Homo - iimpawu kunye yokuphila bookhokho bethu

Abantu abaninzi bakudala ... baba ntoni bona? E-Afrika kunye nakumazantsi aphesheya bafumana amatye abameli ezibumnturha yentsapho, lona lwahlalayo malunga 2 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo yaye ngaphambili kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo iplanethi yethu. Eli qela libandakanya umntu imidlalo, okanye Australopithecus habilis. Uyafumana kwezidalwa eziphili zamandulo ezaba lilitye ukubayinxalenye hablilis Homo iintlobo, imvelaphi yalo kwakunye nomini kunye nezinye ezibumnturha yavusa impikiswano eshushu phakathi paleoanthropologists.

Afumaneka Olduvai Gorge kunye neminye imimandla Afrika

Yonke le nto yaqala kunye neziphumo paleoanthropologists usapho Adakey. izizukulwana ezininzi ukususela 1930 wakhokela khangela okhokho babantu eAfrika. Ngehlobo lowe-1960 e Olduvai Gorge emntla-ntshona Tanzania, Dzhonatan uLiki kunye namaqabane akhe bafumana iifosili lilungu umntwana iminyaka 11-12. Amathambo walala ezweni kwiminyaka million 1,75. isakhiwo neempawu unyawo ingqina ukuba kwakukho yangoku ngqo. hominid omtsha igama Prezinjanthropus kuqala, kodwa emva kweminyaka embalwa kubekho enye kwikota lwenzululwazi - "man Ukugunda". Igama ntlobo kubhekisela ekusetyenzisweni kwezixhobo amatye eyayingekaphuhli ezifumaneka kufutshane amathambo kwiingcamba ezifanayo zokwakheka komhlaba. EKenya ngowe-1961, iqela lezazinzulu othole iintsalela ezibumnturha eyayihlala Afrika kwiminyaka yezigidi 1,6-2,33 eyadlulayo. iisampulu Okuninzi epheleleyo afunyanwa 1972 kufuphi Lake Turkana. iziphumo ubudala wayeneminyaka yezigidi 1.9 ubudala. ngabembi omtsha awukhange ecacisa yonke mfanekiso.

Abantu abaninzi bamandulo. Homo

Abanye ukhokho ezimbiwa ixesha efumaneka Olduvai Gorge, kusetyenziswe amagama amabini - hablilis Australopithecus kunye hablilis Homo. Oku kungenxa amathandabuzo eyayikho phakathi paleoanthropologists malunga nomini kunye nezinye ezibumnturha. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa olu hlobo ngukhokho yokuqala abantu mihla. Leakey wafumana habilis Homo akwazi ukuhamba ngemilenze yangasemva, kwanjengokuba bekuhlonela abantu mihla. Mhlawumbi wachitha ubusuku imithi, ulele namasebe ndasinda kumarhamncwa. Kuye Kucetyiswa ukuba H. hablilis yi ukhokho Homo erectus. Kwakukho iingcali abathi ukuba sidalwa kwafunyaniswa bobabo sodidi Australopithecus, abameli kuzo zibhangile kwaye akafumaneki kwi planethi malunga neminyaka million 1. Isizathu sokuba umahluko kukuba izazinzulu vekeleke sicinge ukuba zazivelela lomntu ngqo. Ukuze ixesha elide kwakucingwa ukuba omnye entlobo obeku- isishiya kwenye. Kamva, Cingela malunga kunokwenzeka co-ubukho kwi iintlobo elidluleyo abaliqela ezibumnturha ezifana Australopithecus kunye nabantu. Kwakukho umfanekiso ngxuba kwembali yabantu, kunalowo ezazikho ekuqaleni phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela.

habilis Homo. ukubukeka

Ngokutsho ezininzi iimpawu zamalungu ayo ingaphandle iintlobo H. hablilis kusikhumbuza Australopithecus. Babethandana imbonakalo nemfene, nto leyo ithetha ezinamathele elifutshane elide, ilenga ngezantsi emadolweni imilenze aphezulu, ubungakanani inokuthelekiseka emilenzeni. Kukho amacebiso A. afarensis, waphila iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3 eyadlulayo, ongukhokho ngqo H. hablilis. Kufutshane olu hlobo ukuya kumgca engundoqo kwemvelo uqinisekiswe isakhiwo uphawu Amaza. Ukukhula abana malunga 1.5-1.6 m, ubunzima bomzimba - malunga nama-45 kg, iimazi engaphantsi. Iimpawu ezahlula H. hablilis evela Australopithecus:

• ubuchopho elikhulu kakhulu;
• amazinyo amancinci;
• impumlo elinonokazi;
• iqinelwa nezimo;
• abameli skull amandla hablilis H. uhlobo 630-700 ^cm3.

Yokuphila nesondlo Homo

utshintsho yokuhlala enokwenza imbonakalo iinkalo ezahlukeneyo ngendlela encomekayo kuzo kwisakhiwo somthi, imilenze, inkqubo yokwetyisa. Found kunye iifosili amathambo ezibumnturha zezilwanyana, umungu, izixhobo zamandulo zibonisa ukuba aba bantu wadla inyama kwakunye iziqhamo, izinambuzane kunye nezityalo. Igama elithi "olichule" igama lomntu esibonakala ngokwesakhiwo esithile ibrashi naphaya ukufaka izixhobo.

