Monument kuPetros 1, "The Bronze umgadi". Uphi na lesikhumbuzo kuPetros 1

Yonke le nto yaqala nesibakala sokuba iNdlu Yeengwevu yoBukhosi baseRashiya isigqibo ukumisa ilitye lesikhumbuzo imbeko olawulayo uKumkanikazi uCatherine II. Noko ke, zokujonga phambili nokuqonda okuninzi malunga imeko yezopolitiko kunye isimo abantu n wala le mbeko, esithi kwakuphosakele ukuba ilitye lesikhumbuzo kuye phambi uya immortalized ezihlangwini zakhe Petros I. Namhlanje, imbali yale wobugcisa abamkhumbulanga kuphela eSt Petersburg, kodwa naphi na apho kukho ezikhumbuzo Peter 1.

UCatherine II wagqiba ukwenza into enkulu, kwaye waphumelela. Monument kuPetros 1, "The Bronze abamahashe" i isemagqabini zobugcisa omkhulu. Kwaye ibali indalo yayo ngathi inoveli adventure.

Nalapho unokufumana i wezakhiwo

Ngomhla umbuzo sokukhetha iinkosi ezifanelekileyo n wasondela nzulu kakhulu. Ekugqibeleni, phezu ingcebiso yeziko Unjingalwazi Paris Academy of Denis Diderot, umntu yayilingana rhoqo, kunye noogxa bakhe uVoltaire, inkosi bacelwa ukuba eSt Petersburg. Monument kuPetros 1 kwafuneka ukudala Etienne Moris Falkone - ngokomakhi French, ababephila ukusekelwa uninzi Marquise de Pompadour, ngubani abadala owuthandayo yokumkani French.

Ithuba elide elindelwe

iphupha Falcone ubomi bakho bonke ukudala into omkhulu, kodwa kwakufuneka ukuba asebenze kunye ekroliweyo yezithunywa nobukhulu zesiqhelo. Ngoko ke, umbhali elizayo lesikhumbuzo kuPetros 1 ngovuyo langena kwimvumelwano nangona imali encinci mali.

Sebenza phezu kwalo, yena, enyanisweni, waqalisa eParis. Le nomkroli Russian iza ingcamango ulungele mzobo yaye ayila ngokupheleleyo indlela kufuneka ikhangeleke ngolu ilitye lesikhumbuzo.

impikiswano eshushu

Noko ke, ingxaki walala yokuba phantse bonke abantu ubuncinane nempembelelo ezinye isigqibo sokugqibela malunga nokuqulunqwa lo mfanekiso amelwe kuyo ngendlela eyahlukileyo. History of "I Bronze abamahashe" lesikhumbuzo ukugcina ezinye zezi zindululo.

Catherine ngokwakhe efuna ukubona oqingqiweyo soMhlekazi, eyenziwe yamandulo style yamaRoma. Kwafuneka ukuba ambethe ingubo yamaRoma ephethe intonga kunye nenkangeleko yonke likhipha bobukhulu penny yakhe noloyiso.

Ummeli we Russian Academy of Sciences, uceba karhulumente kanye Yakov Yakovlevich Shtelin gravitated ngayo yimizekeliso nje. Yena kwakusasa wacela ukuba amele ukumkani, engqongwe zezinye eqingqiweyo, nto leyo kwisicwangciso bakhe babeza personify uloyiso, ubulumko kunye nokukhuthala.

unobhala uCatherine II zikaThixo, Ivan Ivanovich Betskoy, owayengumongameli we Imperial Academy of Arts, wayefuna lo mfanekiso wenziwe sakudala Pose simi egcwele.

Denis Diderot, kucetyiswa ukuba ukuqesha Falcone, nayo negalelo ukubila isitya umbango ngokucela ukuba enze ilitye lesikhumbuzo ngokohlobo ngasemthonjeni. Ngoko kwakukho kungenzeka ukuba, apho kukho lesikhumbuzo kuPetros 1 namhlanje, ukuba abonise ngaphandle ichibi bendawo.

