Oligopoly - luhlobo luni lwesakhiwo?

Kule mihla kunzima ukufumana ilizwe apho zonke iimeko zokhuphiswano oluchanekileyo zidibene. Phantse zonke iimarike zilawulwa ngumntu omnye okanye ngaphezulu, onomdla onamandla ekuphuhliseni phambili, kwaye ukuba kwakungengenxa yokubeka esweni rhoqo ngamaziko karhulumente, amathuba oshishino ukuba athathe inxaxheba kumashishini angabi ncinane. Enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokhuphiswano olungaphelele ukuya kumhla yi-oligopoly. Le ngcamango yabaninzi isalucacile, ngoko ke makhe siyiqwalasele ngokungakumbi.

Inkcazo yekota

I-Oligopoly ifomu lemarike yokungabikho kokungafezekanga, apho kukho iqela elincinci labathengisi kwikharityhulam ethile. Ngethuba elifanayo ukwandisa inani labo ngenxa yamalungu amasha akunakwenzeka, okanye kunzima kakhulu. Ngamanye amagama, i-oligopoly yilapho abathengisi banokubalwa kwiminwe.

Iimpawu kunye neendidi

Ukwabela ezi zinto zilandelayo zakhiwo zentengiso :

• Imveliso eqingqiweyo okanye eyahlukileyo.
• Inani elikhulu labathengi kunye nenani elincinci leenkampani.
• Ubukho bezithintelo ezikhuselekileyo zokukhusela ukungena kwiimarike ezikhuphisanayo.
• Ukuxhomekeka kwamanye amafemu ukusuka komnye nomnye, othe wanciphisa ukulawulwa kwamanani.

Kukho enye inkcazelo yolu hlobo lokhuphiswano, oluhambelana ngokubaluleka kwinqongo yeHerfindahl. Eli ligama lesalathisi onokuthi ulinganise umlinganiselo we-monopolization yeemarike. Kubalwa ngolu hlobo:

HHI = S ₁ ² + S ₂ ² + ... + S _n ² , apho

S yipesenti yeentengiso zenkampani nganye.

Ixabiso eliphezulu liyi-10 000 (ukulungiswa komnatha), kwaye ubuncinane ubuncinane buncinci kumlinganiselo we-10000 / n, apho n inombolo yeenkampani zoshishini (kuthathwa ukuba izabelo zale femu zilingana). Kucingwa ukuba i-oligopoly iyimarike apho ixabiso lale ngcaciso lingaphezu kwe-2000. Ukususela ngo-1982, le ngcaciso ibambe iqhaza elikhulu kumthetho "wokungaqiniseki": ukuba umlinganiselo othile kwishishini lidlula i-1000, urhulumente uqala ukulawula nayiphi na idibaniselwano kunye nokufunyanwa kwamafemu. Kuxhomekeke kukuphi uhlobo lomkhiqizo oveliswa kwimarike, kuyinto yesiko ukuhlukanisa ezi zilandelayo iindidi ze-oligopoly: ezicocekileyo kunye ezahlukileyo. Kwimeko yokuqala, imveliso enomgangatho ofanayo iveliswa (umzekelo, i-samente, i-aluminium, nobhedu), kwaye okwesibini - iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemveliso yeenjongo ezifanayo (umzekelo, imoto, amagumbi, amathayi). I-cartel nayo i-oligopoly. Oku kukuhlanganiswa kwenani elincinci leenkampani ngokwemiqathango yemveliso kunye namaxabiso ukwenzela ukwandisa izinga lenzuzo. Ukuba zonke iinkampani zoshishino zidibanisa kuyo, ngoko kulo mzekelo ziziphatha njengomntu ongu-monopolist.

I-Oligopoly: imizekelo ebomini

Abanye abantu bayamangalisa: "Kutheni le mboleko ebiza kakhulu eRashiya?" Abanini-mabhanki banelungelo lokubeka ingozi kumgangatho ophezulu kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokukhulisa imali. Kodwa eqinisweni-yinto nje yesikrini, emva kwayo ephakamileyo (xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zaseYurophu). Isiqingatha senkqubo yonke yebhanki ilawulwa ngamabhanki atandathu: iBhanki yaseMoscow, iVVB 24, iRosselkhozbank, i-Gazprombank, i-Sberbank ne-VTB. Kukho imeko ye-oligopoly, kunye nangaphantsi kwephiko lombuso. Eminye imizekelo ibandakanya imarike yeenqwelo zendiza (Airbus, Boeing), imarike yemoto, izixhobo ezinkulu zasekhaya, njl njl.