Makhe sithethe ukujonga ukuba izixa-uhlobo hybridization

Makhe sithethe ukujonga ukuba izixa-uhlobo hybridization, kwakunye cinga isakhiwo zejometri kwemolekyuli.

Ibali elithi

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi L. Polinglom iye ecetywayo ingcamango we geometry we iimolekyuli ngokuzikhanyeza, makangalihlambeli ilizwi covalent. Njengesiseko kwakhiwe uqhagamshelo kwasuswa ukungqubana amafu electron. Eyona ndlela yaziwa imixokelelwane Valence. Indlela ukufumanisa uhlobo hybridization ye atom ku iikhompawundi? Umbhali e-worldwork theory wangxamela ukuba bathabathe ingqalelo kumxube orbitals hybrid.

definition

Ukuze uqonde ukuba ukujonga indlela uhlobo hybridization kwi iikhompawundi, sichaza ukuba eli gama libhekisela.

Hybridization na indlela elisetyenziswa ngayo orbitals elektroniki. Le nkqubo ihamba ukwabiwa eneji kuzo, ukutshintsha imilo zabo. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela kuya ugalelwe S- kunye p-orbitals, uhlobo hybridization nga zinokohluka. I-oganikhi khompawundi carbon sinokubakho a sp karhulumente, SP2, sp3. Kukho iindlela ezintsonkothileyo ezibandakanya, ukongeza SP, d-orbitals.

Imithetho ukuchonga iimolekyuli inorganics

Hybridization onokuchaza ngobuwena ukuba iikhompawundi kunye gqithisela covalent nohlobo AWP. A - basic atom, B - ligand, n - inani ababini okanye nangaphezulu. Kwimeko efanayo kwi hybridization baya kungena kuphela orbitals Valence ye atom engundoqo.

Indlela ukucacisa

Siza kuthetha okungakumbi ukuze ligqibe ngendlela uhlobo hybridization. Ekuqondeni chemical eli gama ibonisa iimilo utshintsho amandla orbitals. Kukho inkqubo efanayo kwezo meko apho electron zisetyenziswa ziphantsi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo bond Ukwakheka.

Ukuze uqonde ukuba ukujonga njani na uhlobo hybridization, cinga molecule methane. Le nto lilungu lokuqala thotho homologous of ifumile (mda) hydrocarbon. Kwisithuba CH4 molecule tetrahedron. carbon atom Single yakha uqhagamshelo hydrogen amandla efanayo kunye nobude. Ukuze ukwenza ilifu hybrid ezinjalo, kukho es p ezintathu electron omnye.

amafu zine engumxube, kwaye kukho ezine ncam (gqith) ukuchwetheza ukuba imilo esifaneleyo ezisibhozo. Sikubiza olu hlobo hybridization sp3. Zonke hydrocarbon kwi ekwakhiweni apho elula bond (single) kuphela, oko luphawulwa olu hlobo hybridization le carbon atom. Bond engela 109 degrees imizuzu 28.

Siyaqhubeka ukuthetha ukujonga ukuba izixa-uhlobo hybridization. Imizekelo ye- hydrocarbon unsaturated ethylene series ukunika ufifi SP2-hybridization. Umzekelo, kwi-molecule ethylene amane electron Valence ekubunjweni neentambo imichiza lisetyenziswa kathathu kuphela. Esiseleyo non-gqith p-electron ingena ukuyilwa ibhondi kabini.

Iasithilini nguye ummeli elula eklasini SpN2p-2. Le peculiarity yale yeklasi hydrocarbon kuba phambi ibhondi ezintathu. Of electron ezine Valence ye atom carbon ezimbini kuphela ukutshintsha imilo namandla, abe gqith. Electron ezimbini ezishiyekileyo inxaxheba ekubunjweni izitropu ezimbini kabini, nokumisela uhlobo unsaturated kule klasi ye-oganikhi khompawundi.

isiphelo

Ukuqwalasela lo mbuzo malunga gqithisela covalent kwezinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, cinga hybridization of orbitals atomic. Kulo mzekelo, kukho ulungelelwaniso amandla abo kunye nefomu. Electronic, ibekwe kufuphi ngumongo-atom obophe, esibonakala iseti orbitals ukuba ilifa twatse amanani umyinge. Ulwazi malunga uhlobo hybridization kwenza kube lula ukuvavanya iimpawu eekhemikhali kweziyobisi.