Yokuqinisekisa mgaqo indlela yenzululwazi

Le migaqo kwenza isiqulatho esisiseko ingcamango positivism bulumko, kamva - iniyo. Umgaqo bokuqinisekisa kunye ukuguqula enzululwazi wanikela omnye zobulumko mkhulu zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, Karlom Popperom.

Eyona yokuqala zophuhliso yabo ekuqulunqeni le ngxelo yi Popper ukuba ukhonza inzululwazi "lale amanqam", nto leyo ke ugiba ngokupheleleyo kugxeka kunye ukuziphatha. Kuyinto umchasi ezingadibaniyo nayiphi totalitarianism, kokubini kubomi bentlalo kunye nenzululwazi. Popper wenze igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso bulumko kunye nendlela bezenzululwazi, amalungiselelo apho kuhlala ezifanelekileyo namhlanje.

Njengoko sele kubonisiwe, umgaqo yokuqinisekisa laliqulunqwe ngaphakathi sikhokelo kuphuhliso izimvo bulumko of positivism. Ngokwale mfundiso, injongo yonke inzululwazi kukubonelela ethile isiseko enokwehla, apho Izichasi engamkelekanga kwaye nakwenzeka zokuvakalisa ezi data ngoncedo izixhobo zenzululwazi.

Popper njengolwimi lwenzululwazi onjalo jikelele inikeza ukusebenzisa ubuchule zohlalutyo ubhalo-zemathematika kunye nezixhobo mathematical categorical, esimelela ngenxa okunye layo, nsimbi kunye ngqo. indlela ezifana ngayo inzululwazi ekuthiwa positivism ubhalo. Le positivists ubhalo bathi isiseko enokwehla, njengoko umthetho, naliphi na isebe isayensi kusekelwa kumkhanya.

Lo mbono kwaziswa esidlangalaleni kwintlanganiso ye-Vienna Circle, ilungu leyo, yaye uKarl Popper, ngo-1921. Kakuhle eli lentetho oku kulandelayo: loo kwingongoma nganye naluphi na ulwazi ngezinto yinto umgaqo yokungqinisisa. Umxholo mgaqo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Ixabiso ngenzululwazi nje izibakala yenzululwazi, neyathi yabonakala "igunya yenzululwazi" - kuqinisekiswa iimvavanyo zenzululwazi kunye amalinge, bunenjongo kwaye bahlukane zonke iintlobo side effects zingafunyanwa uphando. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba xa umgaqo yesiqinisekiso ecetywayo indlela yenzululwazi, kukho iindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kumba yokuseka inyaniso yenzululwazi hlobo. Kungenxa yoko le nto esi sindululo iye igama elitsha kule mpikiswano malunga nokwanela le methodology of nenzululwazi, kwaye iye yaqinisekisa koqhubekeko mabinzana alandelayo positivism bulumko (neo).

Noko ke, amava aye abonisa ukuba lo mgaqo yokungqinisisa kwaba imibuzo yenzululwazi abangafezekanga yaye abaninzi akwazi ukuphendula. ekungenakugqithwa kuyo kubonakala narrowness isicelo. Umzekelo, ukuba isicelo le ndlela-bulumko, ngezengqondo kunye nezinye "non-ezibalo" inzululwazi nje akunakwenzeka. Ukongeza, ukungafezeki yaso ukuba zingasetyenziswa kuphela ngabo izisebenzi ilifa izixhobo zenzululwazi, izixhobo ukuqinisekisa ukuchana a lesayensi. Umntu oqhelekileyo, le ndlela ayifumaneki. Kwaye ke wokuqala ukuba athole ukusikelwa umda le ndlela, yaba Popper ngokwakhe. Waphawula ukuba abaninzi zizazinzulu na umlinganiswa egqibeleleyo, kwaye ke ngeke cala aqinisekiswe. Kwaye ngoko ukuze kufikelelwe ukuthembeka ngakumbi, Popper uceba ukongeza i-siseko yokungqinisisa kwakhona omnye umgaqo - umgaqo ukuguqula.

Kwafika Isazinzulu evela ngoluvo inzululwazi, ngathi yonke enye into ehlabathini, yinkqubo onamandla, ngoko ke umsebenzi yesayensi nje ukucacisa nesenzeko olwenzeke kodwa ukuchaza utshintsho. indima ephambili kule Popper wathabatha bulumko. ukuguqula simiso kunokwenzeka ukuba uqinisekise into yenzululwazi okanye ngumkhuba ngokuthi wawancamisa kubo. Oku, ngokutsho Popper, zandiswa amathuba methodological kwinzululwazi.