Kwaye ezinye kakhulu abacebisi yendalo lucebise ukuba elinye iliso loMlawuli yathunyelwa i-Admiralty, kunye nezinye - kwiibhodi ezilishumi elinambini. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba kwakunjani kubonisa loo mntu.

Kodwa Falcone thiki baleka. Wayefuna ukwenza lesikhumbuzo yokuqala uPetros 1 ibonisa ubuntu yokwenene yoMlawuli, andathi gu ibe nokuthelekelela-ntathu sekholaji of ocengacengayo epithets geqe. Kwaye ke inkosi wakwazi ukumela indawo yayo.

Ukudala umfuziselo

Iminyaka emithathu izayo nomkroli baya model gypsum. Wayesebenza kunye nomncedisi oselula - umfundi uMariya Ann Kolo, elafikayo naye bevela eFransi. Falcone wahlawula ixesha elininzi efunda ubuntu nesimilo werhuluneli. Izincomo kwengeniso ukutyabeka of Peter I kunye iimaski ezenziwe ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi.

Le nomkroli waguquka Jikelele Melissino ukuba ukukhula kunye nani wakhangela ngathi ukumkani, waza wavuma ukuba ukuma kuye. Kodwa nomkroli ubuso uPetros zange baphumelele. Ngoko ke wayaleza umsebenzi umncedisi wakhe oneminyaka eli-20 ubudala, Mari Ann.

Ngegalelo labo elixabisekileyo ekuyilweni lesikhumbuzo ukuze uCatherine II wayalela ukuba uMariya Ann Kolo njengelungu le-Russian Academy of Arts, bamisa ebomini pension eqinileyo kakhulu.

Ukusebenza kunye nehashe

Kwakhona, lo nomkroli kwafuneka banyamezele inkcaso enkundleni. Ngeli xesha unobangela Labe zohlobo nehashe wayefanele ukuba ahlale yi Peter I. Ilizwi leenganga zanyanzelisa ukuba eli nani kufuneka ngumthi ochweliweyo wafana amahashe kudala wamkelwa kwimizobo yamandulo.

Kodwa inkosi thiki ukudala umngcelele ezolileyo amisiweyo amahashe soyilo. Monument kuPetros 1 ihashe wayefanele ukuba ibe yodwa. Etienne Moris Falkone wabeka umsebenzi onzima - ezibonisa umkhweli kwi isilwanyana yokukhulisa. Ukuphumeza lo mbono ebomini kwakhiwa iqonga ngamaplanga, leyo okwakufanele ukuba akhulule umkhweli, ihashe lakhe umnquba.

ezimbini ezinkulu Orel trotter uhlobo bakhethwa ukusuka izitali yokumkani. Imbali uye wayilondoloza nokuba lweziqhulo zabo - Brilliant kunye ziimfuno. Inkosi (oku igama oyingcali, uqeqesho kunye namahashe ekhwele baqeqeshwa) Athanasius Telechnikov Haile et al. Ngo-khulu amaxesha ngemini, wayisusa eqongeni kunye amanene izilwanyana, bawathobele ukuthanda umkhweli, ixesha ngalinye wavuka ezisemilenzeni yayo nemazi, balala umzuzwana.

Nantsi le mzuzu, yaye wazama ukubamba Eten Moris. Yena emkhenkceni phezu haunches bakhe, okubona izihlunu begubha emilenzeni ihashe, ujonge kwigophe entanyeni yakhe inkangeleko neqhayiya kwamehlo emikhulu. Yonke wabona nomkroli nangoko eboniswe, ukuze kamva akwazi ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kunye modeli.

Okokuqala eboniswe imifanekiso. Monument kuPetros 1 baboniswa phezu kwabo kwiikona ezahlukeneyo. Emva koko wazala iimbono zakhe ephepheni. Kwaye emva koko ukuba basebenze imodeli-onamacala amathathu imikrolo.

Ngaphezu konyaka waqhubeka imithambo nomkhwenyana. Ngeli xesha, bambalwa abantu bakwazi ukutshintsha le sikhundla. Kodwa imizamo kungachithwa. Monument kuPetros 1, "The Bronze abamahashe" Akukho analogue ehlabathini.

