National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg): Imbali, iziseko, idilesi

Library National (St. Petersburg) ngoMeyi kulo nyaka sabhiyozela unyaka 220th. Ngokusekelwe ummiselo uCatherine II ngenyanga yokugqibela spring 1795, ithala leencwadi, kwaye ngoku yenye nje enkulu ehlabathini.

Iqhayiya Northern Capital - "Publichka" (igama ongekho mthethweni) - umongameli Russian ibhengeze umlando kunye nezenkcubeko abantu Russia.

amagama ahlukeneyo

Library National (St. Petersburg) oko yathi yasekwa kwaye de 1917 lalibizwa Public Library Imperial. Ngeli xesha lamandla eSoviet, igama zaguquka izihlandlo ezininzi - de-1925 wabizwa kwithala leencwadi inkulu Russian Library kaRhulumente, 1932 Library yathiywa emva Saltykov-Shchedrin, yaye emva koko, iminyaka engama-70, de-1992 eyaziwa ngokuba Public Library State. Ngalo lonke ixesha sisekho wayo, ithala leencwadi zindala eRashiya wafuna mali ukufunyanwa yaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela simahla kubo.

Ukuze kuzuze imfundo

Library National (St. Petersburg) ngoku kwi fund oovimba le ncwadi elinguvimba yesibini eRashiya. Njengoko okuqala-2012, i-NLR enesakhono iikopi million 36.5, eziquka ngqangi 400,000, iincwadi 7000 eziprintiweyo phambi 1501, eyaziwa ngokuba incunabula. Ekubeni yasungulwa kuze kuthi ga namhlanje, eli thala leencwadi yophando, ulwazi kunye neziko nezenkcubeko Russia.

Phantse 30 iminyaka kwaphela bakhanyiselwa uKumkanikazi (1766-1795) ukuze iphumeze uyilo zangeniswa kuyo. Kunyaka onesiqingatha phambi kokufa kwakhe, kuba esi senzo mhle wazoba umgca phantsi kwe "eselekhulile kakhulu" wobukumkani bakhe. Ukwakhiwa waqala ngoko nangoko emva kokuba kufunyenwe imvume projekthi yaye baqhubeka kangangeminyaka eli-15.

Eyokuqala kakhulu

izindlu Wonderful okumila kuhlangana Sadovaya Street kunye Nevsky Ithemba, oluhleli intliziyo eyinkunzi. Esi sakhiwo, zakhiwe kwi iprojekthi E. T. Sokolova (Music Ithiyetha ise-Pomakazi umsebenzi wakhe) Iba Library National yokuqala. St. Petersburg iqhotyoshelwe iingqukuva oluphucukileyo of Europe. Iingenelo obungenakuphikiswa ziquka ithala leencwadi kunye yokuba wadala incwadi yokuqala kweli lizwe kwi ngokolwahlulo kwithala ngokumpontshwa kunye systematization kwemali yayo.

Kwaye ke intwana kumthetho ukunikezelwa ezinyanzelekileyo niwuzalise ngendlela imali kwi Library (in inani nemivo emi-2) nayiphi na imveliso eprintiweyo epapashwe eRashiya Kusekho imvelaphi yayo kwithala leencwadi lokuqala.

Formation-mali ezizodwa

Isivula ukuba ezicwangciselwe 1812, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo, kwenzeka ngo-1814. Library National (St. Petersburg), idilesi eyaziwa nje kuphela wonke ummi kwikomkhulu emantla, kodwa iindwendwe ezininzi isixeko emangalisayo, ibekwe kwi Ostrovsky Square, 1/3, wathabatha imilo ibe lomculo yembali ngo-1900. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ulwazi olunomdla: kwi-sikhokelo ye wogcino mali amazwe walala abazalwana Zalusskih Library, nto leyo ibekwe Warsaw, yaye omnye lamathala yokuqala oluntu ehlabathini.

Ingaqondwa xa kuthelekiswa ezintathu kuphela Library yasebukhosini eYurophu, ibekwe eLondon, eParis kunye Munich. Ngowe-1794, emva kokuba kwezithandani le mvukelo Kosciuszko Suvorov. 400,000 miqulu ziye ibhengeze lo mhlaba yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Pearl kwemali kwakhona ithala ka uVoltaire, nto leyo yathi yathengwa uCatherine II ngo-1778 kwi nomtshana Deni Volter kunye heiress le nzulu ngezinto enkulu. nqanawa Special ethatyathwe eRashiya wazibeka Hermitage, kwaye umyalelo Alexander II yadluliselwa Public Library Imperial.

