Ngubani na xa basungula i yosiba lokubhala? Yintoni unyaka owavela yosiba lokubhala?

Ukususela kwixesha xa umntu lokuqala baqalisa ukufunda ukuzoba nokubhala, kwakukho izixhobo ezininzi kulo. Okokuqala, indima edlalwa zokubhala intonga ngamaplanga, Iliwa. Bahambe umfanekiso phezu kwentlabathi okanye Undimisa eweni. Xa BC ngenkulungwane yesi-4. e. Baqala abantu babhale ngoncedo ithambo okanye iinkuni ngomthi kwi te emacwecweni zodongwe emanzini. Mandulo Greece zisetyenziselwa le ntonga kunye incam etsolo (ngosiba) kunye ipleyiti legqunyiwe wax maleko ubhityileyo. Namhlanje, sisebenzisa zonke izibonelelo zenkcubeko, kunye isixhobo ngoko ezilula ezibonakala zilula ipeni, nje ukuhlawula ingqalelo. Wena bet! impahla ezinjalo kuyo nayiphi na ivenkile enikeza i-ofisi (hayi kuphela) elingaphaya: yosiba lokubhala, gel, oyile, i-inki ... Amaqondo ubanzi kunjalo, ukuba amehlo diverge. Kodwa ke akusoloko. Makhe umkhondo imbali kuphuhliso le mveliso kwaye ufumanise nini owasungula yepen yokubhala.

Background. Wokufumana kwi iiphiramidi

Ngubani na xa basungula i yosiba lokubhala? Enyanisweni, impendulo yalo mbuzo akucacanga kakhulu - abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba ingcamango ngokudala le yokubhala izinto beza kumaYiputa amandulo. Kwingcwaba Tutankhamen yafunyanwa eliphuma yokubamba mihla - ityhubhu eyenziwe elikhokelela simahla kwaye isiphelo etsolo. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba kwisisu waso kwakukho ingcongolo kuzaliswa i-inki, yaye ngaloo ndlela, izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ekubhaleni.

Ngoko, xa esikhumbeni kokusungulwa, siye yabhekisela ubuhlanti eQuill. Kukholelwa ukuba bobuhlanti kuqala ukusetyenziswa sokubhala waqala baseSpeyin. Ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa yokuqala usiba kuqhutyelwa entlabathini eshushu, ngoko tsolo kwindawo engile ethile. Kuxhomekeka engile isimbo sokubhala ungahluka. Ngoko yasungulwa oonobumba abakhulu. Kakhulu ngokufuthi esetyenziselwa ekubhaleni iintsiba yamarhanisi. nehlungulu azixhaphakanga kwaye nkqu iintsiba ipikoko. ipeni Good sisipho ophambili, njengoko kunjalo namhla, umzekelo, iimveliso okanye uhlobo Parker ST Dupont. Ke kaloku kwaye owasungula yosiba lokubhala?

Ukususela iintsiba washington ukuya intonga capillary

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha, oko kuqala yasungulwa lead ipensile. Oku kwenziwa abacebi ngokuzimeleyo Australia nesiFrentshi. La maxesha zithathwa ekuqaleni nophuhliso kolu shishino lwe zokubhala. Ngo-1803 kwakukho umatshini ubuhlanti ngentsimbi. Ekuqaleni, kwakungekho yokubeka longitudinal kwi iincam eliboya buqhamileyo, ngoko ubhale wabo kwandim. Emva kweminyaka engama-27, kwakukho iincam nawo uboya in version yazo iphuculwe. Yaye ekupheleni ezibayeni metal ngenkulungwane ye-19 endaweni ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa eqhelekileyo, eyayenziwe ngesiliva, intsimbi kunye negolide.

waseMelika Lewis Waterman wathenjiswa inguqulelo entsha ye-isixhobo ezibhaliweyo - ebuhlanti. Umgaqo yayo ukusebenza yayisekelwe ekufunyanweni inki ngokusebenzisa mingxuma ezongezelelweyo. Waterman waseka inkampani Ideal Pen, kodwa kungekudala kakhulu wokusungula, a okhuphisanayo entsha - ngepeni.

Ziziphi unyaka lo okokuqala basungula i yosiba lokubhala? Umbono John Lauda

Inkqubo yokudala yosiba lokubhala phezu ibali siyaqhubeka. Mhlawumbi ngexesha elinye kwaye kwakukho ndoda ngenkxola yokuqala abeza. Umntu uyazi ukuba ngubani na nini. Basungula i yosiba lokubhala kwi kuhlobo sisazi namhlanje, thina, i-American ukususela Massachusetts Dzhon Dumisani. Patent ngokuba, wafumana-Oktobha 30, 1888.

