Party mthethweni. Ucalulo zamaqela, izimvo eziphambili kunye neenkokheli

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-Russian Federation, wavakalisa umgaqo ukuba akukho ideology asikwazi kuthathwe njengento ebophelelayo, naluphi na uluvo unelungelo lokuba khona. Abantu ababambe akukho iinkolelo izimvo, zimanyene imibutho yezopolitiko, ukuphembelela ukuya ithile enoba kukancinane okanye kwi amalungu amandla, okanye ukubuyisela kuwo ngenxa yokhetho. Nakuba kunjalo, kukho iindawo ezahlukeneyo engavunyelwayo ngumthetho ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwizinto ezi Unxulumano izaliswe izohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho, nkqu isigwebo entolongweni ngokwenene. Oku akuvumelekanga, kwaye iqela mthethweni, ngakumbi leyo eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

Ngawaphi amaqela ezopolitiko?

Ukuze siqwalasele umba imibutho wavalwa yokuqhelaniswa nezifundo kwezopolitiko, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo, yintoni na iqela lonke. Kule ndaba, abahlalutyi zezopolitiko bathi, ukuzama ukudibanisa umbutho ezithile ngezizathu eziqhelekileyo. Kukho ezifaneleke kakhulu ixesha lethu uhlobo amaqela, yahlula zibe khrayitheriya ezihlanu ezingundoqo:

1. Ngokunxulumene iqela elilawulayo zombini olawulayo kunye nenkcaso. Okokuqala sime kwicala nenkxaso karhulumente yangoku ngayo okanye ngokwabo ezinjalo. Intshukumo yesibini ngokuchasene norhulumente, dlulisa izimvo zabo ngenxa yoqhankqalazo okanye iimpapasho zabo. Hi ndlela leyi, amaqela amaninzi mthethweni na inkcaso.
2. Ngokutsho umbutho zeqela na enkulu kunye nabasebenzi. Kuku vula onke amacandelo oluntu, zinokuba nye. Kukho iindawo ezinjalo nge iminikelo imali ngokuzithandela ezenziwe ngabathathi-nxaxheba. Abasebenzi nambalwa, isangqa emxinwa yabantu, uze uqalise ukusebenza ngokukuko obandulela ukwenziwa konyulo, imali Abaxhasi atyebileyo.
3. Party kumgaqo yembono yahlulwe ekunene, ekhohlo kunye centrist. abameli Ngokwemveli, umhla kucingwa ukuba ekhohlo-iphiko yeentshukumo yobusoshiyali Communist, ekunene - benkululeko kunye isizwe kwakhona ingqalelo ngolo hlobo. Centrists - iqela engundoqo amaqela pro-urhulumente, ukuxhasa indlela yalo kurhulumente yangoku.
4. Social, udidi kwingongoma nganye imibutho yezopolitiko zisasazwe phakathi oohlohlesakhe kunye nabasebenzi.
5. Kubume bayo, iqela isenokuba uhlobo zakudala, okanye iintshukumo ezifana, okanye ngegqudu-kwegunya, kwaye kananjalo enze njengoko iqela lezopolitiko.

Kukho omnye ukuhlelwa amaqela. Ikunika oosonzululwazi yezopolitiko uRichard Gunther kunye Larri Daymondom. Eli qela ebakumgangatho ophezulu, iintsomi, unyulo, iqela kunye noqhelwaniso nobuhlanga yombutho, evela iintshukumo zezopolitiko.

imibutho komhlaba eRussia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini

Ekuveleni kweyama-19 kunye 20 kuBukhosi Russian waqalisa ukwenza amaqela ezopolitiko. Ethetha imibutho mthethweni, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo abameli ubalaseleyo komhlaba ixesha, oku ke Democrats zeNtlalo kunye Socialist-njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Socialist-mbuso. iimpawu Common omabini amaqela - iyelenqe kwi nqanaba liphezulu, mthethweni, umsebenzi komhlaba, ubunqolobi kunye revolution.

