Unit eziziziqalelo kwindaleko - ntoni na? Ukumiselwa kweyunithi eziziziqalelo zazivelela

indoda Modern, ngokubanzi, uqhelene imbono zazivelela njenge inkqubo yophuhliso okokoko ukuphila emhlabeni. Kukho ayekholelwa ukuba zazivelela - inkqubo bhetyebhetye, akukho lula zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yobukho kwabo okuqhubekayo. Inkulu ingxoxo malunga neengcamango ngemvelaphi ukuphila emhlabeni, malunga apho konke yaqala. Kodwa sekwadlula eqhelekileyo, oko konke ezifundiswa esikolweni. Kulo mzekelo, yintoni na icandelo esisiseko izinto zazivelela - umntu, iqela eziphilayo, iintlobo, - bazi yaye baqonde bonke.

theory uphuhliso

Xa igama elithi "indaleko" thina kwaoko sicinga Charles Darwin (1809-1882). Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ingcamango kancane wobomi into efana iyunithi eziziziqalelo ngendaleko, wabonakala ngeengcinga bulumko. Kodwa uCharles Darwin fanele intshayelelo kuluntu lwezenzululwazi ... hayi, hayi ingqiqo yendaleko kunye nemiba eziya kukhokelela iinguqu ezibalulekileyo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kakhulu eziphilayo kumiswa iintlobo ezintsha. Iintlobo beliqela yebhayoloji yolo eziphilayo, efana kwi iimpawu yonke entsonkothileyo ekwaziyo yokuwela ngokukhululekileyo ukuvela wenzala okuzala. Ngoko ke, lo mba umxholo weli nqaku - kwenkcazo iyunithi incinane, nto leyo inokuba utshintsho elide nobulunga, kukhokelele inkangeleko into entsha kwaye eyahlukileyo kwezo fom lwabazali.

ngaphambi Darwin

Ingongoma umbono kuphuhliso behlabathi eziphilayo, apho yayikhona ngaphambi kokufika thiyori imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo ze Darwin, ngokuba pre-kaDarwin. Ngaphandle kokuya kwi endle ingcamango yendaleko, ithiyori okhoyo kwaba ubufundisi (evela kuThixo) kunye zenkolo-yendalo (eziphilayo bazama ukuphucula, kwakhona evela kuThixo). Le mbono ke iyunithi ezisisiseko ngendaleko kubhekwa ndlovu ngamnye. Umzekelo, Zhan Batist Lamark (1744-1829) sachaza nasisihlo neendlulamthi intamo ende bafuna ukufikelela kunye namasebe aphezulu kwinzala ugqithiso njengeminqweno yoluntu.

Darwin revolution

Ngokwemfanelo Charles Darwin ukuba echaza umphumo nomzabalazo yobukho, ukhetho zendalo umsebenzi wakhe "The Origin of Species" zonke iintlobo engakholelekiyo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Isiphumo sale nkqubo uloyiso enamandla kunye nexoxo liyazigxumela. Darwin wagxininisa ukuba iyunithi esisiseko ngendaleko liqela labantu, hayi nje abantu abangatshatanga. Ukukhetha Natural xesha esebenza phantsi umda isiwo sayo njengabantu abangatshatanga kunye neqela labo zendalo. Lelo qela, ngokutsho Darwin, iimpawu ziqhubeka namhlanje ngokungeyomfuneko, kodwa ngomso baye kakhulu ukuba bhetyebhetye eziphilayo kwiimeko ezihlala ziguquka ebomini. Darwin liqela kwiintlobo kwiyunithi esisiseko izinto zazivelela.

KaDarwin plus genetics

Oko ayikwazanga kuchazwe Charlz Darvin yakhe "Imvelaphi ..." yindlela zidluliselwa utshintsho random kwaye ezisisigxina siyinzala. Ngapha koko, iimpawu ezizodwa ziya iphazanyiswa ekuhambeni izizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Kwaye ngeli xesha kukho nenzululwazi yemfuza kunye nemithetho yayo yelifa kunye alleles sofuzo kwaye elibalaseleyo, ezingasetyenziswanga kwiqela eziphilayo. Imithetho ezintathu jikelele ngxilimbela isizukulwana wokuqala Mendel, le kweleli kabini kolwazi yezofuzo ye-DNA Watson kunye Crick, ezinto eziphilayo kunye nesakhiwo sofuzo, uphuhliso embryology kunye cytology, ethology, kwesayensi, eziphilayo nemvelo -. Ukhanyiso ke wazalwa ingcamango zokwenziwa of yendaleko, ku lawula bume namhlanje zemfundo.