Thunder-ilitye

Ngelo xesha, ngaxeshanye ithwalelwe enye projekthi yebhongo ngokulinganayo phandle.

Ukuphakama lesikhumbuzo kuPetros 1 - 10.4 eemitha. Ngokuba yena kwafuneka ukuba sithathe bese unyawo. Eten Moris kucingelwa ukuba kufuneka block, enziwe ngokohlobo ngumtshangatshangiso. Wayefanele ukuba babonakalise ukuba uPetros ndivula ukufikelela elwandle iRashiya.

Nangona kunjalo, akukho nto ukufumana ofanelekileyo. Sele kugqalwa ngumfuziselo kwamanqwanqwa eliqela zelitye lenyengane. Kwaye ke kukho umntu wacebisa ukuba ukwazisa ukhuphiswano ukufumana ahlangule ilitye ekunene. Le isaziso ngoko nangoko epapashwe kwi "eSt Petersburg iGazethi".

Akuzange kube kudala ngaphambi kokuba kubekho umlimi kwilali Lahti. Wathi emahlathini zabo Nguye lo ilitye, elizifezekisayo zonke iimfuno ezichazwe. Ukongeza, abalimi bathi uMlawuli ngokwakhe uMlawuli uPetros I ngokuphindaphindiweyo wamvusa lo ilitye ukuze ayihlole ebumelwaneni.

Ukuvunywa kwalo, ngokuzenzekelayo, ayikho ngaphandle kwesiseko ethile. Emva kokuba lali ibekwe kufuphi Lahti indlu Manor Petra Velikogo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho kubaluleke kanye akhwela * kuKhesare, okanye hayi, kodwa umkhankaso wathunyelwa ilitye igunya enze isigqibo sokuba kufanelekile oko kufunwa ngumbumbi.

abalimi Local wambiza Thunder-ilitye. Ngokutsho legend kudala iliwa yahlaselwa imibane kunye chipped esi sincoko.

ubunzima zokuhamba

Thunder-ilitye wafumana kufanelekile ukuba ukukhonza koseko, kodwa imilinganiso yalo endiyidalele nobunzima kakhulu kwezothutho. Khawube nomfanekiso-block eziimitha 8 (njengoko kwindlu ibali emithathu), mitha 13 (njengoko mgangathweni 3-4 intendelezo) kunye nobubanzi kweemitha ezi-6. Malunga na oomatshini ngexesha enzima, Kakade, akungekhe kubekho umbuzo, yaye umgama ukuba iNdlu Yeengwevu Square eSt Petersburg (indawo apho kukho lesikhumbuzo kuPetros 1 namhlanje) kwaba enesidima kakhulu.

Inxalenye indlela lumele lenze phezu kwamanzi, kodwa endaweni kulayishwa ukuya litye inqanawa kwafuneka ukuba amsunduze phezu ezimbi ukuya kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-8.5.

Phuma wafumana Ivan Ivanovich Betskoy. komzila ezikhethekileyo ngomthi ngohlobo imisele ziye ezinokwakhiwa icebiso lakhe. obbili sheets zazo yobhedu yobhedu ibhola 32 walungisa ubudeki efanelekileyo. Lo mshini ukusebenza kwi siseko ukusebenza lokuzala.

Kuye wazama ekuqaleni ibe kuyehla. waba yentsusa ukuba izihlandlo ezilishumi ngaphezulu. Emva kokuba uvavanyo ngempumelelo baqalisa ukuvelisa indlela esiya sisihla ngokwemeko ubukhulu ngokupheleleyo.

Ground indlela

Okwangoku, into yokuqala ilitye baqalisa ukususa umhlaba ntshunxekile kunye nezinye iidipozithi. Lo msebenzi uza kube lula ukuba kwiitoni 600. amajoni engamakhulu amahlanu kunye nabalimi zaye inxaxheba kumsebenzi wemihla ngemihla ukugawulwa.