I-Social Democrats njengoko isiseko eceleni kusetyenziswa Marxism. umbono wabo - ukubhukuqwa inkqubo yobungxowankulu kunye nokusekwa ubuzwilakhe sabasebenzi kunye isibhengezo ndawonye, ke usisiqinisekiso okusesikweni. Malunga lowo waseka iqela lezopolitiko, babaziswe ngalo amaphepha nayiphi incwadi yembali yesikolo. Le Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (uLenin), Martov, Plekhanov kunye nabanye. Kwixa elizayo, lo mbutho sahlukana kwiBolsheviks, abalandeli uLenin, yaye Mensheviks, abalandeli Martov kaThixo. Njengokuba sisazi, le iqela yamaBolshevik weza amandla emva Oktobha Revolution kwaye ngukhokho CPSU.

I Socialist-mbuso wambumba iqela yabo nezopolitiko ngokudibana kwimibutho populist. Le nkqubo iye yaba elide ngokwaneleyo. De kube mzuzu inzaliseko kaFebruwari Revolution, lo mbuso Social apho ngokungekho mthethweni, ukudala izangqa, intshukumo, kuquka ukwenza imisebenzi kwabanqolobi. Lahlela kokubulawa kakumkani kunye namanye amalungu karhulumente ngelo xesha.

intshukumo kwezopolitiko ngokungekho mthethweni kwi-USSR

Ngokutsho data ezisemthethweni, eSoviet Union kwakukho omnye amandla single ezopolitiko - Communist Party, kodwa kwakukho intshukumo mthethweni. Ngokomzekelo, enye intshukumo ngokufihlakeleyo Maoists sisebenza kule minyaka 1960-1980. ingcamango zabo ukuze balwe yoohlohlesakhe ukonakala yenkokheli qela. Emva kokufa Iosifa Vissarionovicha Stalina ezihlangwini kuphela ingcamango wamaKomanisi wabonwa njengoko Mao Zedong, waya amandla eSoviet Union Nikitu Sergeevicha Hruscheva waqonda ukuba igosa iqela, kodwa hayi inkokeli.

Kwakhona kwi komhlaba ngexesha leSoviet kwafuneka ukuba baphume amakholwa - unqulo kwakusithiwa "umlaliso kwabantu 'kweli hlabathi eSoviet akabanga ndawo. Yonke imibutho yenkolo ukweyisela batshutshiswa ngenxa kombono, yatshabalalisa izindlu zabo zokunqula.

Ngaphezu koko, eSoviet Union wayekho iintshukumo komhlaba, emele iqela lolutsha apho abantu baxoxa iingcamango zobuKomanisi yaye kungqinelwano kubomi babo bokwenyani.

Kakade ke, imisebenzi zoluntu ezifana eSoviet Union mthethweni.

iqela ezingavumelekanga nokukhetha iinkolo

Ngokutsho uxwebhu olusisiseko zomthetho kweli lizwe --siseko, akukho unqulo abonakala ngurhulumente. Wavakalisa inkululeko yesazela, wonke umntu unelungelo lokukhetha unqulo lwabo. Ukwahlulwa inkolo kunye kurhulumente wehlabathi. Ngenxa yoko, amaqela zonqulo zezopolitiko zivaliwe, njengoko injongo ephambili abo - ukunyanzelwa unqulo njengendlela ephambili kwilizwe apho unqulo kuza kuqaliswa kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi wesizwe, kubandakanywa i-mthetho. Oku kuchasene-siseko. Noko ke, de kwangowama-2003, le mibutho yezopolitiko zabakho yaye benza ekukhuseleni iimfuno abathembekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, iqela "Kuba Russia Oyingcwele" wathabatha inxaxheba kulonyulo zepalamente. luck ezilungileyo kweli phulo kwi inxalenye Party Orthodox sele ayifikelelekanga, isiphumo yaba ngaphantsi kwesinye ekhulwini.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iqela, uhlanganise ngenxa yonqulo akuvumelekanga ngumthetho. Imisebenzi ethile esondele ngamahlelo; injongo yazo - ze yenkolo, rhoqo ubuqhophololo kunye nezinye izinto ezingekho mthethweni.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba abasemagunyeni kunye ibandla zohlukile, ngokutsho siseko, abameli amaqumrhu karhulumente adibana rhoqo kunye neenkokeli zonqulo ezo iinkonzo zibonakaliswa ngokusesikweni yi-Russian Federation. Ngenxa kule intsebenziswano, elithembekileyo unako ukuzisa izicelo zabo kunye neemfuno kwabasemagunyeni.