Ngokuncedisana kaDarwin mihla

imfundiso Synthetic izinto zazivelela kwasekwa phakathi kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Ukuba uthumele igalelo zonke zebhayoloji yendaleko ekwakhiweni kwayo ayanelanga iphepha ezintathu. Qaphela zesayensi S. S. Chetverikova (1880-1959), FG Dobrozhanskogo (1900-1975) kunye I. I. Shmalgauzena (1884-1963). Eyona postulate iphambili ithiyori - iyunithi esisiseko yokuzivelela yabantu njengeqela olwahlukileyo uhlobo olunye abahlala kwindawo enye ngendlela ethile bodwa bangadibani namanye nabantu iintlobo. Ukuba wedwa kwamanani (eziphilayo, geographical, ukuvelisa) ekhokelela kuseko iintlobo ezintsha. Ukuba achaze indlela ezisebenza speciation ikhokelela theory zokwenziwa of yokuzivelela ngu izibonelelo ezithile, kwakhona uchaza ukuba kutheni abantu ithathwa iyunithi esisiseko izinto zazivelela.

Eyona engundoqo izibonelelo ingcamango zokwenziwa of yendaleko

Le data thaca kwi, akukho ibango ulwazi ngokupheleleyo yaye ngokupheleleyo nezibonelelo theory mihla kunye postulates ingqalelo kwimeko abemi - iyunithi ezisisiseko izinto zazivelela.

sebhayoloji Russian kunye zofuzo N. V. Timofeev-Resovsky (1900-1981) baqulunqe izibonelelo ezisisiseko ste aphantsi iiyunithi, nokuhlalisana izinto zazivelela eziphilayo.

• unit eziziziqalelo kwindaleko - nto labantu.
• Lo ngumkhuba yendaleko ngezenzo - litshintsha pool gene (a iseti eqhelekileyo iiseli bonke abantu) labemi.
• Lezakhi lidike labemi - impahla ilifa izinto zazivelela.
• imiba Evolution - iinkqubo mutational yokugquma amaza labemi (inani oscillations) kunye nokukhetha.

kungani labantu

labantu Kuphela njengeqela labantu beentlobo omnye abe licandelo elinye leyo khona ngonaphakade njengoko ingqibelelo ngexesha kunye nendawo. Kwaye kuphela kule okuba uluntu labantu ziyazalana usoloko ngaphezu amathuba yokuwela abantu abantu ezahlukeneyo. Kuphela labantu uyazanelisa na iimfuno zenkqubo yendaleko, yaye ngenxa yoko ke iyunithi eziziziqalelo zazivelela. Kuphela ngaphakathi kweli qela kunye iseti ezahlukeneyo genotypes kubantu bachongelwe iimpawu phenotypic. Kuphela enjalo sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo inokuba phenotypically ekufumaneni nempumelelo imiqathango enikwe zempilo nemiqondiso kweejini iqela lonke, kwi lezakhi yabemi. Kwaye yande lezakhi, ukutshintsha genotypes ngamnye ngamnye, nto leyo ekhokelela phenotypic differences (lwangaphandle).

Kutheni na umbono - iyunithi esisiseko zazivelela?

Izimvo nako kunganikwa ingqwalasela inkqubo epheleleyo evaliweyo, kukho ixesha elide. Kodwa uhlobo ngalunye, awayengabemi indawo ethile, isasazwa edyokhweni kwi ntsimi. Kwaye yonke inxalenye yaso - oku inani kuthiwa enokwenza ukuba inkqubo speciation. Kwaye awukwazi ukunika. Ezinye iintlobo, ezifana zikho, beshumayela ngokubanzi intsimi kunokuba limited yaye amelwe inani (ibhere arctic elimhlophe, okanye itywina zamanzi). Kwaye kukho iintlobo ezifana magpie oqhelekileyo wayemela amakhulu abantu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi.

Kutheni ndahlukane ngamnye unit eziziziqalelo zazivelela?

Le yokuzivelela ibandakanya uphuhliso kunye ukuvela neempawu ezintsha kunye neempawu ephilayo, nto leyo qethe yayo enkulu. Kwaye ngoko ke chain izizukulwana iyafuneka - imbali yokuzivelela nekamva yokuzivelela. A umzimba ayisekho naziphi na ubude bexesha ngaphezulu ebomini ukuphuhlisa kwaye komeleze umqondiso. Ngoko ke, oziinkomo noyimpahla emfutshane ayikwazi ukuba iyunithi esisiseko - iqela ayinabantu kwaye akukho ngokwaneleyo, njengokuba umthetho, kungekhona ixesha elide kakhulu kwimeko inani ngezizukulwana. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le ngxelo akafanelanga ngokupheleleyo ngenxa prokaryotes (non-nuclear) njengoko nje yezinga eliphezulu yokuzala.