Finno-Ugric kwezizwe: kwimbali nenkcubeko. Abantu Finno-Ugric iqela ethno-iilwimi

iilwimi Finno-Ugric zihlobene Finnish zanamhlanje Hungarian. Abantu abathetha ngazo, babumba Finno-Ugric iqela ethnolinguistic. Yabo imvelaphi, indawo nokuhlaliswa, iimfano neeyantlukwano ngokwemigaqo yangaphandle, inkcubeko, inkolo kunye izithethe - nezifundo zophando ehlabathini kwinkalo imbali, yabantu, ukuma, Ezolimi, kunye nenani nezinye izifundo zesayensi. Ngokufutshane bonisa lo mxholo zama eli nqaku ngokutsha.

Izizwe ifakwe Finnish-Ugric group ethnolinguistic

Ngokusekelwe iqondo isondele kweelwimi, abaphengululi ekwabelwana izizwe Finno-Ugric kwi subgroups ezintlanu.

Isiseko inxenye yolibo kwiBaltic kunye Finnish, ezi eFinland kwaye Estonia - abantu, babe States zabo. Zihlala kakuhle eRashiya. NguSete - iqela elincinane Estonia - yeqondo eliphantsi kummandla Pskov. Eyona nto ezininzi kwiBaltic kunye nezizwe Finnish of Russia - Karelia. Ekhaya zisebenzisa iziyelelane zomthonyama ezintathu, lo gama ulwimi uncwadi ke kuthathwa ukuba Finnish. Ukongeza, ukuba iqelana efanayo Vepsians kwaye Izhors - iintlanga ezincinane aye walondoloza iilwimi zabo Vod (ukuba ngaphantsi kwekhulu abantu baphelelwa ulwimi lwabo) kunye Livs.

Second - Sami (okanye Lapps) laseMelika. Ubuninzi abantu wayinika igama, kuhlala yaseScandinavia. I-Russian Saami bahlala Kola Peninsula. Abaphandi bacebisa ukuba kumaxesha amandulo ezi zizwe awuthimba umhlaba ngakumbi, kodwa kamva siqhutywaqhutywa ukuya emntla. Kwandula ke kwabakho endaweni yokuba ulwimi lwabo, omnye neziyelelane Finnish.

Icandelo lesithathu iqelana of Finno-Ugric izizwe - iVolga-Finnish - Mari kwaye ibandakanya Mordvinians. Mari - ubuninzi kwabemi weRiphabliki Mari El, nabo bahlala e Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia nkqu eziliqela kwimimandla Russian. Bona ukuchonga ulwimi ezimbini zoncwadi (Noko ke, ngazo, asingabo bonke abaphandi bayavuma). Mordvinians - kwabantu bomthonyama weRiphabliki Mordovia; ngexesha elifanayo yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye Mordvins bahlala kuyo yonke iRussia. Njengenxalenye yale hlanga - amaqela amabini eentlanga, ngasinye ngolwimi lwaso zoncwadi ebhaliweyo.

Le kwama yesine ebizwa Permian. Oku kuquka Komi, Komi-Perm, kunye Udmurt. Phambi Oktobha 1917 inqanaba lokufunda nokubhala (Noko ke, ngo-Russian) Komi eza abantu abaninzi abafundileyo of Russia - amaYuda Russian kunye baseJamani. Ngokunxulumene Udmurt, lwesigodi uye wahlala becala emizaneni Udmurt Republic. Ukuhlala loo mizi, bayalibala nolwimi lwemveli, kunye namasiko.

Ngu lwesihlanu, Ugric, iqelana iquka Hungarians, Khanty kunye Mansi. Nangona esezantsi ye-OB kunye Severnyy phambene ukuluma kurhulumente Hungarian kwi iDanube iqashiso weekhilomitha, ngokwenene aba bantu izihlobo ekufuphi. Khanty kunye Mansi amancinci izizwe North.

izizwe Finno-Ugric extinct

Exhanyulwa Finno-Ugric kunye neentlanga abachaphazelekayo, reference apho ngoku ugcinwe kuphela yemihla. Ngoko ke, abantu Meria wahlala phakathi iVolga kunye Oka leminyaka AD yokuqala - kukho ingcamango ukuba kamva kwesele nokuxubana empumalanga.

Into efanayo kunye Moore. Oku - nokuba abantu bamandulo ngakumbi Finno-Ugric ethno-yeelwimi qela, xa kumiwa Oka pool.

elide sele kudlule izizwe extinct Finnish abahlala kuloo mlambo Onega noMntla Dvina, abaphengululi ekuthiwa Chud (ngokutsho hypothesis mnye, baba iminyanya Estonia namhlanje).

