Ngehlazo iifektri imveliso yephondo ye-USSR: inkcazelo, imbali kunye neendidi

porcelain eSoviet na umgangatho ophezulu kunye umhombiso obalaseleyo. Kule mihla, uninzi lwabo kuzingelwa zobuciko kunye bemisebenzi yobuciko. Ngomhla kummandla elalisakuba yiSoviet Union owawusebenza inqwaba eziliqela iifektri ekuveliseni imveliso yephondo kunye zodongwe. Imisele ukuba yeyiphi izityalo yenziwa yile nokuba yileya kwisifundo, kuya kunceda kraca.

Kweli nqaku, siza kuqwalasela le mveliso zitampu imveliso yephondo ye-USSR. Ucinga ukuba bajonge njani kwaye yintoni ebonisa? Kwaye ezi izitampu ziye zatshintsha ukutyhubela iminyaka?

Ephilwa ezahlukeneyo

ibizwa cishe Eli binzana livela kwigama yaseJamani Kleim, nelicaciswa Russian njenge "glue". Ibala - yinto graphic oluthi lusetyenziswe imveliso okanye imveliso ukuchonga kumenzi.

Brand, ngokubanzi, i "imveliso", wayila ngexesha khoboka. Kumaxesha amandulo kwakukho umkhuba uphawu ikhoboka naziphi na iziphoso okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho (umzekelo, ukuzama ukubaleka).

Linophawu ziyasetyenziswa kumphezulu ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili:

1. Umothuko (ngokuqhelekileyo kwimveliso metal).
2. Burning.
3. Ukusebenzisa nedayi.

Amabala yenza nje umsebenzi nokuchongwa yempahla. Kudla uhlobo amanqaku umgangatho imveliso ethile. Hi ndlela leyi, nalo olu phawu ukuba wayamanise yayiyintetho eqhelekileyo: "Ewe kufuneka ndawo ukuze ubeke uphawu!". Ngoko bathi ngabantu a lot of iziphene okanye iziphene.

kushishino Porcelain kunye nophuhliso yayo eRashiya

Porcelain - it kakhulu ixesha elide, ukumelana izinto ukumelana thermal nemichiza, esetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso tableware, izinto zobugcisa kunye nezinye iimveliso. Kuba imveliso yawo, njengoko umthetho, sebenzisa resource izimbiwa ezine: kuba kaolin, zwi, feldspar, ibhola udongwe.

Kukholelwa ukuba porcelain 'yasungulwa "amaTshayina kusekho kwinkulungwane VII. Kwaye bagcinwa elide kakhulu iresiphi lasentsithelweni imveliso yawo. Kuphela ngo-1708 i baseYurophu ikwazile ukufumana imveliso yephondo. Emva kwamashumi ambalwa iteknoloji kwemveliso ngoku ifumaneka Russian.

mveliso portselyanovaya yokuqala eRashiya yavulwa eSt Petersburg ngowe-1744. Ibala le mveliso porcelain kwi leSoviet yaba ngqo kalula. Kwakugcwele iileta ezintathu ezazimanyene kwakungomnye: "LPF" (iLeningrad Porcelain Factory). Esi sityalo kusebenza namhlanje. Noko ke, ngoku ngokuziqhenya ebizwa ngokuba Imperial, kwakunye ngamaxesha pre-revolution.

Linophawu USSR kunye mveliso porcelain Russian: iintlobo kunye neempawu

ESoviet Union icandelo imveliso yephondo iye yaphuhliswa kakhulu. Products ukusuka porcelain (izitya, imifanekiso, zitsha kunye nezinye nempahla ekhaya) zenziwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kweli lizwe. Ukufumaneka iphezulu yezityalo waphawula kwi Ukrainian SSR, kwakunye kwi kwinxalenye yaseYurophu ye SFSR Russian.

Ngokutsho kubalawuli endala yiSoviet, 178 mveliso porcelain yayikhona USSR. Nebala ngamnye kubo! Oku kuboniswe ileta okanye uyilo elula graphic, ubukhulu becala izilwanyana. Umzekelo, kwi izitampu Gorodnitski Porcelain Factory uboniswa deer aphilileyo, Polonsky - dada omhlophe, Sinelnikovskuyu - ukuginya ibhabha. Mhlawumbi ingabonisa linomdla waba Zugdidi sisityalo - ihashe phezu kwehlabathi.

izityalo porcelain linophawu zahlulwe iintlobo ezimbini: underglaze (izakwenziwa kwimveliso "ekrwada") kunye overglaze (vyponyayutsya emva kokufaka glazes zokuhombisa ibhaloni). Kukho eziphambili iimveliso ezintathu iindlela ibala:

• extrusion yobunzima manzi;
• Isitampu engqondweni;
• umzobo we uphawu kwimveliso ogqityiweyo.

Yintoni onokumxelela ibala mveliso porcelain

Ibala - oko kukuthi, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, umqondiso umgangatho nenyani imveliso; Nokubekwa ngumvelisi. Amaninzi ingafunyanwa kwi ezantsi zentengiso porcelain - iikomityi, iipleyiti, zitsha kunye mifanekiso.

Linophawu mveliso porcelain Soviet na onokumxelela okuninzi malunga nento ethile. Yiloo nto le abaqokeleli kubalulekile ukufunda ukuba "funda". On izitampu rhoqo iqulethe inkcazelo kuphela malunga nomenzi, kodwa umhla release imveliso, njengoko umntu porcelain opeyintayo ngubani beqabe loo nto njalo. D.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le mveliso efanayo kuba "nasinye isixhobo" iilebhile ezinjalo, kuba kule minyaka ibala-mveliso porcelain rhoqo zatshintsha. Ngamanye amaxesha ngaphaya ingqalelo. Konke oku kudala ezininzi iingxaki zesizukulwana sangoku labaqokeleli kwinkqubo ekuchongweni iimveliso ezithile.