Ngeendlela ezininzi, uyilo lokuqala embhoxo roll-on deodorant mihla. Ngaphakathi waba ngentonga elingqingqwa, ngokuthe ngcembe Gcina i-inki iphepha, kusale umzila. Esibayeni lokuqala bazaliswa inki ngaphandle kwezo zisetyenziselwa peni umthombo. Ngoko ke kungekudala Lauda kwabonakala into eninzi yokhuphiswano - abaninzi bafuna ukufumana ilungelo eyakho ukwenziwa-inki. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba uYohane Lauda ngexesha fyabo, kuthango ibhola-obekho engama-44 ubudala, yaye yaba kunobhala wenkundla yebhanki eqhelekileyo.

Noko ke, ukuze afumane ingeniso efunekayo akukwazeki nakubani, kuba umenzi ukufihla ngenyameko iimfihlelo zabo, nguyena inkokeli ekuzibonakaliseni. Zokuncedisa usiba, wazama kunencasa yokurhweba kontanga yayo, mgangathweni - inki sasivela rhoqo lawisa ibhola. Nangona kwasungulwa uYohane Lauda iimpazamo zakhe. Umzekelo, i-inki ukusuka ngepeni sasivela ngexesha imozulu eshushu. Ebusika, phezu Kunoko, bayifaka emkhenkceni.

Improvement yokubamba Laszlo Biro

Abaphandi ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani yaye xa owavela yosiba lokubhala, ngokufuthi qaphela igama intatheli ka-Hungarian Laszlo Biro. Thought weza umenzi ngexesha xa wayebukele kumaphephandaba eshicilelweyo kwi kumatshini wokushicilela. Laszlo abanomdla ukuba ungenza ceba nosiba ukuze inki ukuba zome ngokunjalo kwinkqubo yoshicilelo. Wakwazi kusiphembelela ingcamango umzalwana wakhe uGeorge, obeyindoda wemithi, kwaye oluphuculiweyo inguqulelo yosiba lokubhala yadalwa 1938.

Qala of production

Abazalwana bakwazi ukufumana ilungelo eParis, kodwa ukuvula imveliso yawo ngobuninzi ayiphumelelanga ngenxa yesimo yezopolitiko. Enyanisweni, ziyahlelwa kwimveliso yokuqala ezibayeni yosiba yaba ezandleni tyala. Xa intatheli Hungarian owavela yosiba lokubhala, akazange abe nayiphi abaxhasi ngubani likhulule umba kunye nokuthengiswa kwemveliso. Biro kanye waphumla kunxweme lweMeditera apho ngengozi wadibana Augusto Yusto, ngoko ngumongameli Argentina. The Head of State wayenomdla gqitha kwasungulwa kubazalwana wacebisa ukuba kuvula ezabo manufactory labo ilizwe ukulungiselela ukuveliswa ezibayeni ibhola-point.

Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, abazalwana wakwazi ukuba yinyani le ngcamango. Efudukela Argentina yaye wacela uncedo Juan Mayne - mali enkulu. iintlanti zabo athengiswe phantsi kwegama lo Birome - ukusuka ifani edibene Biro kunye Maine. E Argentina kusekho naziphi na yosiba lokubhala ebizwa ngokuba "Beer".

Okhuphisana: mzabalazo phambili

Xa basungula i yosiba pen mihla (Laszlo Biro wayengazi ukuba eMelika kakade le ndawo), kwagqitywa ukwandisa emarikeni uze inani layo phesheya, intengiso e Umzantsi Melika. Nakuba kunjalo, abazalwana Biro nokuxhaswa kwabo sele kuye kwangaphezulu umthengisi Milton Reynolds, owayekade Argentina waza elilodwa lomenzi ukuveliswa kwemveliso eUnited States. Steel yokubamba athandwa kakhulu phakathi koosomashishini - kwaye oku nangona ixabiso 12.5 dollar lulunye!

Kwaye eSoviet Union kweza yosiba lokubhala kwi 60s. Ekuqaleni, iintonga aba zazimbalwa, ngoko abantu balungiselela agcwalisa neentlanti ucweyo izixhobo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, nosiba esetyenziswa yi malunga ne-92% yabantu ehlabathini.

Kunzima ukunika umhla ngqo xa basungula i yepen yokubhala. Laszlo Biro, Dzhon Laud, Lewis Waterman - nganye kwezi abaqambi negalelo kwinkqubo iyonke kwendalo kunye nokuphuculwa emphinini ukuba yoko kuye njengoko sibona namhlanje. Sam Laszlo Biro wafa ngowe-1985 e Buenos Aires. Ukususela ngoko, qho ngonyaka Argentina ngemini yokuzalwa kwakhe - 29 Septemba - wokubhiyozela uSuku umsunguli.