Kwemvelo kwezentlalo womntu: izinto kunye nempumelelo

Kunzima ukutsho xa ndandiqala yaphakamisa umbuzo ukuvela ukuyilwa womntu. Nomdla kulo mba njengoko iinkcuba lempucuko yamandulo, kunye nabantu abaphila. Njengoko uluntu okhula? Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuqaqambisa imiqathango ethile kwaye amanqanaba enkqubo?

Society njengendlela eyodwa

Yonke ophilayo kwi planethi liqumrhu eqhiwukileyo, ebe luphawulwa zigaba ezithile zophuhliso, umz ukuzalwa, ukukhula nokufa. Nangona kunjalo, omnye akakho ngokwahlukeneyo. eziphilayo abaninzi badla ukwenza amaqela, apho zihlangana kwaye zichaphazela omnye komnye.

Man - akukho ngaphandle. Bamanyene ngenxa yembonakalo eziqhelekileyo, izinto kunye nemisebenzi, abantu benza uluntu. Ngaphakathi kuyo ukwenza amasiko athile, imithetho, iziseko. Ngokufuthi, zonke izinto oluntu zihlobene kwaye lixhomekeke kwelinye. Ngenxa yoko, yenzeka xa iyonke.

kwemvelo Social ithetha uvale, yenguqu oluntu ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha. Utshintsho kwi ukuziphatha kunye nokuxabiseka ngamnye ezosulela mazigqithiselwe lonke kuluntu lonke ngohlobo nemimiselo. Ngoko ke, abantu ukusuka kwinqanaba eUnited, ekuhlanganeni kwinkqubela yobugcisa njalo njalo. D.

kwemvelo Social: imfundiso yokuqala

Ubume kunye neepateni zazivelela wentlalo usoloko evakalayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Nokuba kule sobulumko ngenkulungwane XIV Ibn Khaldun waba noluvo lokuba uluntu siphuhlisa kanye njengoko umntu ngamnye. Ekuqaleni, yena ezelwe, kulandele ukukhula onamandla, kweentyatyambo. Emva koko kufike ukwehla kunye nokufa.

Xa xesha lemfundo omnye iingcamango olona umgaqo "amabali stadial" oluntu. iinkcuba Scottish yabonisa imbono yokuba uluntu uvuka ngokwamabakala amane inkqubela:

• ekuqokeleleni nokuzingela;
• pastoralism kunye nomadism,
• kwezolimo kunye nezolimo,
• urhwebo.

Kwinkulungwane XIX eYurophu kukho nabokuqala ingqikelelo zazivelela. lo gama kwisiLatini "ukuthunyelwa". Kuyinto ingcamango kophuhliso ngokuthe ngcembe kwiimo yaye azifani wokuphila kumzimba kwiseli ngokusebenzisa kwiDNA e nenzala yayo.

Ingcamango lokusekwa zakhiwo kusukela elula wathatha kwezentlalo kunye zobulumko, eqwalasela le ngcamango ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kunye nophuhliso loluntu. Umzekelo, i-yabantu Lewis Morgan wazibalula izigaba ezithathu abantu bamandulo: nezobundlobongela, ubuqaba kunye nempucuko.

zazivelela Social kubonwa nokuqhubekeka ukuyilwa iintlobo eziphilayo. Yeyona isigaba esilandelayo emva imbonakalo-Homo sapiens. Ngoko ke, uLester Ward Kwamthatha inyathelo zendalo kuphuhliso ihlabathi lethu emva cosmogenesis kunye biogenesis.

Umntu imveliso ye kwemvelo nezentlalo

Evolution kuye kwakhokelela ukuvela zonke iintlobo kunye nabantu zabantu abahlala kulo mhlaba. Kodwa kutheni abantu baye bafudukela kude ngaphaya kwabanye? Inyaniso yokuba ngokunxuseneyo kunye notshintsho nokomzimba esebenza kunye neemeko zentlalo zazivelela.

Amanyathelo okuqala ngokwasentlaweni akazange nkqu oluntu kunye lwenkawu, bebutha izixhobo. Ngokuthe ngcembe izakhono ziye zaphucuka, kwaye sele kwiminyaka enokuba zizigidi ezibini ezadlulayo, kukho umntu imidlalo, lowo ngenkuthalo usebenzisa izixhobo ebomini bakho.

