Ngezakhi: ngobuhle nangobubi bawo. Le iingxoxo nxamnye ezinezakhi kwabantu

Ngezakhi yenye yeengxaki ixakayo amayeza iminyaka emininzi; amukeleke kwizazi ezininzi bendlela kule nkqubo. I ikhankanya yokuqala clones abala kunyaka 1963. Naso xa gama kwaqala ukusebenzisa i zofuzo evela UK oko.

isigama ezidingekayo

Izazi sebenzisa iinkcazelo ezininzi eli gama "clone". Amaninzi, eli gama kuthetha ephilayo ethile, owayebonakele nge vnepolovoe yokuvelisa walondoloza ulwazi yemfuza ukusuka umzali wayo. kwezakhi zofuzo ivezwa kwinkqubo ngezakhi. Oku akuthethi ukuba ikopi epheleleyo. Kweejini ukuba twatse ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa emva kokuba iimpawu zazo nadgeneticheskim clones zinokwahluka. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba enye ubungakanani, umbala, susceptibility sisifo.

Umzekelo, indlela emfutshane odumileyo Dolly wayengekho ngokupheleleyo ikopi phenotypic iiseli zeegusha zasetyenziselwa imveliso yawo. Yena zinobunzima ezimbi, ngenxa apho wafa esemncinane. Yaye ukuba akukho-izifo emfutshane wayengekho. Emva kokuzalwa Dolly, abaninzi baqala ukuthetha malunga nokuba nako vnepolovoe ukuzala. Ezimbalwa abaxhasi eli sebe eziphilayo ukunqanda into yokuba malunga nama-85% seenzame ukwenza clones iphele ngo ukusilela. Kodwa oku iindawo unexplored - asingabo kwiimpikiswano kuphela ngezakhi.

okunokuvela

Okwangoku, kusekwangoko kakhulu ukuthetha malunga nokukotshwa iikopi ngqo zabantu. Kodwa anathandabuza, anisayi kwenza le ezinezakhi: iingenelo neengozi ukuqhuba uphando kule ndawo singakwazi ukufumana okuninzi lweempikiswano. Kodwa musa ukulibala ukuba eli shishini ibonelela ngamathuba amaninzi.

Ngoko ke, enye yeendawo ethembisayo lo abohlukeneyo. Kuba an ukufakelwa ilungu ukuba bakhangele donor, ukuze uqinisekise ukuhambisana, utyando kunoko bethandaza, kungekhona ukuqalisa inkqubo lusenokungamkelwa. Ngezakhi angakhula umzimba efana kakhulu kwaye lokususa ngayo.

Kwakhona, abaninzi bathi oku ithuba iintsapho engenabantwana abangafuniyo ukuthatha umntwana ongengowakho. Ngaphezu koko, ukukhulisa ngokuthatha babengayi inani lezifo zamafa. Abantu abaninzi bafuna ukusebenzisa ezi ubugcisa ukwenzela ukuthintela ukwaluphala nokufa zendalo.

Kunzima ukutsho oko likamva ngezakhi. Nobubi wempikiswano zomelele macala omabini. Kodwa abalandeli kunye abachasi indoda idlala intetho malunga kumacala ahlukeneyo lwemali.

Kukholelwa ukuba xa izazinzulu ziya kuba nako ukwenza luvo ukuba ungakwazi esikhundleni iiseli zemithambo ebuchotsheni, wafa ngenxa ukuqhubela phambili kwesifo Parkinson kaThixo. Kwakhona kwizicwangciso ukudala iiseli pancreatic ukuba unako ukuvelisa insulin zendalo umzimba seswekile.

Kwamiswa on kukubuka

Ngaphandle kokuba iingcali zenzululwazi kude ekubeni akwazi ukwenza ikopi epheleleyo kwimpilo yabantu, kwinqanaba yowiso sele akuvumelekanga. Umzekelo, i-UN declaration ezizodwa, nto leyo ithi inadmissibility of ukwenza imifuniselo ezinjalo kwi yokuzala komntu, ngezakhi iye yaphuhliswa. Against (ukwakheka mthetho Ngethamsanqa abaphandi, oko kuphela isindululo) uphuhliso kwezi lobuchwepheshe wenze amalungu 84 kuphela. Kodwa isibhengezo inkxaso ngamandla eUnited States, kwi-Mpuma kumazwe Arab, in Latin America kunye Afrika.