Le ukuba uwaphule amathambo endala ndikhuphe kumongo okunezondlo bavela embindini, ukukhuselwa odityanisiweyo kwiintshaba ukhangelo ukutya. Kukho ubungqina bubonisa ukuba kwakunjalo ngoko phakathi kwabasetyhini kunye namadoda kwavela division of labour.

Umgangatho Strong olwenziwe inyama, lo gama ababhinqileyo ababelotyiwe iimveliso zezityalo. zobuntu zokuziphatha Acquired eziyingenelo zokuziphilisa nokutshintsha imeko bume.

Kwenziwa kwaye usebenzise izixhobo

Izixhobo ze habilis nesintu baba ilitye, ezime kalukhuni. Oko zisetyenziswa namazembe scrapers zegrabile, cobbles, namaqhekeza ithambo asetyenziswa ukwemba iingcambu ngaphandle komhlaba. Stones, iinkuni kusenokwenzeka ukuba izinto eziphambili ezibangela ukwenziwa izixhobo kunye nokhuseleko kumarhamncwa.

Scrapers elintlangothi ezibukhali zasetyenziswa ukunciphisa imizimba, ukusika imisipha, neentsuba uhlambulukile. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba izixhobo lokuqala ngenxa okuzenzekeleyo. Amanzi, umoya, ukhukhuliseko ngayo izinto zendalo, kunokuba Homo ngesandla. Ngenxa kwizifundo ezincinane kutyhilwa imikrwelo kunye vee phezu matye wambi - izixhobo ngazo ngokwenza apho izixhobo.

ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye kwemvelo of ezibumnturha

Ngethuba lungapholi ezenzeka ikhweyitha osempuma kwiminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3 eyadlulayo, amahlathi amandulo emvula kwafakwa savanna. Kukho ubungqina bokuba izinto zazivelela kwezilwanyana yaseMpuma kunye nakumaZantsi e-Afrika iye yanxulunyaniswa ezi tshintsho lwemozulu.

nezo lalihlala kuyimfuneko ukufumana imithombo eyongezelelweyo ukutya, onika abantu igunya ngaphezu iziqhamo zasendle kunye neengcambu. Enye yesebe zazivelela yabangela Australopithecus, indoda elichule kuqhutyiwe kulo mgca. Ukuvela kwezinye ezibumnturha yaba sisiphumo sophuhliso kwicala ukusetyenziswa izityalo kuphela kodwa ukutya kwesilwanyana. Eyona iphambili inguqu ukusuka Australopithecus ebantwini is akha izixhobo eyayingekaphuhli kunye nokwanda umthamo cranial.

Ukuhlobana Homo kunye nezinye ezibumnturha ezimbiwa

Bipedal bipedal nezo H. iintlobo hablilis kwi Imbonakalo phantse twatse A. afarensis, lowo babelana imvelaphi. Xa umbindi China afunyanwa izixhobo kunye namathambo ezibumnturha ngaphezu kweminyaka million 1.9. Ezinye Amanxiwa H. kweentlobo hablilis afumaneka kwiindawo zakudala Tanzania, Kenya, Sterkfontein. Iziphumo zibonise iintlobo abaninzi eAfrika Asia.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba apha ekuhambeni kweminyaka yezigidi 0.5 kule planethi ngexesha elifanayo co-khona Australopithecus, Homo erectus, habilis kunye nomsebenzi. Umahluko phakathi kweentlobo ezincinane kakhulu, bangaphila ubomi eyahlukileyo, abahlala ezahlukeneyo yayigcinwa eziphilayo. Xa Homo ibonwe umzimba erectus baba kufutshane efanayo parameters ka H. olulodwa, kodwa impumlo yabalasela ngakumbi kunobo le erectus H. iintlobo. ezibumnturha extinct:

• Homo;
• Homo erectus (Homo erectus);
• h Rudolf ichibi (H. rudolfensis) .;
• h Georgian (H. georgicus) .;
• h. ngumsebenzi (H. egaster).

Beka umntu amachule nasekusungulweni Homo sapiens

Iminyaka emininzi iingqondo paleoanthropologists na umbuzo yeMinyanya ngqo zabantu mihla. Umntu onolwazi bobabo kubo? Kanye njengokuba australopithecines, kakhulu abantu bokuqala ukuba badle amandongomane, iimbewu kunye neengcambu. Kodwa bakwazi ukuvelisa izixhobo nokusebenzisa ukuba bavelise yabo ukutya kwesilwanyana. ummeli Isixeko sodidi nesintu - H. erectus - ezingezozakhe Australopithecus. Yaba ngukhokho lokuqala ngqo womntu mihla, emva impikiswano enkulu, izazinzulu ababandakanyekayo uhlobo lwabantu (nesintu) kusapho ezibumnturha. iqhubeka skeletal kunye nezixhobo H. erectus zifunyenwe kuphela e-Afrika kodwa Asia naseYurophu. Ngelo xesha kwakukho Homo erectus, nto leyo lamkele indlela ugqibeleleyo ngamatye, ukwenza izixhobo. Le ndoda ukusebenza waba esihamba kwaye asetyenziselwa ukunyanga amatye, imithi, namathambo izixhobo kwakudala.