Forensic Ukuhlolisisa amaxwebhu. Types of iimviwo lwasenkundleni

Ukuziqhelisa egwebayo, ngokufuthi amisiweyo zoviwo lwasenkundleni yamaxwebhu. Le indlela ephumelelayo ukuseka iimeko zeli tyala. Yintoni na kwesi sifundo kwaye ingaba yintoni na izimvo zakhe, funda inqaku.

imisebenzi

iimviwo iForensic amaxwebhu elisombulula eziliqela iingxaki, ezibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

1. Ukusekwa indlela lokuvelisa.
2. Xa kukhangelwa ukuba ngaba kwaye nokulungisa amaxwebhu.
3. Ukubuyiselwa umxholo yokuqala.
4. Ukuvezwa kuthetha isicelo ngexesha ngawo.
5. Udala isiqwenga yonke bazidibanisa.

isazi

Criminalist, oluqhutywa iimviwo lwasenkundleni kwamaxwebhu - le yenye yemisebenzi zindala kummandla lobungcaphephe. Wayesebenza zifunwa kakhulu kwi ulamlo, yoluntu kunye utshutshiso lo. Nangona inani elikhulu izidanga zemfundo ephakamileyo, siyaqhubeka ukuba ufanelekile. Ngokukhetha kulo mmandla, umntu afumane umsebenzi yendalo ngendlela engaqhelekanga ukuba ufuna ngemfundo yeekholeji, amava ebalaseleyo kunye intuition yobungcali.

umbutho

kwiziko loluntu okanye labucala, oluqhutywa iimviwo lwasenkundleni yamaxwebhu, kukho abasebenzi yeengcali abafanelekayo, zonke izixhobo eziyimfuneko kunye namaphepha-mvume ukuze zisebenze. Ukongeza iinkundla, isifundo wayalela amaziko zebhanki, i-Bar, amashishini kunye nemibutho kweefom ubunini ezahlukeneyo, abantu abaqhelekileyo.

Nayiphi na, kubandakanywa noviwo lwasenkundleni kwamaxwebhu - ngendlela esebenzayo kakhulu ukukhusela amalungelo abo asemthethweni kunye nomdla. Ngoko xa ukuchana lwabo uyathandabuza, cela izifundo zobungcali.

ukuqashwa

Amaxesha amaninzi, ukuze uphononongo lwaqhutywa, isicelo omnye kwanele. Inkundla iyasala nenkqubo, xa kucetywa, umzekelo, ekwimo ngomlomo. Ngoko ke, eli nyathelo kufuneka bazilungiselele kakuhle. Ukongezelela kwisicelo, afumane uxwebhu evela kumbutho ingcali kwemvume yayo uviwo, waza kuyo waqhoboshela tyalo ukuhambisa ubulungisa. ingcali Criminal uthi:

• imiqathango phantsi kwayo uphando;
• yazise ixabiso lokugqibela;
• ulwazi ngokwabo kunye nezinye iingcali, ukuba bazibandakanya, amava emsebenzini, imfundo, izidanga yenzululwazi kunye nezihloko.

izidingo

Ukuqeshwa Uviwo lwasenkundleni lwenziwa isigqibo umphandi okanye ukumiselwa ulamlo, weSithili okanye kwiNkundla kaMantyi. Uxwebhu isifundo enikiweyo.

Ukuba wenziwe ubuchule extra-enkundla, amaxwebhu ayimfuneko kunye neziseko zezi:

• isicelo igqwetha;
• isivumelwano malunga nokuphunyezwa kwe sifundo;
• uxwebhu kuxhomekeke iimviwo.

ubuchule bophando

Sibala izinto ezinokwenziwa, xa amisiweyo zoviwo lwasenkundleni yamaxwebhu.

1. Paper ezithile ezimisa ukuba naluphi na ulwazi okanye izibakala. Amafoto ayikwazi kuba into yophando kule meko.
2. Materials kunye neemveliso, okusetyenziselwa imveliso.
3. iindlela zobugcisa ezazisetyenziswa ukwakha phezu iinkcukacha xwebhu, kwakunye nendawo ophela kunye nemithungo.
4. Imichiza utshintsho data.
5. Izinto, maxwebhu akahambi anxulumene, kodwa owafunda besebenzisa ezi ndlela.
6. Iphepha nekhadibhodi iimveliso, efunekayo yokugoqa, ucoceko-anempilo, zobugcisa mveliso, kunye nomthengi izicelo.

Iinkcukacha kunye nerekhodi

Uviwo Ingcaphephe-criminological eyahlula iintlobo 2 amaxwebhu zophando:

• iinkcukacha;
• izinto.

Phantsi lokuqala ibhekisa yemizobo ngohlobo ngamagama kwi indlela yoshicilelo okanye ubhalo-izixhobo, utyikityo ngesandla, izitampu kunye nesitampu njalo njalo. Phantsi le ncwadi yesibini libhekisela izinto, isiseko amaxwebhu kunye nezibonelelo.

