Popigai ndawo eSiberia (ifoto)

Planet Earth uye ngokuphindaphindiweyo "iphalale yona" imvula Meteor. Emva kokuwa amaqhekeza Meteor elikhulu zishiywe emhlabeni imizila ecacileyo - astrobleme ubukhulu emikhulu. Izazinzulu sahlolisisa malunga 150 ezinkulu "inkwenkwezi ngenxeba" kunye jinga ububanzi kuluhlu 25-500 km.

Lidla ilitye elikhulu seyiqalile liyiqwalasele Popigai mngxuma, ibekwe kwi kummandla Russia. ububanzi Largest ukuba ibekwe yesine. Popigai astrobleme - lesikhumbuzo indalo ngomlinganiselo langa, ephantsi ukhuselo UNESCO.

Indawo Popigai wentaba

Malunga nezigidi ezingama-35 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo eSiberia, kumntla we-Anabar Shield, apho Yakutia imingcele kummandla Irkutsk, ilizwe kwagxila umzimba monolithic yasezulwini elikhulu elimile njengesilinda. Owavula kumphezulu womhlaba e Popigaj isitya Meteor eshiya wentaba isikhala elikhulu ubunzulu kweemitha ezili-150.

Popigai ke, ilitye mngxuma, apho kukho intsimi eyodwa iidayimani abamnyama, ohlala yinxalenye babeziindleko mpuma ka kummandla Krasnodar. Kwimpuma injalo Wasolula ku Yakutia. Ndafumana ubudeki twisiseka astroblems kweekhilomitha ezili-100 ngo-1949 AD Kozhevin.

Ubume kuloo mngxuma Popigai

Popigai astrobleme - isakhiwo isangqa kunokuba enkulu. Kuyinto indibanisela namakhonkco kunye ovali. Oku "inxeba Star" Kubonakala ngathi misinga setyhula. ifanele ufikelela nobunzulu kweemitha 200-400. Its isithuba engaphakathi engagqibekanga ezele kwentlabathi koqeqesho gravels.

I ring engaphandle ye Nefaneli ayafika ububanzi kweekhilomitha 20-25. ibhodi kwayo yakhiwa ngamatye ludaka. Ehlupheka deformation kakhulu ngenxa ziithrasti centrifugal kunye Ukophuka ebabusisakha kunye ukushenxiswa awo amakhulu.

Ubukhulu be ngaphakathi Nefaneli - 45 km. Kuye kwasekwa ngokuvusa i ring imizila yesandi. It kungabonakala intshabalalo kunye negilasi inclusions. Kuye kwasekwa umaleko enamandla kwentshinyela iziyobisi paste-like.

Popigai ndawo Yakutia abe engundoqo umaleko impactites lisongiwe. ubukhulu bayo ezimbini neekhilomitha. izinto Friable of lunamahlwili amhlophe ubungakanani ezahlukeneyo namaqhekeza bakha breccias allogeneic kunye namandla kweemitha ezili-150. Impactites kwakhiwa iglasi, gneiss edidekile, kunye neeminerali.

Meteor xi ndiziqhawule sikhatshwe kwi yalapho 105 pascals kunye lobushushu malunga 2000 ⁰ C. Oku kukhokelele kwinto yokuba gneiss zanyibilika ukuya kwimo engamanzi. Ubunzima ehambisekayo, esasaza radially ngesantya esiphezulu, izakhiwo ring kwakhiwa. Asakhulayo ukusuka kumbindi Jets nemisinga, ukuba zazizaliswe ezantsi ifanele.

Kakhu- ifuthe enamandla Ibhanti emhlabeni yakhokelela lokusekwa kuvuselele engundoqo. Ke ukufukuka landa nge inertia de mngxuma Ukuzalisa esinjengaso, kwaye imbuyekezo amandla elastic kwanele.

iimpawu astrobleme

Ummandla ongqonge umngxuma Popigai phantse kuyo. Xa astrobleme ekumntla dolophana igama elifanayo - Popigaj. Kusekho na imithi ikhule, nangona Iinduli kwimali kubo iminyaka engamashumi emva ukuyekwa kwemigodi.

Stony placers saa ngeenyawo, ngathi yintlabathi. rocks ngokuyinxenye badlula Soft. Isizathu soku - intshukumo kweemaleko phezulu-phantsi. Phakathi doti kwakhiwa nemingxuma enzulu calcareous.

Emva koko wafumana unikezelo lwamanzi endilisekileyo. Angenwa lulwelo kwenzeka ubunzulu semitha enye. Amanzi neGauteng kwi nemingxuma, ikhuthaza ukuba "yasentabeni" zikhabane. Popigai eziwa wentaba - indawo apho umhlaba afumaneka zokuhlola anomaly ngemagnethi. Mhlawumbi, kukho kusenzeka intsila kwezinto yentsimbi-equlethe.

Hypothesis "Break Enkulu"

Ngowe-1970, izazinzulu, ngokusekelwe izifundo zeengxondorha ze, neetyuwa eziye ubunzima ifuthe yokunyibilika lityumza, hypothesized astrobleme imvelaphi meteoric. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, umzimba cosmic lingena ilizwe eSiberia xa eneminyaka babungabandi-Oligocene umcimbi ziphele. "Break Enkulu" kwenzeka ngaxeshanye astrobleme kumiswa.

