Ngubani na xa basungula i umdlalo mihla?

Imidlalo ingabalelwa yenziwe kuqhathaniswa. Phambi ezandleni zabantu kwabaneka umdlalo mihla, yabamba ezininzi imingxunyana, nganye ethe wenza igalelo layo elibalulekileyo umendo yendaleko kwesi sifundo. Xa yasungulwa umdlalo mihla? Ngoobani aba? Yiyiphi indlela yokosulelwa ngumzabalazo wohlanga loluntu? Apho basungula umdlalo okwesihlandlo sokuqala? Kwaye eziphi iinkalo nangoku Ufihla bali?

Ixabiso lomlilo ebomini bomntu

Long ukususela umlilo wanikwa iqhayiya indawo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso yethu. yenye iziqalelo yonke yoMlilo. Kuba abantu bamandulo, waba simanga kunye isicelo layo angalaziyo nkqu. AmaGrike amandulo, umzekelo, gcina emlilweni engcwele ngokugqithisela ngabantu.

Kodwa nophuhliso lwenkcubeko alukhange wema ngxi, yaye umlilo ukuyifunda nje ukuyisebenzisa kakuhle, kodwa ukuvelisa ngokwabo. Ngenxa idangatye eqaqambileyo ekhaya baba yafudumala unyaka wonke, ukutya wafumana unyango ubushushu baba tastier, inxaxheba baqala ukuphuhlisa intsimbi lokunyibilikisa, copper, igolide nesilivere. izinto zokuqala ezenziwe ngodongwe kunye neseramikhi nabo bakhoyo ibekho ngenxa emlilweni.

Umlilo lokuqala - ntoni na?

Njengoko usazi, umlilo yayiveliswa kuqala ngumntu kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo. Njengoko noobawo? Simple ngokwaneleyo: ukuthatha ezibini iinkuni waza waqalisa pakani kubo, umungu umthi kunye uthuli lashushu kangangokuba umlilo okhawulezileyo lokulwa.

Xa indawo i "lomthi" umlilo kwaphuma lenyengane. It is a yintlantsi kuveliswa nesikhonkwane ngesinyithi okanye ubhedu pyrites of ibunzi. Ke ezi iskrinki ephakamayo izinto ezithile olunokutsha, yaye kwenzeka ukuba intsimbi idumileyo - Lighter kwimo yalo yantlandlolo. Kubonakala ukuba lighter yaqanjwa phambi yematshisi. Umahluko iminyaka yabo emithathu yokuzalwa.

Njengoko amaGrike amandulo namaRoma nikwazile ukuba enye indlela yemveliso komlilo - ngokujolisa imitha yelanga yi lens okanye sisipili phakathi.

Ngowe-1823, wenza isixhobo esitsha - sixhobo Deberayera sigade. Umgaqo hlelo zisekelwe ekukwazini layo usebenzisa oxyhydrogen phemba kwi qhagamshelana ne-platinum nomsi-. Ngoko bonke efanayo xa ceba namhlanje umdlalo? Makhe sijonge lo mba ngokucacileyo ngaphezulu.

igalelo elibonakalayo kusungulwe mihla imidlalo iye yaziswa German Scientist A. Gankvattsem. Ngenxa wit yakhe idibanisa wabonakala kuqala kunye ukutyabeka isalfure nto leyo ibangelwa ukukhuhlana kwiphetshana phosphorus. Imilo le midlalo kwaba udidekile kakhulu efuna ukuphuculwa ngokukhawuleza.

Ngemvelaphi yegama elithi "ayifani"

Phambi wokuqonda ceba midlalo, masifumanise intsingiselo yalo mbono kunye nemvelaphi yayo.

Igama elithi "Umdlalo" liye iingcambu ezindala Russian. kuneyokuqala ilizwi "yenaliti" - induku kunye isiphelo etsolo, a eliqela.

Ekuqaleni ngokuba iinaliti izikhonkwane, eyenziwe ngomthi, injongo ephambili kwawo ukuba aqhoboshele intende isihlangu.

Imbali ukuyilwa umdlalo lwangoku

Xa lwasungulwa umdlalo mihla - ingongoma moot ngokwaneleyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba kude kube kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX, i-International umthetho welungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza akubanga njalo, noseko iindidi obafunyanwa imichiza baba amazwe aseYurophu ngexesha elifanayo.

Umbuzo owasungula umdlalo, phi selubala. Imbali imbonakalo yazo unetyala imvelaphi yalo yasekhemesti French K. L. Bertolle. zophando oluphambili ityuwa leyo qhagamshelana ne-sulphuric acid ikhuthaza kukhululwe mali enkulu ubushushu. Kamva lo kwafunyaniswa yaba sisiseko yomsebenzi lwenzululwazi uJean Chancel, Bulelani apho imisebenzi yasungulwa Umdlalo wokuqala - induku ngomthi, incam yayo isale umxube wetyuwa Berthollet, isalfure, iswekile kunye seentsini. Loo isixhobo ephakamayo yintloko ngokucinezelwa ukutshatisa asbestos buzane kwangaphambili sulphuric acid wamandla.

imidlalo sulphur

Umsunguli kwabo Dzhon Uoker. Waye kancinane watshintsha amacandelo intloko umdlalo: bertoletova ityuwa + emanzini Arabic + kwistibhiya. Ukuze phemba nomdlalo onjalo, libambisene ne-sulphuric acid wayengekho kuyimfuneko. Baba iinkuni ezomileyo ucinezelo apho ngokwaneleyo ukuze oko tywakraza nawuphi na umgangatho rough: isale iphepha elilukhuni, grater, iglasi emhlabeni. imidlalo zaba 91 cm, nomqulu kwabo ipensile ezikhethekileyo, ezinokuthi zibekwe iziqwenga 100. Ivumba kubo ibisoyikeka. Ezazikhutshwe kuqala ngo-1826.

