Odongwe - yintoni na le nto? Yintoni yahlukile ubumba porcelain?

Abantu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo esetyenziselwa ezivelisa amacwecwe faience kunye iikomityi. Kwaye namhlanje, izitya zomdongwe kuqwalaselwa phantse ufunwayo. Nangona indlela imveliso, ubuchwepheshe babo obunemveliso esoloko itshintsha, kodwa izinto kuhlala ingatshintshanga. Yintoni faience, yaye ziziphi iinkalo ithe - zama ukuqonda eli nqaku.

Yintoni a faience

Faience - material apho zenziwe izitya, elingaphakathi, izinto zokwakha , njl Lubonakala yi ubu, lexinene porosity omhle ... Igama le nto ivela kwisixeko Italian ka Faenza, ngubani wayedume imveliso iimveliso yodongwe.

Sodongwe esisetyenziselwa kwimveliso tableware, njengezikhumbuzo kunye nezipho ezininzi yodongwe. Imifanekiso yale hlobo kwahluka ukugqama imveliso yephondo kunye Ukwanda imibala ibonakala nemangalisayo kakhulu. Ke ukuba tableware, kitchenware of porcelain ngokufuthi luvelise ifomu elula kwaye ibonakala eqhelekileyo. Uze ube ngogqibeleleyo ukuze izidlo zemihla ngemihla kunye tableware elula.

imihlobo zodongwe

Kuxhomekeka ngoobani kunye imali ubumdaka iindidi eziliqela porcelain:

1. odongwe calcareous - ngaphandle zwi namhlophe Udongwe ubunjwe ngetshokwe dolomite. Ngezi kwezithako wenza neemveliso lula yaye ngokukhawuleza kakhulu.
2. odongwe Soft - ezidityaniswe ekwakhiweni eqhelekileyo ezahlukeneyo plavni - Iimveliso fomu phakathi kwenqubo thermal ezimbaxa fusible.
3. odongwe Feldspar - iqulathe isixa esithile feldspar (izimbiwa kulwalwa bokwakha).
4. Ware nzima - kodwa umbandela eside kakhulu. Iimveliso ezinjalo iipropati eliphezulu ngoomatshini. Obzhog zodongwe okuqinileyo udlula kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kakhulu.

Imbali zodongwe

Abantu babesazi oko faience, omnye 4 amawaka. BC. e. Ukubunjwa ubumba yokuqala wenza eyahlukileyo kancinci ukususela namhlanje. Kumanqaku zodongwe eMesopotamiya naseYiputa ezenziwe iingqalutye zwi doped ngesoda ikalika, nobhedu nesinyithi ekrwada.

Kamva, sodongwe wabonakala kwi World Endala. Okokuqala ke impahla ngokuba majolica kwezinye izixeko Italian. Emva koko ke iimveliso porcelain ekumgangatho ophezulu ezenziwe eFransi, eSaint-Porsche.

ERashiya, faience wazuza udumo kwinkulungwane XVIII. E Moscow, yonke efektri imveliso iimveliso yodongwe. Delftware kubiza phakathi kwabantu ngesantya ngokukhawuleza yaye ithandwa kakhulu. Products izityalo ezahlukeneyo azifani. Ngenxa yoko, umphathi manufactory Grebenshchikov zipeyintwe izitya kwi wayesebenzisa emanzi. Association ubumba Kuznetsova ukutyabeka njengeceba anemibala eyahlukeneyo, umthamo isiqabu okanye umzobo yoshicilelo. Gzhel mveliso iveza imveliso ikakhulu oluhlaza, kwakunye igolide-vali.

