Nguwuphi umgaqo ne von kunikezelo izakhiwo? Njani imisebenzi lika von kunikezelo?

Namhlanje kunzima ukukholelwa, kodwa iikhompyutha, ngaphandle apho abaninzi andisakwazi ngqondweni bam, kwakukho abathile kwiminyaka kuphela 70 eyadlulayo. Omnye abo benza igalelo isigqibo ukuba noku kunyanisa, kwaba waseMelika Isazinzulu Dzhon Fon Neyman. Wacebisa ukuba imigaqo inkoliso ikhompyutha kwaye isebenza kuyo unanamhla. Cinga indlela umatshini von kunikezelo.

ulwazi Brief oluchaza

Yanosh Neyman wazalwa ngo-1930 e Budapest, kwintsapho esisityebi kunene yamaYuda unako ukufumana kamva kwisihloko ungunyana wabanumzana. Ukususela ebuntwaneni wayebalasele yi ubuchule ebalaseleyo kuzo zonke iindawo. Kwiminyaka 23 kunikezelo u sirhelele PhD yakhe endle of physics uvavanyo kunye chemistry. Ngowe-1930, i-nzulu oselula wamenywa ukuba asebenze eUnited States, Princeton University. Ngelo xesha kunikezelo ngomnye wamalungu zokuqala Institute for Advanced Study, apho wafika wasebenza nje unjingalwazi de ukufa kwakhe. Kunikezelo izinto zenzululwazi baba ebanzi kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, yenye wabaseki ubucukubhede quantum kunye ingqiqo matapparata of automata yeselula.

Igalelo ku Science Computer

Ngaphambi kokuba ufumane into umgaqo lingenako ukuhlangabezana ngaphandle eyayivela kunikezelo lwezakhiwo, kuya kuba umdla ukufunda ngendlela nzulu weza ingcamango yokudala uhlobo computer mihla.

Ukuba i ingcali entsimini ungadubula zemathematika kunye amaza kwi 1940 yokuqala, von kunikezelo waba ngumcebisi yenzululwazi kwenye iilebhu emthethweni Ofisi United States Army. Ekuqaleni kowe-1943, wafika e Los Alamos ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuphuhliso lweprojekthi Manhettenskogo kwi simemo lobuqu nenkokeli yalo Roberta Oppengeymera. iphulo ukubala ucinezelo implosive umrhumo iibhombu atom ukuya isambuku esinobunzima sele wabeka phambi kwakhe. Ukuze nilicombulule kwakufuneka becomputing enkulu, nto leyo kuqala kwenziwa phezu iikhalityhuleyitha ngesandla-yabanjwa, yaye kamva iziniki zithuba mechanical IBM, usebenzisa amakhadi umthwalo.

Von kunikezelo waqhelana ulwazi malunga nenkqubela nokudalwa electro-mechanical kunye elektroniki ngokupheleleyo iikhompyutha. Kungekudala, naye ebethanda kuphuhliso iikhompyutha EDVAC kunye ENIAC, ebangela umsebenzi waqalisa ukubhala "Idrafti yokuqala ingxelo EDVAC», wahlala engagqitywanga, apho thaca kuluntu lwezenzululwazi ingcamango entsha ngokupheleleyo, kufuneka ibe yintoni na izakhiwo computer.

Imithetho-siseko ye von kunikezelo oluqhelekileyo

isayensi yekhompyutha ngo-1945 weza chu, njengoko zonke iikhompyutha zigcinwa kwinkumbulo layo inani kusingathwa ngendlela 10, iprogram lokuqhuba imisebenzi abenorhatyazo ndihleli a Jumpers panel patch.

Oku kuphela kakhulu amandla kweekhompyutha. Sesona sisombululo ngempela umgaqo von kunikezelo. Ngokufutshane ke luboniswe isivakalisi: inguqu kwinkqubo inani yokubini kwaye siseko inkqubo egciniweyo.

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Qwalasela imimiselo esisekelwe phezu kwazo esekelwe i classical von kunikezelo Isakhiwo umatshini, ngokweenkcukacha:

1. Yiya inkqubo yokubini kwesishumi

Lo kunikezelo bokwakha mgaqo uvumela ukusetyenziswa isixhobo elula logic.

2. Ulawulo Software bomashini computing electronic

umsebenzi khompyutha lilawulwa iseti imiyalelo ababulawa enye emva kwenye. Development of umatshini wokuqala inkqubo ezigcinwe kwimemori, aphawula ukuqala iinkqubo zale mihla.

3. Idatha kunye neenkqubo zigcinwa kwinkumbulo yekhomputha kunye

Kulo mzekelo, iinkcukacha kunye nemiyalelo beeprogram kufuneka ngendlela efanayo yokubhala kwinkqubo yokubini, ngoko kwiimeko ezithile phezu kwabo kunokwenzeka ukuba enze iintshukumo efanayo njengoko le datha.

uphenyo

Ukongeza, nakubugcisa Fonneymanovskoy umatshini na ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

1. Le ndawo memory kufuneka iidilesi zazo iinombolo ngokulandelelanayo

Ngokusetyenziswa kwalo mgaqo, oko kwenzeka ukusebenzisa variables in kweenkqubo. Ngokukodwa, nangaliphi na ixesha, sikuncede kwindawo yememori ingakumbi idilesi yayo.