Baqala bona ukucima isithuba nangoko ezingqonge Grom-ilitye ukuze Somrhaqa ehlathini yayo nokulungiselela umhlaba ukuba ngokubekwa komzila. Lo msebenzi wathabatha iinyanga ezine.

Kuyo yonke indlela kwakufuneka kususwa kuqala endleleni 20 eemitha ububanzi, ukomeleza imfumba yayo elingqingqwa, kwaye zawutwabulula phezu kwalo yinxalenye naLindiili ibhakede. Emva kokuba ilitye wachukumiseka, kunye umgama ohanjiweyo naLindiili isuswe waza wasifudusela phambili.

Inkqubela yomsebenzi tyeni zothutho isigebenga babukela lonke Europe. Esi sisiganeko ibonwe. Akuzange ngaphambili kokuba litye lesikhumbuzo elikhulu elolo hlobo ihanjiswe umgama kude.

Hayi indlela elula

Nge wokukhuthaza Thunder-ilitye kokuba indwe kwiqonga okhethekileyo, nto leyo ifakiwe naLindiili. Lo msebenzi lwafuna ixesha elininzi ixesha kunye nomgudu omkhulu, kodwa iqhekeza ekupheleni elulwalweni, babelala ehlabathini efumileyo kangangeenkulungwane, yena umtshato esihlalweni sakhe. Ngoko ke waqalisa uhambo lwakhe olude ukuya komkhulu, apho sasiba koba ukwakha lesikhumbuzo kuPetros 1, "The Bronze umgadi."

NaLindiili nomkhombe kumgama enye kangangesiqingatha semitha ukusuka omnye komnye iibhola zobhedu ezimashumi zafakelwa. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nanye kwezi iibhola zange ayeke kwaye khange anxulumane kufutshane elilandelayo, kwafuneka ukuba balandele ngqo ukulimela aba bantu. Baye ke imivalo yesinyithi, awothi kuyimfuneko ukuba isantya okanye tyhala inxalenye ukulenza.

Kuba uyilo idabi yokuqala, zithwele ngamatye, yakwazi ukuhamba ngeenyawo zombini. Ngexesha elilandelayo wajika ukuhlula iimitha ezimbalwa. Yaye Gulf, apho ingaphezu Thunder-ilitye phezu isikhephe elikhetheke yayimalunga neekhilomitha ....

Ukuze ukuba bangachithi ixesha, 46 nakubakhi beendonga intsimbi emphinini Thunder-ilitye endleleni ngoko nangoko. umsebenzi wabo ukunika ifomu engxondorheni, wamitha Etenom Falkone. Kweli nqanaba, i nomkroli kwakhona kwafuneka anyamezele yindinisa idabi yembono, njengoko yonke inkundla ngamxhelo ibhengeze ukuba ilitye kufuneka kusala njengoko kwaye nto ayithethi kutshintsha.

Nangona kunjalo, eli xesha inkosi yakwazi ukuba wakhe. Kwaye nangona abachasi bazama ukuba isondezwe ibe ihlekisa wolunye uhlanga kubuhle Russian bendalo, uCatherine wabanika imvume ukuhluzwa kwinqwanqwa.

Eminye imithombo zibonisa ukuba litye indlela unothanda yaye zahlulwe zibe iinxalenye ezimbini. Ngaba oku kwenzeka ngenxa yomsebenzi lwenziwa litye okanye ngenxa yaso nasiphi na esinye isizathu, imbali i cwaka. Kwakhona, siyazi nto malunga abasabela ngayo abantu abathatha inxaxheba wenqwelwana, ngesiganeko. Nokuba akubonayo njenge ntlekele okanye, icala, njengoko intsikelelo, asazi.

Zokulahla ye Thunder-ilitye wayeka lulele evulekile, apho inokubuyiselwa niwabonileyo namhlanje, kwaye iqela laqhubeka indlela yayo eya Gulf of Finland.