Noko ke, le ngcamango emsebenzini njengoko indima ebalulekileyo ayixhaswanga yinzululwazi yale mihla. Lo mba uye wenza kunye nabanye, ezifana iingcinga, intetho, umbutho lenkomo, uze emva koko eluntwini. Sele neminyaka million kubonakala Homo erectus - owandulela Homo sapiens. Usebenzisa nje kuphela kodwa kuvelisa izixhobo, izibane, umlilo, upheka ukutya besebenzisa intetho kwakudala.

Indima yoluntu kunye nenkcubeko ekudalweni nasekusungulweni

million Omnye kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, kwemvelo kunye nentlalo yomntu kwenzeka ngaxeshanye. Noko ke, kwiminyaka engamawaka-40 eyadlulayo, utshintsho zebhayoloji wehlise isantya yakho. Cro-Magnons musa kwahluka kuthi inkangeleko yazo. Ekubeni imvelaphi yazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo imibandela yezentlalo kwembali yabantu.

Enye ingcamango yahlulwe ngezigaba ezithathu eziphambili inkqubela kwezentlalo. Eyokuqala luphawulwa imbonakalo yobugcisa ngokohlobo lwemizobo rock. Inyathelo elilandelayo ukufuywa zizalele nakuzo izilwanyana, kwakunye emisebenzi kwezolimo kunye apiculture. Isigaba sesithathu na ixesha inkqubela yobugcisa kunye yezenzululwazi. Iqala kwinkulungwane XV kwaye lusaqhubeka.

Umntu ngamnye omtsha kwandisa ixesha kolawulo lawo kunye nempembelelo kubume bemeko. siseko eyinqobo yendaleko kaDarwin, zibuye zibe kubomi bomntwana. Umzekelo, ukhetho yendalo, nto leyo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo "ukuhluzwa" abantu ababuthathaka, kuba nempembelelo kangaka. Ngenxa inkqubela lwezonyango kunye nezinye umntu thathaka kuqhubeka bephila kula maxesha siphila kuwo.

Imfundiso classical wophuhliso

Xeshanye imisebenzi Lamarck kunye Darwin imvelaphi yobomi ivela theory evolutionism. Ngenxa yeempembelelo yi ingcamango ngcono okuqhubekayo kunye phambili yobomi-iifom, iinkcuba baseYurophu bakholelwa ukuba kukho indlela enye eyenzeka zazivelela zentlalo womntu.

Omnye kuqala ukubeka phambili yeengcinga zabo Ogyust akhawunti. Uveza ngezakwaLizwi (likumgangatho aphantsi), ezintweni nezilungileyo (lwezenzululwazi, ephezulu) inqanaba lophuhliso bengqondo kunye nesimo sengqondo.

Abaxhasi ingcamango lakudala baberhola Spencer, Durkheim, Ward, Morgan and Tennis. izimvo zabo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kukho ezinye izibonelelo jikelele, nto leyo yenza isiseko theory:

• Kwabantu kubonakala iziko elinye, kwaye utshintsho yayo yendalo kunye kuyimfuneko;
• kwemvelo koluntu lwenzeka kuphela ezazivela kudidi ukuya kwakhiwa ngakumbi, nezinyuko zayo aziphindwanga;
• zonke iinkcubeko baphuhlisa umgca jikelele, leyo zigaba minye bonke;
• abantu bakudala kwinqanaba elilandelayo yendaleko, ukuba ingasetyenziswa ukufunda kuluntu kwakudala.

Ukuphikisa iingcamango yamandulo

iinkolelo zezithandani malunga ngokuphucuka okuqhubela oluntu ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. ezifa- World neemfazwe kwanyanzeleka izazinzulu ukuthatha omnye ujonge okwenzekayo. Ingcamango inkqubela ibonwa nge kugxeka. Imbali yabantu kubonakala linear ayisendim, kodwa nokungazinzi koqoqosho.

Iimbono Oswald Spengler, Arnolda Toynbi apho ucula kwintanda-bulumko Ibn Khaldun izigaba iyaphindwa ubomi impucuko. Ngokuqhelekileyo, bona ukuchonga ezine:

• ukuzalwa
• vuka,
• ukuvuthwa
• ukufa.

