Roza Lyuksemburg: ubomi nokufa ekuguqukeni

Mhlawumbi abaninzi beva okanye sifunda ukuba ngo-2009 intyatyambo ekhethekileyo yaphehlelelwa eYurophu - rose "Princess of Luxembourg." Umcimbi lixesha kwi engama-18 ka-Alexandra - i-Grand Duchy lobukumkani. Kodwa namhlanje iya ngayo. Abantu abadala khumbula ukuba ngasekupheleni XIX kunye kwekhulu XX ekuqaleni yaba ngumntu waseJamani onjalo revolution kunye nempembelelo ngokwaneleyo abadlala indima ebalulekileyo lokusekwa intshukumo lwamaKomanisi eYurophu. Igama lakhe nobona igama imbali enhle - Roza Lyuksemburg. Iminyaka yobomi lo mfazi wayezinikele ngokupheleleyo kumzabalazo amalungelo nenkululeko yabantu abaqhelekileyo. Oku ngaye kwaye kuya kuxoxwa ngazo kweli nqaku.

intsapho yamaYuda

Rose Born (igama lokwenyani Rosalia) ngoMatshi 5, 1871 ebukumkanini Poland Zamosc dolophu, phezu ongaphandle ubukhosi Russian. Yena waye umntwana yesihlanu kwintsapho zabarhwebi-yamaYuda nemithi zabarhwebi Elias Luxembourg. Le ntwazana wayengumfundi elungileyo yaye waphumelela iimbeko ukusuka kwenye yokuzilolonga Warsaw kaThixo.

Kulo kwintsapho esondeleleneyo yamaYuda ndayithanda gqitha abantwana, ingakumbi rosettes omncinane, leyo ikhubaziwe (dislocation welungu hip). Ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka 10 emzimbeni wayo yinkqubo vuhlayiseki buhlungu kakhulu, ebotshelelwe ukuba kwebhedi, ngamanye amaxesha iinyanga eziliqela. Xa ekhula, ngesifo lweMedia, kodwa wahlala ajingxele. Ukuze encinane ukufihla le siphene, yena enxibe izihlangu ezizodwa. Le ntwazana, Kakade, ukhathazeka kakhulu malunga ekuqhwaleleni, ngoko akumangalisi ukuba kulo mhlaba yena unokuba kegama inani nezakhiwo.

ekuqaleni wendlela

Ndimele ndithi Roza Lyuksemburg, ogama engobomi yaziwa ngokuba enxulumene kakhulu imisebenzi revolution waqalisa ukuba nomdla kwiipolitiki ekuseni kakhulu, nangona ukufunda. Emva kokugqiba abazali zezikolo eziphakamileyo ngandlela zonke wazama ukumnqanda kule nto uyithandayo kunokuba yingozi kwaye waqesha ukuze utitshala womculo engcono. Abazange Kuyathenjwa ukuba intombazana kakhulu zinetalente alibale ngezinto zobugcisa kunye nezopolitiko, kodwa URose uye waba indlela wotshintsho, leyo ulindele ukuqonda yonke amabhongo akhe. Phakathi abahlobo bakhe omtsha waba phezu ngokulinganayo, ekubeni kungekho namnye kubo anivumanga ingqalelo ukuze uphucule yakhe.

Ekupheleni kuka-1880. Uninzi amaqela mthethweni revolution sele beqalisile ukoyisa iindawana zongquzulwano lwezimvo ezinokuthi ziye enxulumene kunye nokukhethwa endleleni. Ngendlela, ukuba sele kwacaca ukuba izothuso ayikwazi kugwetyelwa, kwaye zigcinwe yempambano kuphela. Uninzi lwabantu abatsha kwamane iindlela ezisemthethweni omzabalazo.

Roza Lyuksemburg waba kwisangqa olululo kwixesha xa ungquzulwano anti-abanqolobi bakhula phakathi kwamalungu ayo, baza bema abo ngamandla nxamnye macala kwaye wadlala ze nokuyaluzela. Kodwa abagrogrisi ziye zaqhubeka ukuphumeza izenzo zabo mthethweni, kunokuba bendisa amalungu zabo ophikisana pati ezandleni zamapolisa.