A ulwimi nenkcubeko olufanayo

Evakalisa iilwimi Finno-Ugric njengeqela, abaphandi gxininisa ukuba uluntu njengomba enkulu olumanyanisa abantu abathetha ngazo. Kodwa amaqela phambene eentlanga, nangona ukufana isakhiwo iilwimi zabo, baqonde omnye njalo. Ngoko ke, Finn, Kakade, kukwazi ukucacisa le Estonia, erzyanin - kunye mokshaninom kunye Udmurtia - Komi. Nangona kunjalo, eli qela kwezizwe ngokunjalo ezikude enye kwenye, kufuneka benze umgudu omkhulu ukuqaphela ngeelwimi zabo iimpawu eziqhelekileyo eziya kubanceda ukuba incoko.

nomini kweelwimi Finno-Ugric izizwe kufumaniseka ukuba aba lolu ngokuyintloko ukufana kwezakhiwo lweelwimi. Oku kuchaphazela kakhulu ukuyilwa yokucinga kunye nehlabathi imbono ezizweni. Nangona iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, loo nto inegalelo ekuziqondeni mutual phakathi kwamaqela eentlanga.

Ngelo xesha elifanayo uhlobo bengqondo, ngenxa yenkqubo butshijolo kwezi lwimi elicebisa inkcubeko yendalo umbono lawo elikhethekileyo yehlabathi. Ngenxa yoko, kuya kwa nshita, abantu Indo-European, Finno-Ugric ityekele malunga nohlobo ezizodwa. Finno-Ugric inkcubeko kwiinkalo ezininzi nayo yafak 'isandla umnqweno aba bantu ukunyenyisa ngoxolo abamelwane - ke ngokubanzi bakhetha ukuba alwe, kodwa ukuba ukuthutha lo gama kugcinwe bangoobani.

Kwakhona uphawu abantu beli qela - ukungafihlisikuthetha ukuya yotshintshiselwano isizwe kunye nenkcubeko. Ekufuneni iindlela zokuqinisa ubudlelwane kunye nezizwe baxela ukugcina abafowunelwa kwezenkcubeko bonke abo zibangqongile. Ngokusisiseko, abantu Finno-Ugric wakwazi ukulondoloza ulwimi lwabo, izinto zenkcubeko ezisisiseko. Unxibelelwano kunye namasiko yobuhlanga kule ndawo inokulandwa yabo yesizwe iingoma, imidaniso, umculo, ukutya yemveli, impahla. Kwakhona, siye sasinda izinto ezininzi kwinjoli zabo bamandulo: womtshato, komngcwabo, isikhumbuzo.

Imbali Emfutshane Finno-Ugric izizwe

Imvelaphi kunye nembali bokuqala Finno-Ugric izizwe unanamhla uhlala ingxoxo yenzululwazi. Phakathi abaphandi babekholelwa kakhulu ngokubanzi ukuba kumaxesha amandulo kwakukho iqela elinye labantu, thetha okufanayo Finno-Ugric yesiqalo-lwimi. Iminyanya Finno-Ugric izizwe phambi kokuphela BC yesithathu. e. kugcinwe ubunye isihlobo. Kokuba ezinzile kwi Urals kunye Urals Western ndawo, yaye mhlawumbi kwezinye iindawo ezingqonge.

Kwelo xesha, kuthiwa Finno-Ugric kunye neentsapho zabo ziqhagamshelane Indo-Iran, lokubonakala ziintsomi ngeelwimi. Va zeminyaka yesithathu yesibini BC. e. ohlulwe kwabanye yaye Finnish ugric Perm-isebe ngalinye. Phakathi kwezizwe nevuthisayo azinza kwicala entshona, ngokuthe ngcembe wema ngaphandle zaza bodwa iqelana oluzimeleyo iilwimi (kwiBaltic-Finnish, Finnish-iVolga, Perm). Ngenxa ngenxa yenguqu yabemi ezahlukeneyo Far North ngenye izihlomelo Finno-Ugric Sami kwakhiwa.

Ugric iqela iilwimi ukwahlula phakathi I nkulungwane BC. e. Kwisahlulo kwiBaltic-Finnish kwenzeka ekuqaleni xesha lethu. Perm yathatha ixesha elide kancinci - de ngenkulungwane yesibhozo. A indima enkulu kuphuhliso eyahlukileyo kwezi lwimi abadlale abafowunelwa zezizwe Finno-Ugric, kunye kwiBaltic, Iran, Slavic, eTurkey, izizwe zesiJamani.