Ukulungiselela yothutho yeyamanzi

Ngelo xesha, kunxweme Gulf of Finland owakha uMarina, kwaye isitya esikhethekileyo ukuthutha ilitye elikhulu. Ubunzima cargo akuyi kuma engekho khona xa barge. Ngoko ke, i master inqanawa onesiphiwo Gregory Korchebnikov waqala ukwakha imizobo, ebekumele ukuba ukwakha Pram - iphenyane flat-usisangqa, nto leyo ukubamba ubunzima osinde omkhulu.

UPramila yenzelwe ukuhambisa zokudubula enzima. Enyanisweni ke inqaba compact mobile, baxhotyiswa ngemipu kujikelezo. Ngaphezu koko, inani lemipu kufika iiyunithi 38. Yongeza ukuba ubunzima umphakathi, wompu kunye nabantu abo bakhonza Ndandinemipu, kwaye ufumane uluvo rough UPramila umthamo.

Noko ke, oku akuzange ngokwaneleyo. kwafuneka ukuba kuyilwe inqanawe enamandla ngakumbi. Ukuze ukwazi ukuba ndibhaptize Thunder-ilitye, Pram imbedded uchwethezo manzi kuwo. Xa ilitye yabekwa phezu isitya, amanzi ezigutyulwayo, waza waqalisa uhambo koLwandle icandelo endleleni. Voyage luhambe kakuhle, kwaye September 26, 1770 ilitye kunikelwa Yeengwevu Square, apho lesikhumbuzo kuPetros 1 namhlanje.

Izigaba zokugqibela lomsebenzi lesikhumbuzo

Ngethuba lexesha le Saga lonke ngokuhanjiswa Eten Falkone akazange ayeke umsebenzi kwi imikrolo. Le lesikhumbuzo 1 Petros umxhelo abemi. Inyaniso, abaninzi abayiqondi, kutheni ukwakha whopper enjalo. Musa ukulibala ukuba ngelo xesha akukho namnye kubo akakho lesikhumbuzo kweli lizwe konke. Kwaye ke imodeli udaka, eyenziwe ngokupheleleyo, apho wonke umntu khangela ngokukhululekileyo kule venkile eyadini, wabangela eninzi intlebendwane.

Kodwa abemi axakwe abaqhelekileyo akazange aye nayiphi sothelekiso abasabela ngayo iinkosi. Xa kwafika ixesha lokuba uqale bephosa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo, akukho namnye wavuma ukuthatha umsebenzi.

Falcone wamema uphose umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu kaPetros 1, inkcazelo apho unikwa kuphela ngokwemigaqo ngokubanzi, enye inkosi abanezakhono French. Noko ke, xa wafikayo waza wabona nobungakanani bomsebenzi, sazane kwakunye kunye neemfuno nomkroli, ngoko ngokuba Etienne mad nje waya ekhaya.

Ekugqibeleni Etienne Falcone ikwazile ukufumana Foundry, ivumile ukuthatha phezu projekthi unesibindi ngokwenene. Xa amalungiselelo okuba buyo lwe Thunder-ilitye, iinxalenye zeendlela apho ibithuthwa, uphose umenzi shaka Yemelyan Khailov. Nalapho ke Falcone waphawula ngenkuthalo yakhe kunye nokuchaneka. Ngoku wathembisa ukuba asebenzisane ekubunjweni lesikhumbuzo ngokwayo.

kwakunzima Lo msebenzi. Yaye nje isikali onzima. kanye Uyilo lesikhumbuzo wadala neengxaki nanto. Ukuba ukhangela lesikhumbuzo kuPetros 1 eSt Petersburg, uya kubona ukuba amanqaku amathathu kuphela yenkxaso - imilenze zehashe nemazi yexhama nomsila. Ngoxa ekulondolozeni ukuzinza eziyimfuneko - kwakungelula. A Isitimela akwenzeki. Kwi-Masters kuphela ukuzama enye.

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe uzinzo le imikrolo, Falcone babhenela eziliqela izisombululo yokuqala. Okokuqala, oko yaziswa inyoka ukubunjwa, leyo elibhulayo, ihashe, okwesibini, isicwangciso eludongeni lwayo phambi mfanekiso kwakukho ubukhulu uhlasela sokurhuqa yezinye litye lesikhumbuzo, yaye, okwesithathu, iitoni ezine zesinyithi badityaniswa zongezwa ukukrala ku ukulinganisela yakhe. Ngaloo ndlela uPetros 1 ihashe kwafuneka ukuba aqiniswe.