phosphorus uhambisana

Yintoni unyaka ceba imidlalo phosphorus? Mhlawumbi kufuneka sinxulumane imbonakalo yazo ukususela kunyaka 1831, xa usomachiza French Charles Soria ifakwe kumxube sigade phosphorus emhlophe. Ngenxa yoko, amacandelo abasemthethweni yinhloko umdlalo Berthollet netyuwa, iglu, phosphorus emhlophe. Nayiphi ukukhuhlana kwakonele ukutshatisa eziphuculweyo ephakamayo.

Le ethile ephambili liqondo eliphezulu umngcipheko womlilo. Ivumba olungaphezu - enye ezingalunganga yematshisi sulphur sisusiwe. babe ke bona yingozi kwimpilo ngenxa kokukhutshwa phosphorus umphunga. Abasebenzi lwamashishini kunye neefektri zaye phantsi kwezifo. Ujonge nevuthisayo ngexesha 1906, wavala ukusetyenziswa phosphorus njengenye kubahlali lo mdlalo.

umdlalo Swedish

iimveliso Swedish kukho nto yimbi ngaphandle iintelekiso mihla. xa ihlabathi wabona umdlalo wokuqala emva kweminyaka engama-50 kunye mzuzu Unyaka fyabo bafika. Endaweni phosphorus umxube sigade yafakwa phosphorus ebomvu. A kuqamba efanayo, ngokusekelwe eziqulathwe iphosphate ebomvu, yaye kusetyenziswa ekuhlawuleni umphezulu ecaleni kwebhokisi. Akukho nje le midlalo kuphela intsebenziswano kunye phosphor camera eplastiki yayo. Abayi ukumela nayiphi na ingozi empilweni yoluntu kwaye engangenwa. Le umdali iintelekiso mihla uthathwa ekhemesti Swedish Johan Lundstrom.

Ngowe-1855 kwaqhutywa Paris International Exhibition, apho Swedish Match sele unikwe imbasa ephezulu. Kamva, phosphorus ayeqala isuswe amacandelo umxube sigade, phezu kwebhokisi, wahlala unanamhla.

Xa kusenziwa imidlalo namhlanje ovame Aspen. Ukubunjwa luyinto sigade abaninzi emanzini isalfure, paraffins isinyithi, iioksidenti, manganese dioxide, iglu, oxide intsimbi, iglasi umgubo. Ekwenziweni Ipeyinti Ezomva bhokisi zisetyenziswa phosphorus ebomvu, emanzini kwistibhiya, oxide intsimbi, manganese dioxide, calcium carbonate.

Uya kuba nomdla!

umdlalo isikhongozelo Okokuqala akazange ibhokisi yekhadibhodi, nentsimbi iibhokisi-esifubeni. Label wayengekho, kunye negama lomenzi eziboniswe isitampu, apho ibekwe phezu isiciko okanye icala iphakheji.

Le midlalo phosphorus yokuqala phemba ngenxa ivuse. Umphezulu ngokupheleleyo ilingane nayiphi: wazikhulula iimpahla kunye nesiphelo kunye umdlalo nokupakishwa.

Bhokisi yenziwe ngokungqinelana nemigangatho karhulumente Russian, linobude kanye 5 iisentimitha, ngoko ingasetyenziswa ukuba umlinganiselo ngokuchanekileyo izinto.

Umdlalo isoloko isetyenziswa onefuthe ngayo iimpawu ngokubanzi izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuze sibonwe kuphela ifoto.

Izalathisi malunga nemiba ye-ingeniso yemveliso yematshisi kweli hlabathi 30 billion iibhokisi ngonyaka.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi imidlalo: igesi, ecikizekileyo, iziko, alarm, thermal, yokufota, ifama, ukuzingela.

Iibhokisi Advertising umdlalo

Xa yasungulwa Imidlalo mihla, kodwa emva koko waya ukusetyenziswa esebenzayo zokufaka ezizodwa kubo - iibhokisi. Ngubani bacinga ukuba oku kuya kuba ngomnye urhwebo ethembisayo ihambisa elo xesha. On upakisho ezinjalo ezotywe izibhengezo. Le ntengiso lokuqala zorhwebo kwi ibhokisi yematshisi zadalwa eMelika ngu Diamond Match Inkampani e-1895, nto leyo yakhuthaza qembu kwinqakwana mendelson Opera Company. Kwi inxalenye ebonakalayo bhokisi yaba umfanekiso trombonist. Ke kaloku, bhokisi yentengiso yokugqibela eseleyo ezenziwa ngelo xesha, wathengiswa kutshanje 25 amawaka eerandi.

Ingcamango yokwazisa kwi bhokisi wamkelwa ngomdla, kwaye ngokubanzi yamkelwa kwicandelo loshishino. Ezipakishwe okufanayo umlozi i utshwala "Pabst" e Milwaukee, uKumkani Tobacco Duke, ukuhlafuna Ukuhlafuna Gum gum Wrigley yakhe. Ngokukhangela ngapha bhokisi, ndaze eqhelene iinkwenkwezi, abadumileyo yesizwe, iimbaleki, njalo-njalo. D.