinxulumene ne ukuqina, ukuba nokusebenziseka ezizodwa kunye nokusebenza. The French badla kakhulu waqonda njengabantu okuchwayitha yehlabathi kwaye evulekileyo, unxibelelwano wabeka. Abavela okanye, umzekelo, baseSpeyin babonakala uhlanga ngokweemvakalelo kakhulu kunye nezinga olunobundlobongela.

Nangona kunjalo, abantu awayengabemi eYurophu, zinembali esisityebi kunene kunye nezintsonkothileyo, nto leyo eye yashiya istampu ngokunzulu ubomi nezithethe zabo kunye nendlela yokuphila. Umzekelo, isibakala sokuba sekhaya yaseBritani luthathwa (kungoko ke esithi "yendlu yam - mboniselo yam") Kakade ke, uye nazo iingcambu ezendeleyo zembali. Xa yeemfazwe zembujiswano kunye kwingcwangu lizwe, ngokubonakalayo, kuba umbono lo nqaba okanye imboniselo senkosi likhuselwe. I IsiNgesi, umzekelo, kukho omnye kulisiko umdla nayo lisukela emva Ages Aphakathi: kwinkqubo kokhetho lukaMeyi iphumelele bidder nje ukulwa indlela yakhe wabuyela endaweni yakhe, apho kukho uhlobo kuthethwa ngexesha ebekukho umzabalazo ekrakra yasepalamente. Kwakhona, ngoko kude walondoloza isiko, ukuba ahlale phezu engxoweni uboya, ekubeni ushishino eyolukiweyo wanikela yokukhawulezisa uphuhliso olukhawulezayo capitalism kwinkulungwane XVI.

The French usafuna walondoloza isithethe wokulwela ityumbe bangoobani yesizwe ingakumbi ekhululekile. Oku kungenxa yokuba imbali yabo anzima, ingakumbi xa edibana ngayo kwinkulungwane XVIII, xa ilizwe yehlelwa revolution, iimfazwe Napoleonic. Ngexesha ezi ziganeko, abantu ingakumbi kabukhali waziva bangoobani wesizwe. Ukubonakaliswa ingangamsha ilizwe labo kunye wesiko elide-emileyo isiFrentshi, nto leyo athe wabonakala, umzekelo, ukusebenza "La Marseillaise" ngemihla yethu.

labantu

Umbuzo ukuthi izizwe kuhlala eYurophu, kuye kube nzima kakhulu, ingakumbi xa ucinga iinkqubo lezidubedube zemfuduko kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ngoko ke, eli candelo kufuneka libekelwe umda isishwankathelo encinane kuphela kwisihloko. sele xa ekhankanywe echaza amaqela ulwimi malunga apho amaqela ngokobuhlanga belimiwe lizwekazi. Apha kuyimfuneko ukuchonga nemisebenzi embalwa ngakumbi. EYurophu liye laba kwibala le Ukufuduka Great kumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni. Ngako oko, ukwakhiwa nobuhlanga yayo zinaso kakhulu. Ukongeza, ngexesha kwi inxalenye yakhe alawulwa Arabhu kunye Turks, abashiya uphawu lwabo. Noko ke, kusafuneka mbonise uluhlu lwe kwabantu baseYurophu ukusuka entshona ukuya empuma (kolu ngcelele zidweliswe kuphela nje enkulu zesizwe): Spanish, Portuguese, isiFrentshi, abavela, Romanians, amaJamani, amaqela yaseScandinavia yobuhlanga, nokuxubana (Belarusians, Ukraine, izibonda, Croats, nama , Slovenes, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Russian kunye nabanye). Okwangoku, umba iinkqubo yokufudukela enobuzaza ngokukodwa ngethuba ezisongela ukutshintsha imaphu nobuhlanga Europe. Ukongeza, iinkqubo ze jikelele lwala maxesha kunye nemida evulekileyo usabise kweso zindawo yobuhlanga. ngoku Lo mbuzo yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo kakhulu kwezopolitiko ehlabathini, ngoko kwamanye amazwe, nokuyinto ukulondoloza lilolo isizwe kunye nenkcubeko.