Abaninzi wathetha egameni aqhubeke nokuphuhlisa ubugcisa, ukuba baqhube imifuniselo kunye ngezakhi. Kodwa ke ngelo xesha phezulu enye abantu kuhlala esebenzayo. ubuchwepheshe zokuzala ngokuthi ngezakhi wavalwa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-30. Phakathi kwazo kukho Russia, amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, iJapan, China, uSirayeli.

Noko ke, izazinzulu bayaqhubeka ekwenzeni iimbumba. Kukholelwa ukuba le ndawo ukuba ibe mbuso amayeza. Ngokwembono yabo, oogqirha besebenzisa ezi ubuchwepheshe bale mihla kufuneka ithuba lokuphumelela eziliqela izifo ezifana ne-Alzheimer, Parkinson okanye isifo seswekile. Zofuzo bakholelwa ukuba naziphi kwakhona ukukhusela yokuziphatha, le yokuziphatha, kodwa Kukuze batshabalale abantu abahlala. Ukuze siqonde isimo sakhe kulo mba, kuyimfuneko ukwazi zonke iingxoxo kwiinkampu silwe. Ke wonke umntu uya kukwazi ukwenza ukhetho ngokwabo baze baqonde indlela esinceda ngayo ubugcisa bale mihla. Abaninzi usesesikolweni yezixhobo zecomputer ukubonisa zonke bokuqonda nokuchaza omabini amacala ngqekembe ebizwa ngokuba "ngezakhi:. Elungileyo nengalunganga koko" Isincoko ngesihloko kunceda into elungileyo isimo sabo ukuba lo mba.

ingozi esongela

Ethetha ngemfuneko sokuvala yonke iteknoloji ngumntu zokuzala, abantu boyika ukuba oogqirha abakwazi kakuhle ukusingatha naziphi na izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu. Nkqu uphuhliso kakhulu emfihlekweni kuzazisa kwisangqa ngeendidi zabantu. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, oko kwenzeka izixhobo zenyukliya. Ngoko ke, ulawulo ulwazi lwenzululwazi kunye nokusasazwa yayo akunakwenzeka.

Nangona onke amathuba ezinikezelwa yi yitherapeutic babantu, "kuba" yaye "nxamnye" ke kufuneka ukuba indlela esiwenza equleni. Umzekelo, uphuhliso kwezi technologies nga nomtya ezandleni ithi ndlongondlongo, amaqela abagrogrisi. Baya kukwazi ukwenza umkhosi singapheli yinyama yabantu, hayi sisindwa ubukrelekrele. Ukongeza, kuya kuba lula ukwenza clones abalawuli behlabathi baloo ukuthembeka zabo, ukuba benze chaos kubomi kwezopolitiko.

Kodwa ukuthetha ngayo, abantu abaninzi ukulibala ukuba ukuze ufumane Clone kobuntu yobudala engama ezifana-40, kuyimfuneko ukuba kudlule phezu kwezi engama-40. Ngapha koko, ukuba bakhule ngendlela efanayo nabantu abaqhelekileyo. Ukongeza, kufuneka ukufumana abazali uyavuma ukuba ukuzala ukukhulisa usana eyenziwe. Ngoko ke, ukuze ufumane umkhosi clones, kuyimfuneko ukuba kudlule iminyaka ubuncinane 20-25 na.

Enye ingozi isondela kukuba abantu baya kuba nako kwiprogram yomntwana besini oyifunayo. Umzekelo, e China okanye emhlabeni Muslim, apho ukuzalwa inkwenkwe esuke, kusenokuba kungalingani enkulu.