Kungenxa yale sele Rose oneminyaka eli-18 ubudala kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukuzifihla intshutshiso ngabasemagunyeni ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwazo umbutho komhlaba "sabasebenzi". Kwakufuneka thutha eSwitzerland, apho waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe kwiYunivesithi yase Zurich. Apho, wafunda umthetho, intanda kunye noqoqosho kwezopolitiko.

uthando lokuqala

Le minyaka kwi bathuleyo eSwitzerland, Roza Lyuksemburg (bona ifoto. Xa review) bakhumbula njengokuba yonwabileyo ebomini bakhe. Apha waziva uzolile kwaye uzithembe. E Zurich, wadibana kunye Leo Iogihesom othile, ngoko nangoko bayo. Abantu abaselula badla banomdla Rose, kodwa osukuba njengesixeko esithatha okanye wenze - ulwalamano lwabo yehliswe kuphela ukuthetha ngalo mgaqo-nkqubo kunye utyelelo kwithala ehlangeneyo. Ngoko ke, kwafuneka ukuba athathe inyathelo ngokwayo baxele uthando lwakho kuye.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba phambi Leo a bachelor iqinisekisiwe, waza wanikela kuphela emva Zase ingqalelo somlilo. Waba ngumntu ezingenamandla kakhulu, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe waqalisa ukubacaphukisa indoda umsebenzi bangakuvuyeli amantombazana, unikwe ukuba imisebenzi ye-Iogihesa kwakungelulanga. Ngoko ke, ngokwemvelo, babe ungquzulwano rhoqo kwenzeka abathandi. Ekugqibeleni, Roza Lyuksemburg kwi-University of Zurich yakhiwe esoniwa ithisisi yakhe, isantya kuphuhliso lwezamazhishini ePoland. Esi siganeko wayesuke kunye neengxabano zabo.

Uyazingca kakhulu impumelelo yakhe, njengoko umsebenzi wakhe kakhulu oonjingalwazi ezaziwayo-kakuhle, kunye namanqaku ezibhaliweyo ngaye zapapashwa kwiijenali ezaziwayo bokucenga yobusoshiyali. Ngenxa yoko, igama lakhe ibonakaliswa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kodwa Leo yena akazange va ngokuvuya eziyimpumelelo Rose, bazi kakuhle ukuba phantsi kweempembelelo yenkazana sinamandla kakhulu, kwaye le miba ayizange ivumelane konke konke.

Isiphetho lokuqala

Kungekudala emva kokuba Roza Lyuksemburg kwi isimemo ye Socialist Party of Germany uyavuma ukuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo loomasipala njengento udushe. Woman benza ze kummandla Upper eSilesia, apho izibonda abaninzi. Ngenxa yoko, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu angakwazi ukuluqonda intembeko wobusoshiyali yaseJamani. Kule meko, umhlobo wakhe osenyongweni iba Clara Zetkin yotshintsho olululo. It wazisa Luxembourg kunye nonyana wakhe, kwakunye ne odumileyo theoretician Karlom Kautskim. Ukongeza, apha eJamani, ngowe-1901, wavuka waya kumkhawulela kunye Vladimir Lenin.

Emva ekuqaleni iziganeko olululo eRashiya ngowe-1905, afike kwi Warsaw kwaye bathathe inxaxheba kuzo leentshukumo zoqhankqalazo i zabasebenzi Polish. Emva kwexesha elithile, amapolisa tsarist imfihlelo ukulawula ukubamba wamfaka entolongweni yakhe. Luxembourg eyayibanjelwe apho iinyanga eziliqela, lo gama phantsi ugrogriso yomsebenzi onzima okanye nokubulawa. Noko ke, ngenxa imigudu abahlobo German ngo-1907 waza wakhululwa entolongweni, emva koko waya eJamani okulungileyo.

impilo Personal

Ukuze sifudukele lizwe yokuhlala isigxina, Rosa magazini ngabemi waseJamani. Eyona ndlela ilula yokwenza oku yaba ukupheliswa komtshato kunye ngummi yale karhulumente. Luxembourg waba UGustav iLübeck indoda ngokusesikweni. Kulo nyaka, umfazi waqalisa ukuthandana elide unyana ka umhlobo wakhe Clara Zetkin, Constantine. Le nyaniso ongqinayo 600 iileta aye alondolozwa unanamhla.