Amaqela ezopolitiko eRussia namhlanje

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, eli lizwe inani elikhulu amaqela ezopolitiko kunye neentshukumo zayo nayiphi yokuqhelaniswa nezifundo. Yeyona iqela elilawulayo zimelwe kwi State Duma, kwakunye nemibutho owathi, ngenxa yezizathu okanye omnye akuzange kube khona. Phakathi kwezi kukho uluntu ezopolitiko kunye neentshukumo inkcaso pro-government. Ukuba sicinga iqela mthethweni, ukuba ngaba ubukhulu becala zifumaneka phakathi kwemibutho iphikisanayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba, ngokomthetho Russian, intshukumo ekhuthaza ukubhukuqwa yobundlobongela yomyalelo ezikhoyo, kunye nentiyo ngenxa yobuhlanga, ezentlalo kunye namanye, akuvumelekanga.

eliphikisayo ngokomthetho eRussia

Uqhankqalazo movement eRashiya limelwe lilungu lemibutho eliqela. Ukuba sithethe eliphikisayo, sinako ngokuba amaqela ezopolitiko, wegqitha yowiso-mthetho. Umzekelo, i-KPRF, LDPR kunye "Fair Russia". umsebenzi wabo loqhankqalazo ngamazwi kuphela inyathelo ngqo - uqhankqalazo, pickets, imingcelele kunye namanye, kodwa kwakhona ngqo nawo amagunya, apho abameli babo. Ziphinde zingenise izicelo zabo kwi-ajenda.

Kwakhona, kukho amaqela ezopolitiko ukuba uluphumelele inkqubo yobhaliso, umsebenzi wabo zomthetho, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu okanye elinye musa kuwa kuwo amabandla zomthetho. La ngamaqela wayengazi nto kuqokelela inani elifunekayo iivoti zonyulo, okanye ayengavunyelwa ukuba umsebenzi yonyulo.

iimpawu Common ngabameli inkcaso non-systemic

amaqela Non-systemic iphikisanayo ezingenabameli abasemagunyeni esembindini asekuhlaleni, umsebenzi wabo ikhankasela ngoncedo yeentlanganiso, irallie, pickets kunye nezinye iindlela ebizwa njalo-idemokhrasi esitratweni. Abanye babo bavelise iincwadi zabo eshicilelweyo phulo, ukudala Web sayithi kwi Internet. amaqela ezinjalo ezingabhaliswanga yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezobuLungisa, ke ngoko, malunga nemisebenzi yabo kuthiwe ukuba akukho mthethweni. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba abavumelekanga. Isiseko ngokuthintelwa iba imisebenzi qela, ukuba benze izenzo zobundlobongela, ubuxoki yobuFasi, ukunyamezelana imincili nasiphi na isizathu, kufuneka ukuba revolution.

Ukuvalwa party eRussia

Uluntu ukusuka isithintelo okungekho mthethweni amaqela ezopolitiko ezingafaniyo ubulungu kwimibutho efana bezonxibelelwano bukhatshwa sisohlwayo ngumthetho, kunye nobutyala. Ukutsala, njengoko umthetho, ngexesha lokukhupha ingxelo, ikhuthaza Fascism utshintsho yobundlobongela amandla, njalo-njalo. E. Party lweDomeyini uluhlu elikhulu iingcamango ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka Kommunisticheskaya ophela uluntu melo kunye wesizwe.