Kwakhona musa ukulibala ukuba ezi ubugcisa sokuzala akukabikho egqibeleleyo. Izazinzulu ziye bafunda indlela lukwavelisa umbandela yemfuza, kodwa ukudala uphume kuyo ikopi iphila kakhulu nzima kubo. Kuba zofuzo - akukho sizathu ukuba ayeke. Ngaphandle uphando akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuphuhlisa olu shishino.

ezinye izikhalazo

Abantu abaninzi abachasene ubugcisa ekuzaleni kuba nje abayiqondi, kutheni kufuneka yitherapeutic yabantu. Nobubi wempikiswano kuba kuzo akucaci. Elinye iqela bathi umntu - i indalo elikhethekileyo akwamkelekanga ukwenza ikopi yaso. Ngokutsho kubo, oko phantsi isidima sabantu. Kodwa bayalibala ukuba iikhowudi ezifanayo namawele afanayo. iplanethi lwabo malunga 150 million.

Abaninzi engcolileyo, ingcamango ngezakhi. Kodwa akukho sizathu ukuba ithintele ihambo uphando kulo mhlaba. Isigqibo ukudlala uhlobo yabo kufuneka kuthathwe kuphela ngabantu ngokwabo. Kungenjalo, ubuntu, ndayihluthwa kwelungelo lenkululeko yokuzikhethela wakhuthaza. Abalandeli uzibuze ngokunyanisekileyo kutheni ngezakhi avanyisa ngaphezu, umzekelo, ukutshintsha ngesondo.

Kodwa kukho ezinye iingxoxo nxamnye yitherapeutic yabantu. Ngoko ke, bakhuphela ikhowudi singaphungula ukwahluka zofuzo kubantu kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. inzala eyenziwe uya kuba buthathaka, ngakumbi ezithandwa zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kwaye oku kuza kuba negalelo kuphuhliso bhubhane. Kodwa oku kuyimfuneko ekwenzeni ngokoqobo sele kwambatha cu mveliso. On iplanethi abantu 6 billion of. Nokuba kuya kubakho clones nesigidi esinye, ngoko ke lo mali iya kuba kungafumaneka kuchaphazela iyantlukwano hayi genotypic. Kodwa ukuba ikopi umntu ngamnye, ufumana iikopi 6 billion ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuze uqonde into ngezakhi, wena okanye kulo meko, simele sikhumbule ukuba le nkqubo ayinakuze ithelekiswe kunye zobunjineli yemfuza. Nangona imizila yemfuza azizaliswanga ilungiswe ngayo nayiphi na indlela nokuba abazitshintshi, kodwa yakhutshelwa nje. Oku kukhokelela kukuba kukho umfanekiso lomntu ngaphandle naluphi na utshintsho. Yena akanako ube unjengengwenya okanye isilo. Ezi ziphumo kunokukhokelela kuphela isicelo of ubuchule zobunjineli yemfuza, apho DNA ilungiswe.

iinkalo zokuziphatha

Abachasi ingcamango yitherapeutic yabantu swi yokuba kwenziwe iikopi zabantu akukho sikweni. Kwakhona nxamnye ecela lixhasa ibandla. Kodwa ke abantu zonqulo isininzi abachasene bonke ubugcisa nezenzala, kubandakanywa IVF. Bathi ukuba indalo womntu, imfihlakalo yimbonakalo ekuzalweni kwakhe kufuneka abe phantsi kuphela kuThixo. Indoda okunene ayifanele ukuba bangenele kule miba.

Kodwa abameli zeCawa Orthodox Russian bathi amalungu ngamnye, tissue, izilwanyana ungadlala. Kodwa bayayichasa enomfanekiso kwabantu epheleleyo. Noko ke, musa cinga lo mbuzo, oosonzululwazi engakhange abe nokuvavanywa yitherapeutic ngokwenzululwazi. "Kwizazi" yaye "bendlela" ziye ezabo. Orthodox wathini kwicala yokuziphatha kwalo mba. Kuqala kwinto zonke, bayazibuza abantu kuvakalelwa njani xa efumanisa ukuba yena ngokupheleleyo ikopi umntu. Kwakhona kubalulekile, kunye nemiba yomthetho. Ngaba Clone yindlalifa umntu ukunikela? Ingaba uza kuqhubeka nohambo lwakhe?