Ntlekele ekubunjweni

Kwiminyaka emithathu okuqhubekayo wokulungiselela umsebenzi ekubunjweni mfanekiso. Ekugqibeleni yonke into, neengcibi kulindeleke ukuba basebenze. Imilo lesikhumbuzo waba emhadini ekhethekileyo. Zininzi ibekwe ngaphezu iziko yokunyibilikisa, ukusuka apho umbhobho obliquely. Kuba ezi imibhobho isinyithi esishushu kwafuneka kwiidreyini ifomu, igcwalise ngokulinganayo.

Ukwenzela ukuba ezi imibhobho musa ngaphantsi umlilo ngasinye sobisi nabo ngokuqhubekayo shushu. Kodwa inkqubo alilahle omnye umlilo waphuma. It zihlandlo azikhange, yaye iphela umbhobho nokuqhekeka, ekuthe etyhidiweyo waqalisa ukuhamba. Kwaye oku, ke, ukuba umlilo.

Abantu sibaleka zevenkile zonke iindlela, Falcone ziwile, yaye omnye kuphela Khailov abalahlekiswa. Yena ngokukhawuleza bazicima iqalisa umlilo, avale phezulu sibange kumbhobho beziludongwe entsha, wazikrazula iingubo zakhe, manzi kwaye ibhijelwe kumbhobho aqhekekileyo.

Kwakunzima a feat. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba akukho nje Haylovu ndikwazile ukugcina uxolo likaxakeka. Ukulwa umlilo akubanga lula. umsebenzi Foundry yanditshisa ezininzi kakhulu yaye baphulukana iliso. Kodwa kuye, inkoliso yabo eqingqiweyo basinda.

Monument kuPetros 1, "The Bronze umgadi" namhlanje

iziganeko ezininzi zembali Ndiwubonile ubhedu uPetros mna, ehleli ihashe ukukhulisa ngonaphakade. Ikhadi Business kukuba iindwendwe eSt Petersburg lesikhumbuzo "yeBronzi umgadi." Photo phezu imvelaphi ungxamile ukwenza abakhenkethi, Bacinga ngokunqakraza nemivalo of lekhamera. A Petersburgers iingcambu bebefudula eze apha ku tirhisa yinxalenye theko lomtshato.

Ungafuna ukubona lesikhumbuzo "I Bronze abamahashe" (St. Petersburg) buqu. Xa kuqwalaselwa umsebenzi iinkosi enkulu, akabandulula rush yasemzini, esingamangqina ako oko thina aqhele kakhulu kukuthintela ungakwazi ngokuzithandela Eyokuqiqa ngononophelo le sculpture zintle. Zama ukusebenza ngeenxa kwaye sijonge iinkcukacha kwiikona ezahlukeneyo. Uya kuqaphela ubunzulu kunye nobutyebi loyilo kule elula, xa uqala, lesikhumbuzo.

Nikelani ingqalelo iinkcukacha: endaweni iinqwelo emqolo zehashe, uya kubona ngesikhumba sesilwanyana, nezambatho, leyo unxiba umlawuli, enyanisweni, akazange ayisekho kulo naliphi na ixesha zembali. Le nomkroli wazama ukudibanisa isinxibo yemveli Russian iziqalelo iingubo zamaRoma amandulo. Yaye kumele kuthathelwe ingqalelo, ukuba unako ukwenza ngendlela ngokwemvelo.

Kokuba esithathele ingqalelo lesikhumbuzo "I Bronze abamahashe", ifoto leyo ithandwa kangaka phakathi abakhenkethi, ngaphandle ngobungxamo, uya kusisusa kwikomkhulu yamandulo ngaphezu nje enye ifoto imibombo eziziingangamsha, kodwa ngokwenene ndachukumisa ku elidlulileyo sembali kwilizwe enkulu.