Konakovo faience

uphuhliso mkhulu imveliso imveliso imveliso yephondo wenza MS Kuznetsov, wathenga ngo-1870 imveliso yephondo mveliso in Konakovo. Ke wavelisa indlela ngesandla-epeyintiweyo okanye eshicilelweyo ikakhulu yodongwe. Emva kweminyaka engama-20, Kuznetsov waqalisa ukuvelisa izitya ze polufayans, imveliso kunye neeseramiki. Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-20. le mveliso leminyaka XX waqalisa ukubandakanya magcisa aphambili kunye ziinkosi yokudweba ukudala iipateni ezintle kwi izitya kunye nendalo eqingqiweyo okwesilwanyana. imisebenzi yabo ezifunwayo, nto leyo negalelo ukwanda kwemveliso.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amagcisa bakwazi ukwenza uhlobo oluthile iimveliso zayo: izinto porcelain imilo organic ukudlala ngokubenza eqaqambileyo zipeyintwe potechnyh njengeceba. Konakovo faience athunyelwa kumazwe amaninzi. Ezinye iimveliso ngokuphepha ezigcinwe ukuba imihla yethu.

Semikarakorsk ukubumba

Semikarakorsk faience - ocacile isenzeko yokuluka Don lizwe. ummandla Rostov wayenza mveliso zomdongwe ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. ezafunyanwa abaninzi ngabembi lubonisa ubukho abasakhasayo potteries Semikarakorsk ukususela ngexesha langaphambi kobuKristu.

style Art Semikarakorsky iimpawu zodongwe Imizobo yokuqala, buketno-iintyatyambo zobuhlalu, imifanekiso yendalo, mibala zembali. Masters in imizobo yakhe ukwazi ukudlulisela ubuhle kunye namandla mmandla wabo, isithethe Don, umoya Cossacks.

Ngenxa kwinqanaba eliphezulu ubuciko Semikarakorsk faience ehlabathini lonke ukufumana imisebenzi yobugcisa.

Iintlobo zodongwe

Namhlanje, phantse naphi wasebenzisa izinto zodongwe. Oku kungenxa nje kuphela ngendleko ephantsi, kodwa elula yokwenza amanqaku ezinjalo. Izitya ezininzi eziveliswe ngokuqhelekileyo zodongwe: neendebe, amacwecwe appetizers kunye izitya eziphambili, nezitya enzulu, seledochnitsy, omela isonka kunye khekhe, sauce, tureens bouillon lesuphu kunye zitsha, neendebe kuphola ashushu, imiphanda ubisi, neekomityi, ityuwa neswekile. Amaninzi ezi ntsuku ezivenkileni ungabona ezininzi ezahlukeneyo izinto kwezakhiwo faience, iithayile, izindlu zangasese. nempahla Ekhaya obo bungqina bubungqina kuphela malunga incasa elungileyo yomnini, kodwa malunga kakuhle-ntle yayo zemali.

Njani izitya

Zwi, eliyinjubaqa: izakhi amabini, umntu kufuneka asebenzise ukudala sodongwe nodongwe emhlophe. Inkqubo ngokusungula iimveliso yodongwe luqala unyango lokugqibela. Ngenxa yoko, njengokutsha lwenziwa izihlandlo eziliqela ubunzima lodongwe kubushushu ka-1050 ° C, ngexesha oku, kufuneka utshintshe umbala. Emva koko kubushushu ka-950 ° C olusetyenziswa njengeceba ngaphaya okanye bebala. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela kwakhona ukudubula. Ngenxa yolo mass exposure faience ihlala aneentunja nefanelekileyo kuyilo izacholo. Ukuba zomdongwe zitshiswa kubushushu obuphantsi, kuya kuba ngcono ukuba ukugcina iipeyinti underglaze kakhulu.

Ngoko ke, izinto ucanda amanyathelo ezininzi processing, ekuthini faience lilungile. inkqubo yokuvelisa Photo iipleyiti ibonisa uju yale nkqubo.

faience sanitary

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngakumbi nezodongwe ethandwayo kakhulu nesempilweni. imveliso yawo lwenzeka kwi iteknoloji eyahlukileyo ngaphezu nokuveliswa izitya okanye imifanekiso yezinto. Ukudala izinto amandla aphezulu nala iimveliso daka okhethekileyo. Efanele nangenyameko umsebenzi sodongwe kwimibhobho unako ukukhonza elide ngokwaneleyo kule meko iya kukhangela efanayo njengoko ngexesha lokuthenga.