Ngaphezu koko, kucacile ukuba abantu yitherapeutic elula nekungenakwenzeka ukuba ayeke. Bafuna ukudibanisa oko yobunjineli yemfuza. Oko kukuthi, ukuba eli shishini iya kuphuhliswa, abaninzi bafuna ukwenza amalungelo ikopi phambili. Umzekelo, baya kufuna ukwandisa ukunyamezela, kuphucule amandla engqondo, ukuze ukukhuthaza amalungu ngamnye, kuchaphazela imbonakalo.

norms jikelele waqaphela yokuziphatha

Ethetha, bambalwa abantu bacinge malunga iinzuzo ngezakhi kunye nengozi kukuba ngqo indlela eyenzeka le nkqubo. Ngoko ke, ukuze imizimba ezikhulayo iiseli stem osandul asebenza kakuhle. Emva malunga ngaphakathi kweentsuku ezili-14 kubo baqale onke amalungu kunye neenkqubo zomzimba. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba iiseli imini 3-4 zezona zona ngezakhi ubugcisa.

Kuba ezinezakhi iiseli stem kakhulu efanelekileyo pluripotent. Phakathi kwabo akhiwa onke amalungu kunye namalaphu, kodwa ayikwazi ukuvelisa i eyodwa. Kuyinto kwesi sigaba, zemfuza zibe namandla kakhulu. Iminyaka emininzi, kukho ingxoxo esebenzayo, ayivavanyi ukuba ethical ekwenzeni imibungu zabantu "ukuba" yaye "nxamnye" kwinkampu ngamnye kakuhle ngokwaneleyo. Ngenxa yoko, iqela musa ningadinwa ukukhumbula ukuba ezi iiseli zisetyenziswa ngeembumba isisu.

Kuba imizimba ngayo le ezinezakhi lobeko. Umbungu ikhule kweminyaka iinyanga ezintathu. Emva koko emke isibeleko iisoyi kunye ibekwe kwindawo engenazintsholongwane, nto leyo eza kuxhasa inkqubo yobomi bakhe. Ngokutsho amalungu e-worldwork theory ethe ikhule ngale ndlela umzimba okanye umntu okanye Clone ngokupheleleyo. Bobabiza iqela amalungu lokunxibelelana, kuba abalazi ephilayo wayeka umsebenzi ngexesha isisu. Nalo eli cebo uphuhliso nemithi andivumi ngezakhi iintshaba.

zofuzo umbono

Iingcali inxaxheba ubuchwepheshe nokulinywa iiseli abaphila ngokusebenzisa ngumntu, bathi ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ufumane ikopi efanayo yokuba ungumntu. Emva kokuba ibunjiwe, iijini nje kuphela kodwa ke iimeko apho wakhula. Kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuyenza. Abantu ucinga udlala ngabantu abaziwayo, iimbaleki ezibalaseleyo, iinkcuba-buchopho, kodwa bayalibala ukuba lukazwelonke kuphela zifana. Akha ikopi efanayo njengoko original, akunakwenzeka.

Kwakhona uthetha ezinjalo amathuba kusekutsha kakhulu. Ngoko ke, lo gama engenamsebenzi baxabane malunga yokuziphatha nokuqhuba iingxoxo malunga nesihloko "ngezakhi:. Elungileyo nengalunganga koko" Ngoku abaphandi unokuthabatha exhasanayo izihlunu, wasibeka iqanda akanayo emathiriyeli yezofuzo yayo, wantshulisa kuyo blastotsilu. Kodwa emva koko, kuyimfuneko ukuba ndityale isibeleko. Xa ukhula Dolly izimvu wadalwa 277 clones kubo wazinza isibeleko 29. kuphela Kweli nani, wafumana iigusha iphila enye kuphela.