Crater - unobangela kobusika yenyukliya

Izazinzulu zithi izilwanyana elwandle enkulu kunye ukuwa emkhathini. Bakholelwa ukuba umzimba uwe zesibhakabhaka yaba unobangela ukufa unamazinyo iminenga, isilwanyana ulwandle urchins kunokuba iimeko zemozulu. Elo litye - yindlela ephambili yale meko ziqhwalelisa indlela indalo. kokuwa kwakhe kwabangela ukuba ubusika enyukliya, wabulala izilwanyana.

Xa emhlabeni, izidumbu enkulu isithuba banyanzelwa ukuba amise amasuntswana emoyeni. Ilanga kubonakala ukusuka amasuntswana kukhokelela kobubi lwehlabathi. Izazinzulu lahlaziya izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ioksijini, carbon, kunye nezinye izinto ekulelona oontanga-babungabandi rock, yaye baye bafumanisa ukuba xa eqale Popigai mngxuma eSiberia, kukho utshintsho esikhawulezileyo kweemeko zemozulu. Imozulu umanzi nefudumeleyo bomile yaye kubanda.

Izifundo Inzululwazi iye yaqinisekisa ukuba kwenzeke ingozi yokuba kwenzeke mlilo lwephanyazo amasuntswana amancinane of nesalfure. Luhlala emoyeni, reflectors zentsimbi ukukhanya nobushushu. Utshintsho lwemozulu kuba yingozi ebulalayo - yokuduka iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana nezityalo.

kwemfundo zejoloji kuloo mngxuma

Emva uzingela Popigai mngxuma laliyindawo umsebenzi wokuhlola. Izazi ziye zafumanisa kukho ezimbini idipozithi diamond ezinkulu. Intsimi "Rock" livela 140, yaye "Bump" - 7 milliardov carats.

Diamonds apha zisisiphumo baziswa elifutshane ukuya kwiqondo eliphezulu kakhulu nengcinezelo needipozithi bamalahle kunye mifanekiso. Diamond ezifumaneka ematyeni basaltic, nika igama elikhethekileyo - Yakutia.

De-2012, ulwazi malunga Black Diamond waye olusana. Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba ukufunyanwa yesibambiso kweenkcukacha zezigulana ezithathwa nje ngeziyimfihlo, kwaye uphononongo lufumanise kombambi webhola diamond wayeka. Iingcali ziqikelela ukuba nenzuzo ukuqhubeka imveliso iidayimani esiyenziwe kunokuba ukufumana inkqubo endalo. Ukongeza, zokuma wathetha abamnyama ngolu hlobo: amatye, leyo abe elinzima-umsebenzi, ayifanelekanga ukuba isetyenziselwe processing izihombiso ezinamatye anqabileyo, ukuba asenokungakulungeli sanding umsebenzi.

Izazi ukuhlola Popigai Umgodi benza kusombiwa eweni. Iisampulu zaye zasuswa amaqula ukuya kubunzulu kweekhilomitha 1.7. Ngokwangoku, kule ndawo Lighthouse lali ishiywe malunga eliwaka iitoni umphakathi saa phezu komhlaba.

uhambo 2013

Inzala kwi placers diamond astrobleme Popigaj waphila kutshanje. Ngo-2013, awaya wathunyelwa umngxuma. Iziphumo zophando ezitsha kuba a ukuzwa. Iingqikelelo kwenza izazinzulu ukuze bakholwe ukuba Russian Federation uyakwazi kuhlehliswe kwimarike diamond zehlabathi.

Amathuba bekelelo diamond Popigaj

Nangona ziqhele placers diamond, imigodi uhlala umbuzo omkhulu. Nangona zizityebi iidayimani saa ngokoqobo ezinyaweni, Popigai photos mngxuma nangalo siyabaqalekisa abantu abenziwe kwiikona ezahlukeneyo, bazivelise okanye bazenze, kuvela, oko Nangoku inokusebenza ngokorhwebo.

Kwelinye icala, akukho mfuneko yokuba ukubeka emigodini, iidipozithi nzulu ngokulula ukwemba ukumbiwa. Kwelinye - bebe kuhlehliswe kungekuphela nje kwiimalike zehlabathi iidayimani mveliso, kodwa uqoqosho Russian, kakhulu. Ngapha koko, Russia - umdlali yomeleleyo kurhwebo lwedayimani.

Musa ukukhawuleza kunye wokombiwa kwedayimani abamnyama kuba placers yabo ikude kakhulu ukusuka kwindlela, azizange unikwa umbane, umsebenzi kuya kufuneka ukuba enze kwiindawo ngqwabalala. iziseko Industrial iza kufuna imali enkulu.

udaka Basaltic, esisityebi ngedayimani, nzima ukuze ayinakuluphatha ngokusika izixhobo. Kuba nezokukhupha amatye ezifunekayo iiteknoloji ezintsha kunye nezixhobo, umsebenzi uphando, imifuniselo elebhu.

Le miba kufuneka iingxaki ezinkulu zemali kunye zeziko kwaye kunyanzeleke ukuba ukugqiba wokombiwa kwedayimani lutho. Kodwa ukuba inzuzo kokombiwa uya kuba zibonakala, kungekhona into yokuba amatye ukulanda. Ngapha koko, ilitye lesikhumbuzo jikelele Popigaj akhuselwe yi-UNESCO.