On izitampu porcelain amaninzi ukubona amanqaku alandelayo: "1-C", "C-2", "3-C". Athetha ntoni? Bona singabemiqondiso, apho ukufumanisa ebangeni porcelain:

• lokuqala grade (1-C);
• Class II (C-2);
• ibanga lesithathu (3-C).

Grade imveliso yephondo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha siphakamisa usebenzisa imibala amanqaku: obomvu - enyangweni umgangatho ezahlukeneyo iimveliso; blue - Class I, Green - kuba yesibini namnyama (okanye emdaka) - kuba lesithathu.

Emva koko, siya ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha mveliso edume porcelain eSoviet Union, ukunikela ingqalelo kakhulu kwiimveliso zabo kunye nophawu.

Leningrad Porcelain Factory

Yeyona endala enye enkulu eRashiya wemveliso kwamashishini imveliso yephondo. Oko yasekwa ngowe-1744. Ngoku ke isityalo kuthiwa - Imperial (olufinyeziweyo - IPE).

IPE porcelain ziyaxhonywa eziliqela yeemyuziyam ezaziwayo-kakuhle kwihlabathi (ngakumbi, eLondon, New York, kwakunye kwi Hermitage). Namhlanje, isityalo uvelisa uluhlu olubanzi iimveliso ezahlukeneyo. Le iti iiseti, iikomityi kunye iisosi, imifanekiso, kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo ingaphakathi. series athandwa kakhulu "eMoscow St Petersburg e china", ebonisa iindawo eziphambili zeengqukuva amabini lizwe iindebe, iipleyiti kunye iintsimbi njengesikhumbuzo.

Ibala le mveliso porcelain kwi leSoviet yaba ifomu emfutshane kakhulu: oonobumba ezintathu ezazimanyene "LPF". Namhlanje, bonke liyayishicilela lweshishini elikhokelwa ukhozi neendwe kumhla amabala zezityalo kunye Imperial Porcelain mazwi.

Dmitrov Porcelain Factory

Le nkampani, owasekwa ngo-1766, ibekwe elalini Verbilki (kwisithili Taldom, kummandla eMoscow). Namhlanje ubizwa ngokuba "Porcelain Verbilok".

Kumaxesha Soviet, Dmitrov isityalo swi umba ngobuninzi libya. Noko ke, kulo mzi-mveliso xesha porcelain luvelise Inani lamabhaso ngamazwe ezidumileyo (ezifana imbasa yegolide kwi lo Mboniso ka yeHlabathi e Paris ngo-1937). Namhlanje "Porcelain Verbilok" - yenye zoshishino ezintathu porcelain ezikhoyo eRashiya.

Ibala le mveliso porcelain e Verbilki sinako ukufunda. Lo mzobo intloko dlebe kunye ileta "B" kwikona esezantsi ekunene.

Dulevo imveliso yephondo mveliso

Le inkulu ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso, inkampani kushishino whiteware eRashiya yanamhlanje ise kwisixeko Likino-Dulyovo (nommandla eMoscow). Dulevo isityalo yasekwa ngo-1832. Phantsi kolawulo ngusomashishini onesiphiwo M. S. Kuznetsova mveliso uye wafumana udumo ehlabathini lonke udumo.

Products yale sesityalo kalula umzobo ethile yokuluka. It ngokucacileyo usukela nezisusa lwemveli Russian ngakumbi ubukho imibala-orenji kunye obomvu. Iti Misela "Golden Amaxhama", mhlawumbi imisebenzi ezininzi elibalulekileyo kwisityalo.

Linophawu Dulevo porcelain mveliso kwi kwimbali yonke ikhona zatshintsha-30! Ukususela ngo-1962, igama uhlobo lweshishini lumelo olubonakalayo lwe ukhozi. Ngaphezu koko, le nyoni "khangela 'zombini yasekhohlo kunye namacala tye.

Gorodnitsky Porcelain Factory

Le yenye amashishini Ukrainian kushishino omdala whiteware. Lo mzi-mveliso yakhiwa ngo-1799 kwaye yosapho njengenkosana Czartoryski. Ngelishwa, le nkampani ekugqibeleni yavalwa ngo-2012. Yayikumgama kwidolophana Gorodnitsa mmandla Zhytomyr.

Kumaxesha Soviet, isityalo yavelisa tableware, iiseti iti kunye imifanekiso yezinto imveliso yephondo. Kwi istampu imveliso obuvezwa okanye nenkuku yamanzi okanye iileta ezintathu: GFZ (phantsi igama lesityalo).

Polonsky Porcelain Factory

Kwisiqingatha sesibini XIX kushishino porcelain ngenkulungwane ye iqala lunwenwe Podolia (kummandla of Western Ukraine), encediswa isiseko lwezibonelelo zendawo - iidipozithi natyebileyo kaolin ngodongwe kunye nesanti zwi. Ngowe-1889, kwidolophu endala ezipheleleyo (ngoku kummandla Khmelnitsky) oko yasekwa izityalo, nto leyo wabumisela ukuze sibe enye abavelisi lukhulu imveliso yephondo kwi-USSR.

Ingakumbi odumileyo Polonsky mveliso kugesi Izithombe ezininzi. Famous decanter ngezibuko ngohlobo iintlanzi, mhlawumbi, ukuba kuzo zonke ezinye usapho eSoviet. On iimveliso Polonsky of porcelain mveliso rhoqo ungabona isitampu ngokohlobo dada. Ngelishwa, ngo-2008 i-Ukrainian isigebenga kushishino porcelain yaphela.