A ummeli ebalulekileyo lombutho ivalwe wezopolitiko i-National yamaBolshevik Party, uEduard Limonov owasekwa ngo-Novemba 1994, ukususela kwixesha lokuya cinezela umba yokuqala iphephandaba "yi". Le iqela uyakhanyela elide yobhaliso olusemthethweni, nto ke leyo ebangele ukuba nako ukuthatha inxaxheba kumzabalazo esemthethweni yezopolitiko esebenzisa yokhetho. Ngo-2007, i-NBP uye wavalwa ngokomthetho, isiseko wakhonza njengoko abathile uqhankqalazo ngamaqela. Noko ke, amalungu ayo walushiya umsebenzi lezopolitiko - "The Okunye Russia" yasekwa ngo-2010. Ubhaliso Uthe ke wakhanyela, ngoko ke le ndawo ukuncedisana ezahlukeneyo amaqela mthethweni ezopolitiko.

Imibutho kunye iintshukumo ekhuthaza Fascism

A indawo ekhethekileyo phakathi amaqela ezithintelweyo abahlala imibutho ngokungenalusini karhulumente. Yokuqala Russian lobuFasi Party yadalwa ngamaxesha yiSoviet, ngo-1931. Kucingwa omnye amaqela abasuka ezininzi waba ideology ecacileyo kunye nesakhiwo. Noko ke, loo nto idala indawo ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo, akakukhumbulanga na eSoviet Union naseManchuria. Abaseki - emigres Russian ngubani yaye yaxhasa nokonyanywa kwamaJuda kunye anti-ubukomanisi. Uhlaselo ngamaNazi eJamani kwi yiSoviet Union wabonwa njengethuba lokuba balahle "idyokhwe yamaYuda" nolobukomanisi. Itheko kwavalwa ngabasemagunyeni yaseJapan ngo-1943. Emva amabutho Soviet wangena naseManchuria, umseki beqela - uKonstantin Vladimirovich Rodzaevsky - wanikezela ngokuzithandela ukuba abasemagunyeni eSoviet, emva koko wabanjwa waza wabulawa kamva ngonyaka.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iqela zwilakhe Russian ayisekho, kodwa kukho eminye imibutho ekhuthaza udushe, kwaye abavumelekanga yi-Ministry of Justice.

iintshukumo wesizwe eRashiya yanamhlanje

Movement, nto leyo iqonga ezizinzululwazi ubuzwe, thaca uluhlu olude zemibutho. amaqela ubuzwe iintshukumo ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe aphakathi kunye ezinkulu, kwakunye mthethweni. Iyonke ngamaqhekeza ngaphezu kwama-50. Phakathi umsebenzi wokuhlola ngexesha iyakwazi ukuphawula National Democratic Party, intshukumo "Ukumelana" kunye nabanye. Uninzi lwezi uluntu imiphakathi ukuba yokuphila esempilweni, ukuze imvuselelo imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko. Ubukhulu becala lo msebenzi kakhulu eyakhayo, kodwa amalungu la maqela asemaphandleni-arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho ukuba ukunqanda izinto ezingekho mthethweni.

Mthethweni amaqela Russian wesizwe kufuneka imele eliqaqambileyo - Russian National Unity (RNE). Le mibutho ultra-ekunene, ngokutsho kwezinye abahlalutyi ezopolitiko - lobuFasi, yasekwa ngo-1990. Alexander wakhokela intshukumo Barkashov. Ukuze inkcaso esebenzayo kwintlangano amandla akuvumelekile, kodwa isizathu sokuba ukutshintsha ifomathi isindululo. Ukususela ngo-1997, RNU ekuqaleni ukubeka njengesebe zentlalo-ubuzwe, wayebeka kwinkongolo ongumsunguli.

RNU Umbutho ikhona kule mini, akubanga ngokomthetho. Phakathi kwimisebenzi ephambili sesindululo - ukuthumela amaqela wokuzithandela kwintsimi kumzantsi-mpuma Ukraine.