Indlela ukwahlula ubumba evela china

Abaninzi abazi umahluko phakathi porcelain evela zomdongwe, kwaye basoloko bexakaniseka, kodwa phakathi kwabo kukho umahluko. iimveliso yodongwe luphawulwa iqondo elisezantsi emhlophe, udonga ububanzi mkhulu kunye namandla osezantsi. izinto Kugqityiwe ahluka yi iimilo egudileyo. Izitya, xa kuthelekiswa ne-porcelain ayikwazi ukugcina ubushushu ixesha elide. Ukongeza, iimveliso ayide ikwazi ukumelana amaqondo aphezulu. Ukuba izitya akuhlanjwanga ngamanzi ashushu, kungaba ukuzivula. Ngoko ke, kwiimeko ezininzi kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa tableware ezenziwe imveliso yephondo.

Ukuze uqonde kakuhle umahluko phakathi porcelain evela zomdongwe, ungenza ukwenza uthelekiso iimveliso kwezi zinto. Lokuqala benegalelo - kumxholo sonority. Kufuneka kube lula makangankqonkqozi elunxwemeni nembasa. Porcelain ikhala ngendlela hum elide yaye abahlukene. Ngelo xesha linye thud intsimbi faience.

Kungenzeka kwakhona ukuba ukumisela faience kunye neempawu bangaphandle. Izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe akuthethi ukukhanya. Oku kungenxa yokuba iimveliso ezo udubule kubushushu iphantsi kakhulu. Umahluko oluphawulekayo kumphezulu kakuhle emazantsi izitya. Ngamanye amaxesha ungabona dimples ezincinane, apho lasekwa ngo ukudubula. Thelekisa, ezantsi china usoloko rough.

Abanini of izitya ukuba ngakumbi ngokwezoqoqosho ukumnyanga esweni imeko yakhe. Ukuba iintanda usebenzisa iimveliso ezifana ayinqweneleki, ekubeni iintsholongwane angene kungena pores zodongwe kwaye kungabangela uphuhliso zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Indlela yokunyamekela faience

Njengazo naziphi na izitya, iimveliso somdongwe zifuna uncedo ethile. Ukuqwalasela zonke iimpawu lo mbandela, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba bathobele imithetho yokusebenza, ukuba sandise ubomi wenkonzo faience.

Umthetho ibalulekileyo - lokuhlamba amanqaku of porcelain kuphela ngamanzi ashushu uze pula ezibandayo. Kwimeko yamanzi ashushu kwi izitya akhiwa neentanda ezincinane kunye isakhiwo esibonakalayo eyaphukileyo.

Iisepha, ingakumbi Ithatyathwe emigutyeni, kubhetele ukuba ukuyisebenzisa. Ukuba likhanye izitya mnyama zingasetyenziswa isisombululo yesoda yokubhaka okanye netyuwa kunye neviniga xa om-1: 1. Ingakumbi kufuneka ngenyameko ukuthatha unonophelo amanqaku ngegolide. Isibakala sokuba amanani, ezo ezihonjiswe faience, okuphekwe. Ngoko ke, ukuhlamba emva ngokuphindaphindiweyo bunjalo. Yona gilding - lisetyenziswa phezu njengeceba yaye ngokuthe ngcembe ongekho ukusetyenziswa rhoqo. Ngoko ke, indawo ihonjiswe nge paint ngegolide, awukwazi ungazithambisi ngamandla, kubhetele ukusebenzisa ilaphu ethambileyo okanye ilula. Susa amabala kwimveliso somdongwe nge ngelaphu ogalelwe ioli esisahlulo imali encinane ammonia.

Nangona iingenelo imveliso yephondo, abantu bayaqhubeka ukuthenga izinto zodongwe. Eli linyathelo elikwavuselela kubavelisi yodongwe ukuvelisa iimveliso ezintsha ukwenzela iinjongo ezahlukeneyo.