Intsimi yeendawo zokuhlala

abantu Finno-Ugric ngemihla yethu ikakhulu abahlala North-Western Europe. Indawo, bahlala phezu kwintsimi enkulu ukusuka yaseScandinavia ukuya Urals, ummandla iVolga-Kama, i Tobol asezantsi nalawo aphakathi ukusuka emgangathweni. Hungarians - Abantu kuphela Finno-Ugric ethno-yeelwimi qela, walibumba yimeko yabo ngaphandle kwezinye izizwe nemizalwane - kummandla zeCarpath-weDanube.

Inani Finno-Ugric izizwe

Inani lilonke abantu abathetha iilwimi Uralic (oku kuquka i Finno-Ugric kunye Samoyed), yi 23-24 yezigidi. I ezininzi kakhulu ke abameli Hungarians. Bona abantu behlabathi ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezili-15. Bona ilandelwe eFinland kwaye Estonia (5 no-1 million, ngokulandelelanayo). Uninzi nezinye iintlanga Finno-Ugric abahlala eRashiya.

Finno-Ugric amaqela eentlanga kwi kummandla Russia

bahlali Russian athontelana endle ukuya kwilizwe Finno-Ugric lezizwe XVI-XVIII eminyaka. Amaninzi, inkqubo yokulungisa kuwo la malungu wathabatha ngoxolo indawo, kodwa abantu abathile bomthonyama (umzekelo, Mari) yaye babe bamelana ukulawula weli cala kurhulumente Russian.

Le nkolo yobuKristu, ukubhala, inkcubeko ezidolophini, adscititious Russian, ekugqibeleni waqalisa endaweni iinkolelo zasekuhlaleni kunye nezihlomelo. Abantu waya esixekweni, waya eSiberia ilizwe zeAltai - apho ulwimi ezingundoqo eyayiqhelekile Russian. Noko ke, yena (ingakumbi ulimi yayo emantla) iye ithathe ixesha elininzi igama Finno-Ugric - neziqapheleka ukuze entsimini lamagama ndawo kunye namagama ngezenzeko zendalo.

Iindawo Finno-Ugric abantu Russia, ugalelwe Turks, aguqulwa abe Islam. Noko ke, lo mmandla kufakwe Russian. Ngoko ke, ezi ntlanga ungaze zibumba inxalenye - nkqu nabo republic abathwele igama labo.

Noko ke, ngokutsho ubalo ngo-2002, eRashiya kukho zinkulu kakhulu inani zeqela Finno-Ugric. It Mordvinians (843 amawaka abantu), Udmurts (phantse 637,000), Mari (604 000), Komi izizwe (293,000), i-Komi-Permian (125 amawaka), Karels (93,000). Inani abanye abantu ayidluli amashumi amawaka abantu: i Khanty, Mansi, Veps. Izhors akhawunti abantu 327, yaye abantu Vod - abantu 73 kuphela. Ziphila eRashiya kunye Hungarians, eFinland, Estonia, Saami.

Nokuphuhliswa kwenkcubeko Finno-Ugric eRashiya

Ezilishumi ezizwe Finno-Ugric abahlala eRashiya. Abahlanu kubo ngokwabo nokudaleka uhlanga-karhulumente, kodwa ezimbini - zikazwelonke indawo. Abanye liwuzinzisile saa kwilizwe lonke.

In Russia uzinika ingqalelo ukuba uyayilondoloza yesazisi yemveli yenkcubeko abemi iintlanga. Kwinqanaba likazwelonke kunye basekhaya, iinkqubo ziphuhliswa ngenkxaso apho ukufunda inkcubeko Finno-Ugric izizwe, izithethe zabo nezendawo.

Ngoko ke, Sami, Khanty, Mansi lufundiswe kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi, kunye Komi, Mari, Udmurt, iilwimi Mordovian - kwizikolo zasesekondari kuloo mimandla, apho kukho amaqela amakhulu amaqela achaphazelekayo yobuhlanga. Kukho imithetho ekhethekileyo inkcubeko, ulwimi (Mari-El, Komi). Ngoko ke, kwiRiphabliki Karelia, umthetho phezu kwimfundo, umisela ungasekunene Veps kunye Karelian bafundiswa ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe. Uphuhliso eziPhambili izithethe nenkcubeko yabantu uMthetho uchaza inkcubeko.

Kwakhona, kwi-Republic of Mari El, Udmurtia, Komi, Mordovia, kwi Khanty-Mansi Ukuzilawula Area uye imiqondo yalo kunye neenkqubo zophuhliso lwesizwe. Yasungulwa kwaye isebenza iinkcubeko Fund Development of Finno-Ugric izizwe (kwi kummandla weRiphabliki Mari El).

Finno-Ugric izizwe: imbonakalo

Iminyanya Finno-Ugric izizwe zenzeke ngenxa wokuxuba paleoevropeyskih kunye Paleo-Asia izizwe. Ngoko ke, xa ingaphandle bonke abantu beli qela kukho zombini iimpawu yaseYurophu Mongoloid. Abanye abaphengululi baye bade phambili ingcamango ngobukho ludume ezahlukeneyo - i Urals, kukho "intermediate" phakathi baseYurophu kwaye Asia, kodwa le nguqulo has a abaxhasi ezimbalwa.