Ukuhlolwa iimpuku zivakalise ukuba ukufumana inzala oko kunokwenzeka. Kodwa abanye siphene efihlakeleyo ivela kule silwanyana. Ngaphandle, iphila ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa kwisizukulwana ngasinye ukuba kubi zalandela ngezakhi.

Nditsho ke iingcali musa ukwenza kuthi ukuba ezi teknoloji akhuselekile. Bayakwazi onokumxelela into oyaziyo iinzuzo kunye neengozi ebuzwa ezinezakhi ( "ukuba" okanye "nxamnye"). Isincoko kwisifundo ngasinye baya kuba nako ukubonisa ziziphi iingozi ezongezelelweyo babonisele experimenters.

Bendlela iingcali eye

Genetics bakholisekile oko zisetyenziselwa ngeembumba zophando, ukuba ayinandaba malunga kwicala yonqulo umbuzo, okanye imiba kwindlela yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko. Banako ukuba ezinye iingxoxo nxamnye ngezakhi. Kodwa ke, ngenxa yabo, bathi kuphela ukuba eli shishini ifuna uphando olongezelelweyo.

Ngoko ke, lo gama iingcali kucacile ukuba ngezakhi ayikwazi ukuba indawo ukuchuma yendalo. Kodwa ke isizathu sokuba ngenkqubo clones isizukulwana ngasinye kunzima ukufumana phandle ayikho kodwa kunokwenzeka. Kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini eziphambili. On omnye wabo, kunye ngezakhi "slizivyvaetsya" ekupheleni nganye zofuzo ngokuba "telomere". Oku kwenza kube nzima ukuqhubeka ukukopa. Kodwa lo vekeleke ke lwabonisa ngokubonisa ngee-eksperimenti kwi iimpuku. Ngokutsho kwenye inguqulelo, kungenxa yokuba clones zempilo uyehla na kwisizukulwana ngasinye odlulayo. Kodwa kwakhona ayikwazanga ukuqinisekiswa.

ukukhetha ilungelo

Ncokola malunga nokuba ingaba ukudlala umntu okanye ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, kunokuba ongapheliyo. Ngapha koko, kuya kusoloko kuhlala amaqela alwayo ukuba uyakwazi ukuthetha malunga nesihloko "ngezakhi:. Elungileyo nengalunganga koko" Table eya ukubonisa zonke ezinokubakho eziluncedo nezingeloncedo yale ndlela akunakwenzeka ukubanceda cincile. Nangona kuya kunika ngamnye umntu ithuba lokuba ukuchaza kuluvo lwabo.

Empirically, kufunyaniswe ukuba nkqu bekhuphela DNA ayiniki ithuba lokufumana twatse ngumphefumlo ophilileyo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, ikati eyenziwe yaba umbala eyahlukileyo uninazala - eyicela ye-genetic material. Abantu abaninzi babecinga ukuba oku kuza "kubavusa" isilwanyana, ngethemba ebhegini lidlale abantu adlulileyo.

Ngoko ke, cinga ngezakhi, njengesebe Reproductive Medicine, ngeli xesha, akekho omnye. Kodwa nantsi lokuphuhlisa izakhono entsimini ngamayeza nokunyanga kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ukuba uye kuphela ngale ndlela, inani abachasi sele kabukhali lifinyele. Ukuze wenze oku, siya kuqwalasela zonke bokuqonda ezichaphazela inkqubo ebizwa ngezakhi. "Kuba," yaye "nxamnye" zingaphawulwa ngokufutshane ngendlela ngolu hlobo. Izinto eziluncedo eziphambili ziquka amathuba ukunyanga izifo ezininzi kakhulu, wokulungisa eluswini, aqhumisele amaxhoba, ilungu esikhundleni. Kodwa abachasi Basenokuthi kuyimfuneko ukukhumbula malunga kwicala yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko umba, into yokuba ezi ubuchwepheshe zenzelwe ukubulala ubomi baqalisa (i iimbumba ezithatyathwe apho iiseli stem).