Ukuba umsebenzi iinkcukacha verification, oko kuquka:

• isifundo yokubhala;
• Iinkcukacha indlela ukuzimisela nokurekhoda;
• into yokwenza indlela utshintsho erasure, amanqaku ezongezelelweyo, ngasekhohlo, imizobo ezongezelelweyo ngaphezulu njalo njalo.

Ke ukuba iirekhodi, xa bathe bazimisela ngokulandelelana imivumbo yepeyinti. Ngelo xesha ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zophando ezineefitsha. Emva koko, wabeka indlela isicelo, uhlobo kunye nemodeli kwezixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo, ukufakela, iphepha yelo nencwadi ethile njalo njalo.

Types of iimviwo lwasenkundleni

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi izifundo.

1. iimviwo yokubhala.
2. Linguistic.
3. Avtorovedcheskaya.
4. Yobugcisa lwasenkundleni.

Makhe siqwalasele nganye kwezi ntlobo ngokufutshane ngamnye.

ngesandla

Olu ke uhlobo yemveli zophando ukuze abone ukuba ziyinyaniso ezihlobene ne-ngqangi. Amaxwebhu balapha:

• iirisithi;
• phezulu;
• nemiyalelo;
• iveze;
• isiqinisekiso;
• iingxelo;
• izivumelwano;
• ezinye.

Ingahlolwa yokuqhagamshela izixhobo utyikityo okanye itekisi. Emva kokuhlolisisa wokuhlangana ngesandla, ukusombulula ingxaki lokuzazisa zokuxilonga lomlinganiswa. Ngethuba loviwo, khangela, ukuba lo mbhalo kwenziwa umbono ophambene ngqo, ukutshintsha izandla, bexelisa ngesandla omnye umntu, kwindawo engaqhelekanga okanye imeko, nezinto ezinjengezo.

ubuchwepheshe olumnandi

Iindidi Iimviwo lobungqina kunye inxalenye kweelwimi lwasenkundleni. isifundo alo izibakala ezifanelekileyo kwityala kwaye ifakwe kuhlalutyo intetho.
Injongo yokufunda - kwimveliso umsebenzi yokuthetha, abebalwa ngencwadi ebhaliweyo.

Ngokungafaniyo iimviwo ngesandla, kulo mzekelo, alinganiswa ngokubangela, indlela yokuthetha kunye nohlobo igalelo abaphulaphuli okanye kuyo ngqo. Injongo yovavanyo kwakheka ngokusekelwe kwemimiselo zolwimi Russian.

Uphononongo sisekelwe kwiziphumo zovandlakanyo olumnandi. Ngoko ke, umhloli kufuneka, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba imfundo philological. Le ngcaciso ilandelayo kuhlalutywa loviwo olo:

• iimpawu zetekisi kwi disclosure inxenye Ukubonga;
• kuvele iintsingiselo kunye neziphumo nge umbhalo;
• igama iimveliso zezinto ezenziwa luluntu.

loviwo Avtorovedcheskaya

Isiseko sale hlobo yophando kukho inkqubo kolwazi malunga nemithetho elawula indlela yokuziphatha intetho, ebonisa abantu, uzinzo, ukubhala ukwahluka. Kulo mzekelo, ulwazi loluntu, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics kwengqondo.

Ngokuxhomekeka yophando - zabhalwa efakwe. Ukongeza kobuso, iingcali udale Mfanekiso "zengqondo" lombhali kunye iimpembelelo yangaphandle uxwebhu yenziwe phantsi kwayo.

Injongo yokufunda - itekisi intetho ebhaliweyo. Oku kucwangcisa i isimbo: journalistic, lwezenzululwazi, umthengi, iincwadi njalo njalo. Kukho izinto ngesandla wafumana indlela yoshicilelo okanye usebenzisa umatshini ukukopa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ubuqambi kumiselwa kuphela xa uxwebhu ayikho amagama ngaphantsi kwama-500.

iimviwo zobungcali lwasenkundleni

Phantsi kwesi sifundo ibhekisa eziphilayo apho iinkqubo yokuvelisa lusekiwe, ukuchonga fakes, ubulungu qembu yaye nomthombo ezivela.

Isifundo phando yinto yokuba xa zenziwa iphepha ezichongiweyo izixhobo kunye nezinto zemveliso. Ukuze uphendule imibuzo ingcali uxwebhu yobugcisa kunye neenkundla kufuneka ilifa ubuchule kwizifundo ze-physics, chemistry, ubuchwepheshe kunye inxalenye lwasenkundleni.

Ngokuba izinto zophando paper ngesandla yaye bethumela kunye zokufunda, ukubhala izixhobo, izixhobo Nosipho isicatshulwa.

Forensic Ukuhlolisisa imoto

La maxwebhu yophando awusebenzi. Kodwa yena zithandwa kakhulu, ukuba iimviwo kwezithuthi asikwazi ngoyaba. Iindlela lonke iingozi ezininzi kwenzeka. Autotechnical kokuhlolwa kwamathambo emotweni kunceda ukuchonga isizathu sokuba le ngozi. Kwakhona, oko kunilungele ukuba enze phambi kokuba uthenge imoto kusetyenziswa. Ngoko unokuqiniseka ukuba akukho ebiweyo kwaye akazange aphule amanani.