Ngenxa yoko, Spengler wayekholelwa ukuba kuthatha malunga 1000 kwiminyaka ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya ukubola yenkcubeko. Lev Gumilyov eyabelwe iminyaka 1,200. impucuko yaseNtshona ithathwa kufutshane ukwehla yendalo. Amarhamente zezikolo "ophambene" baberhola Franz Boas, uMargaret Mead, Pitirim Sorokin, Vilfredo Pareto , njalo-njalo. D.

Neoevolutionism

Umntu imveliso ngendaleko lwentlalo kwakhona livela ifilosofi kwisiqingatha sesibini lwekhulu XX. Bexhotyiswe bubungqina benzululwazi kunye ubungqina yokufundwa, imbali, ezizwe, Lesli Uayt kunye Dzhulian Styuard yaqulunqa imfundiso zeniyo-evolutionism.

Uluvo elitsha Yindibanisela yomgama yamandulo, isebenziseka kunye nemodeli welayini-ezininzi. izazinzulu niwutshitshise elithi "inkqubela" ngokombono yayo. Kukholelwa ukuba inkcubeko akuthethi ekwandeni kophuhliso, kodwa kuphela ngake xaka kuthelekiswa kwinkqubo yokutshintsha imilo yangaphambili lwenzeka kakhulu kakuhle.

Umqambi Lesli Uayt theory indima enkulu kwindaleko kwezentlalo osusa inkcubeko, ehambisa ephambili isixhobo yayo yokulungisa oluntu nokusingqongileyo. Uzisa ingqiqo amandla, njengoko apho umlinganiselo wamandla ziphuhliswa kunye nokuphuhliswa kwenkcubeko. Ngenxa yoko, yena othetha amanqanaba amathathu zophuhliso loluntu: ulimo, amafutha kunye nokumanyana.

Postidustrialnaya theory ulwazi

Sikunye namanye iingqiqo kwinkulungwane yokuqala XX, kukho ingcamango kuluntu post-mveliso. Amalungiselelo ephambili theory kunokubonwa imisebenzi Bell, Toffler kunye Brzezinski. Daniel Bell yabela izityalo ezintathu ukuyilwa inyathelo, ongqamana kwinqanaba elithile lophuhliso kunye nemveliso (bona. Table).

Isigaba Postindustrial usebenza kuzo zonke ngenkulungwane XIX kunye kwisiqingatha sesibini sonyaka ka XX. Ngokutsho Bell, uphawu yayo ephambili kukuphucula umgangatho wobomi, ukuncitshiswa yokukhula kwenani labantu nokuchuma. Indima yolwazi kunye nenzululwazi ukunyuka. Uqoqosho esijolise kwimveliso kweenkonzo kunye nobudlelwane phakathi komntu nomntu.

Njengenxalenye yale theory kukho ingqiqo uluntu lolwazi, nto leyo eyinxalenye ocalu-mveliso. "Infosphere" ngokufuthi ibalasele njengecandelo eyahlukileyo kwezoqoqosho, kancinane nkqu service sector.

Kuba uluntu lwazi ebalasele infospetsialistov ukwanda, ukusetyenziswa esebenzayo kanomathotholo, umabonakude kunye namanye amajelo eendaba. Imiphumo kunokwenzeka zophuhliso ekwanti ye indawo yolwazi eqhelekileyo, ukuvela kwe-e-idemokhrasi, urhulumente kunye norhulumente, zanyamalala epheleleyo endlala nentswela-ngqesho.

isiphelo

kwemvelo yeNtlalo inkqubo yotshintsho kunye nokwakhiwa ngokutsha yoluntu apho itshintsha ngokomgangatho, yaye wahlukile ukusuka ifomu wangaphambili. Kukho indlela jikelele kule nkqubo. Njengoko kuzo zonke iimeko ezinjalo, izimvo iinkcuba kunye oosonzululwazi bengavumelani.

theory ngamnye awohluke zayo neeyantlukwano, kodwa sinako ukubona ukuba bonke babe zithwala ezintathu eziphambili:

• imbali lwempucuko yabantu nokungazinzi koqoqosho, baya kwizigaba eziliqela, ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya ekufeni;
• Kobuntu ivela njenge ukusuka iintlobo ezilula ugqibeleleyo, rhoqo ukuphucula;
• nophuhliso uluntu kusisiphumo kukhubazeko kokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle, loo iyahluka ngenxa utshintsho izibonelelo, bese bonke lee kwifom elidlulileyo.