Centre of zenkcubeko ubomi kunye ezintsha

Kuphela iminyaka engama-30 ikhona, ithala ezandleni abafundi abafumene iikopi ezingaphezu kwe-100 000 iincwadi. Ngokwendalo, imali qho linyuke njenge inani iindwendwe, kwaye kule minyaka 1832-1835 wathunywa kwisakhiwo yesibini, emva kodonga apho waya egadini uCatherine kaThixo. Kwisiqingatha sesibini XIX iziseko benkulungwane th, ngenxa yokuba izipho incwadi ezininzi, saqalisa ukunyusa kwadilika - for 50 30 amaxesha xa kuthelekiswa lonke kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX. Ngo-1917, kwakukho inani elikhulu kakhulu-ngqangi eRashiya ngokuqokelela zincwadi. Public Library National (St. Petersburg) yaba yeyokuqala eRashiya, apho amalungelo besigaba kubhangiswa - oko waqalisa ukutyelela loo mfazi. Kwiminyaka 1860-1862 yakhiwe elinye iphulo lolwakhiwo lwezindlu VI Sobolevschikova, ngokuvala yomjikelezo lentendelezo. Zonke ezintsha Librarianship ukubonakala apha.

ngexesha lembandezelo

Ukususela 1917 ukuya 1930, imisebenzi zokugcina imali ungadluliselwa ngenxa iingqokelela uhulumeni abucala kunye ingqokelela yoonongendi nee-arhente zikarhulumente, nangona ngeendleko-asethi zemveliso yoshicilelo ziyenyuka bayeka phantse ngokupheleleyo yaye yabuya yaphila kuphela emva 1930.

Abasebenzi Library zaye phantsi ingcinezelo, nto leyo yema ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, leyo kwabona iimali ezinkulu umonakalo. Kodwa ebudeni kwithala lokungqinga ndandisebenza baza bakhonza readers.

Imfuno engxamisekileyo ukuba izakhiwo ezintsha

Library State National (St. Petersburg) ngo-1991 yi umthetho Borisa Eltsina labizwa kwakhona. Ngoku ubizwa ngokuba Library National Russian.

Akubuzwa ukuba isakhiwo, nto leyo iye yaluphumelela kweminyaka eli-200 ubudala, ukubola kwaye yingozi ukugcina ezininzi amaqhekeza zexabiso. Ngoko ke, nkqu kwinkulungwane XX, kwaye kukho umbuzo malunga nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esitsha idibana zonke iimfuneko modernity. Ngowe-1970 isigqibo sokuba kwakhiwe isakhiwo esitsha yenziwa, yaye kangangeminyaka eli-10 yaye yaqulunqa kweprojekthi enkulu yolwakhiwo, kwaye ke inani elifanayo leminyaka, ukuba zakhiwe. Ku kuphela isigaba sokuqala kwisakhiwo esitsha yavulwa ngo-2003 (oku kuquka onke amagumbi zokufunda kunye zamathala eencwadi, endaweni umnyango ngexesha iincwadi 10 million).

Isakhiwo ezintsha kusombulula zonke iingxaki

Isakhiwo esitsha (bhala ilayibrari waza ukubizwa) wafudukela Library kaZwelonke (St. Petersburg). "Victory Park" - kwisikhululo sikaloliwe, ibekwe kufutshane (njengoko wenza Ukoyisa Park, malungana) ukuya kwisakhiwo esinemigangatho-9 ka watshisa izitha entsha, esebenza ukulungiselela ukuya iincwadi kwizigidi ezili-12. Amagumbi zokufunda kunye nezinye ii-ofisi zifumaneka izakhiwo kobude. Ukugcinwa yinto lubalaseleyo yonke le projekthi. Phantsi kwale sakhiwo ukuba yedwa isiqwenga 4.6 hectares. Xa isakhiwo endala ithala leencwadi, zibekwe kwiindawo 11, uziqwebela ukuba iincwadi million 22.7.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, bathi khumnqa. Kodwa engena yokwakha ithala leencwadi elitsha namhlanje ayilungiseki zonke iingxaki - luseyinxalenye mali kwiindawo 9, maxa wambi kwizakhiwo kwaqashwa emaxongo kakhulu. Ngo-2009, isivumelwano sasayinwa ukwakha ibali-11 incwadi elinguvimba entsha, nto leyo eya kuba ecaleni isakhiwo ezikhoyo Victory Park.

iziko ezintsha

Umzimba ezintsha cozily khotsho National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg). Idilesi ye-isakhiwo: Moscow Avenue, 165, Bldg .. 2. Isakhiwo omtsha Russian National Library na iziko iiprojekthi ezintsha, leyo ukuba ukukhulisa inkonzo ukuya kwinqanaba entsha lonke. Le holo yethala leencwadi ngekhompyutha, yavulwa ngo-2006, iikhathalogu elektroniki, qhagamshela-2011 ukuya kuthungelwano lwamathala eencwadi elektroniki Vivaldi - konke oku kuthatha MFN kwelona nqanaba liphezulu ngamazwe. Esi sakhiwo kwekomkhulu Russian Library Association.