2. Ukuba nokwenzeka lisebe enemiqathango kule program

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, imiyalelo iinkqubo umele ngokulandelelana. Nakuba kunjalo, ama ithuba lokuba benze utshintsho kuyo nayiphi na inxalenye khowudi.

wenza njani umatshini von kunikezelo oluqhelekileyo

Le modeli lwezibalo ibandakanya zokugcina (memory) , iyunithi logic yokalo emileyo (Alu), ulawulo, kwaye igalelo kunye nezixhobo kwimveliso. Yonke imiyalelo program nâzo encwadini iiseli kwimemori ibekwe ebumelwaneni, kwaye idata nokuhlawulwa kwazo - kwiindawo esicalanye.

Naliphi na iqela kufuneka luqulathe igama:

• ebonisa apho umsebenzi kufuneka kwenziwe;
• iidilesi memory iseli apho agcinwe idatha yoqobo, wathi ukusebenza elichaphazelekayo;
• iidilesi iseli apho ukubhala isiphumo.

Ezi imiyalelo imisebenzi ethile kwigalelo Alu data wabulawa kwaye iziphumo abhalwe iiseli kwimemori, okt. E. agciniweyo ngendlela efanelekileyo ngomatshini processing elandelayo, okanye idluliselwe kwifowuni output (monitor, yomshicileli, njl) Yaye ifumaneke emntwini.

NB ulawula zonke iindawo zaloo computer. Ukususela ukuba enye ifowuni ifumana imiyalezo-imiyalelo 'into emandiyenze ", njengoko ufumana ulwazi malunga ngezinto kwi imeko kwezinye izixhobo.

Xa isixhobo yolawulo iye irejista okhethekileyo "inkqubo counter" SC. Emva ukulanda data kunye neenkqubo kwinkumbulo IC igcina idilesi iqela yayo 1. NB ifundeka ngaphandle imixholo yeseli kwinkumbulo yekhomputha idilesi yayo kwi-UK, kunye neendawo kwiqhosha "command irejista". Iyunithi yolawulo umisela nokusebenza ehambelana umyalelo ethile, yaye "amanqaku" data kule dilesi ekhankanyiweyo kulo kwinkumbulo yekhompyutha. Emva koko, lo Alu okanye iintsimbi computer uqhubeke ukusebenza, emva koko okubhalwe SC kutshintshwe omnye, m. E. walatha umyalelo olandelayo.

ukugxekwa

Nezingeloncedo Contemporary neembono von kunikezelo lwezakhiwo luyaqhubeka ukuba ingxoxo. Isibakala sokuba koomatshini wadala kwimigaqo ukubeka phambili ngulo umphengululi obalaseleyo, hayi egqibeleleyo, kwaqatshelwa kudala.

Ngoko ke, lo iimviwo amatikiti kwinzululwazi yekhompyutha amaninzi uyakothusa lo mbuzo, "Yintoni na umgaqo ne von kunikezelo ngezakhiwo kunye neentsilelo oko anako."

Ukuba impendulo ukuya yokugqibela ngokuyimfuneko kufuneka icacise:

• phambi umsantsa lwesemantiki phakathi kwe-kwinqanaba eliphezulu iinkqubo lolwimi kunye nenkqubo umyalelo;
• kwingxaki ukuyicamagushela MA kunye iprosesa bandwidth;
• kwi asakhulayo ntlekele software, zibangelwa kukuba iindleko zayo ngendalo asezantsi kakhulu iindleko yophuhliso zekhompyutha, kwaye awukwazi ukugqibezela inkqubo yovavanyo;
• ukungabikho ngamathuba ngokwemigaqo yokusebenza, njengoko sele ifikelele esiphelweni theoretical component.

Njengoko oko umgaqo ne von kunikezelo izakhiwo, sithetha lombutho inani elikhulu enemijelo data enxuseneyo kunye imiyalelo obekwayo multiprocessor bokwakha.

isiphelo

Ngoku uyazi ukuba umgaqo ne von kunikezelo bokwakha. Kucacile ukuba isayensi nethekhinoloji na eyayimi ngxi, yaye mhlawumbi kungekudala endlwini nganye iya kuba luhlobo olutsha ngokupheleleyo iikhompyutha apho uluntu luya kufikelela kwinqanaba entsha yophuhliso. Hi ndlela leyi, ukulungiselela i-software uviwo kuyi ukunceda "eyayivela kunikezelo bokwakha". izixhobo zokufundisa ezifana digital lula nokwenziwa kwezinto kwaye zinika ithuba ukuhlola ulwazi lwabo.