Finno-Ugric bezizwe abanto ngokweentlobo yemvelaphi. Nangona kunjalo, i uphawu 'phambene "iimpawu ngendlela enye okanye omnye naliphi na ilungu Finno-Ugric izizwe. Kuba, njengokuba umthetho, ukuphakama medium, umbala iinwele ukukhanya kakhulu, "elimile" impumlo, ubuso ebanzi, iindevu kunokuba obhityileyo. Kodwa ezi mpawu zibonakale ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, Mordvins-Erzya - ubude, abanini iinwele zigwangqa kunye namehlo aluhlaza. Mordvins-Moksha - phezu koko, imfutshane kunenye, phezulu-Interface, kunye uboya mnyama. I Udmurts and Mari iimpawu ingaqhelekanga of "Mongol, 'esweni esibayeni ekhethekileyo kwikona engaphakathi iliso - epicanthus ubuso ebanzi kakhulu, iindevu engamanzi. Kodwa ngeli iinwele zabo idla ngokuba mhlophe nebomvu, amehlo akhe - aluhlaza okanye ingwevu, nto leyo eqhelekileyo ukuba baseYurophu, kodwa hayi Mongoloids. "Esibayeni Mongolian 'bubonakala Izhora, Iivoti, uKarel nkqu Estonia. Komi khangela ezahlukeneyo. Apho kukho imitshato ugalelwe i Nenets, abameli olu hlanga braces kunye abaneenwele ezimnyama. Okunye Komi, kwelinye icala, kubonakala ngakumbi ngathi Scandinavians, kodwa ngaphezulu ebanzi ababemi.

Finno-Ugric Cuisine yesintu Russia

Uninzi izitya ze cuisine yemveli ye Finno-Ugric abantu Urals kunye kwelentshona ye-Urals, eneneni, engazange liyalondolozwa okanye eziphathekayo misstated. Noko ke, ethnographers uyakwazi ukufumana ezinye iipateni jikelele.

Intlanzi yaba imveliso ephambili Finno-Ugric izizwe ngamandla. Kuye nje baphathwe ngendlela ezahlukeneyo (eqhotsiweyo, vyalili, agaye, asile, ezomisiweyo, sidliwe ekrwada), kodwa ukuze alungiselele uhlobo ngalunye ngendlela yaso, nto leyo yayiza kuba incasa adlulisela ngcono.

Phambi kokufika kompu ndlela iphambili lokuzingela emahlathini yaba ngumgibe. Sabambisa ikakhulu ihlathi intaka (icula, icula) kunye umdlalo encinane, ikakhulu umvundla. Inyama kunye neenkukhu yathamba, wayipheka wazosa, ngaphantsi kakhulu - eqhotsiweyo.

Imifuno kusetyenziswa theniphu kunye radish, imifuno - ezikhula watercress ehlathini, inkomo parsnip, horseradish, itswele, goutweed oselula. Western Finno-Ugric izizwe ngenkankulu wadla awafanele; ngexesha elinye ngenxa empuma, lukwa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekutyeni. Iintlobo zokuqala zengqolowa eyaziwa kwabo ezizweni - nerhasi ingqolowa (abhalwe). Kubo ukulungiselela isidudu, jellies kushushu toppings ukuze sausage ekhaya.

Modern iintlobo culinary of Finno-Ugric izizwana uneempawu yesizwe embalwa kakhulu, njengoko baphenjelelwa ngamandla Russian, Bashkir, Tatar, Chuvash kunye nezinye Cuisine. Nakuba kunjalo, phantse zonke iintlanga iye yasinda izidlo omnye okanye emibini zemveli, Imikhosi okanye umbhiyozo ukuba baye basinda. Ngamafutshane, banikela uluvo jikelele Finno-Ugric ukupheka.

izizwe Finno-Ugric: inkolo

Inkoliso Finno-Ugric abantu abathi ukholo lwamaKristu. EFinland, Estonia kunye Western Lapps na yamaLuthere. Phakathi Hungarians esilawulwa amaKatolika, nangona usenakho ukuhlangabezana bakaCalvin kunye amaLuthere.

Finno-Ugric abantu abahlala kwinxalenye yaseYurophu Russia, - Orthodox ikakhulu amaKristu. Noko ke, Udmurt kunye Mari abantu baye bakwazi ukulondoloza iziza yamandulo unqulo (kwizinyanya), kunye nabantu Samoyed kunye nabemi eSiberia - nemimoya.