UConstantine iyayithanda iintetho ezivuthayo senkosikazi yakhe, ngoko yena ngokoqobo waba mentors bakhe ukufunda Marxism. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, esi sibini sichithakele. Ukususela ngelo xesha, akukho imicimbi uthando akathethi ukuqala Roza Lyuksemburg. abantwana bakhe abanamdla kakhulu, kuba zange uyekile ukuba alungiselele mbuso, yaye naye, ukunyaniseka, akubanga phezulu kubo.

Imisebenzi ngexesha yeHlabathi yokuQala

Ngomhla olwandulela kwemfazwe, ngo-1913, ngokuba intetho eyenziwe ngokuchasene ubumfazwe ikhula ngokukhawuleza eJamani, Luxembourg, wabanjwa ngenxa unyaka omnye. Emva kokuphuma ejele, yena akazange ayeke ubuxoki bakhe anti-imfazwe. Agasti 1, 1914, xa Kaiser eJamani wathi imfazwe uBukhosi Russian, iqembu Socialist, ngoko ilungu lepalamente yaseJamani, wavota ubabalo ukuthatha mboleko zomkhosi. Luxembourg wayesecaleni nje ngokwakhe ngokungaqondi onjalo kusengaphambili kunye noogxa bakhe noogxa bakhe omtsha ngoko nangoko wadala lowu lezopolitiko "Internationale." Rose akazange abe nexesha ukubhala inqaku lwam lokuqala olu hlelo njengoko waphinda wabanjwa wamfaka entolongweni eBerlin.

NgoFebruwari 1915, yena kwakhona ufumana kwiindawo lokuvalelwa ukuthetha kwintlanganiso ebibanjelwe Frankfurt am Main. Emva konyaka, wakhululwa yena, kodwa kwiinyanga ezintathu kamva wabanjwa kwakhona. Eli xesha, wanikwa kwithuba elide - iminyaka emibini enesiqingatha. yena ke ngelo xesha akukho kuphinda abatsha, ngaphandle abagulayo kwaye ndililolo, kodwa, ucinga ukuba ugqirha engcono lo msebenzi, uRose wabhala kakhulu, ehleli entolongweni.

Ukudalwa Communist Party of Germany

Xa Ukulwa, yena ifumana kunyango wangumququzeleli kuyo, njengokuba yena, xa ubuso revolution Karla Libknehta. Bobabini, zakha umbutho omtsha - "uSpartacus League". NgoDisemba 1918, ukuba kwakhona kunye yaba wabaseki waseJamani Communist Party.

Xa nkongolo yokuqala umbutho omtsha Roza Lyuksemburg wenza ingxelo, nto leyo kakhulu rhabaxa ugxeke Russian iiBolsheviks ukuseka ngeqhudu-iqela elinye eli lizwe ukuba, ngokwembono yakhe, emibonweni inyathele phezu inkululeko yentando yesininzi, kwakunye negalelo kwezithandani onke amaqela aphikisayo.

Baza salo Revolution

Xa ibhinqa liye kwakhona waphuma entolongweni ngo-1918, eli xesha eJamani sele ngokupheleleyo lwadamba Novemba Revolution. yalahleka ngokupheleleyo ukulawula imeko yoluntu, kunye nangoloyikiso wamagazi ngokoqobo aphalala ezitratweni, bethwele nabo bonke ingqumbo seyininzi kule minyaka leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi.

Njengoko yaziwa, nayiphi revolution Engowoyikekayo ukuba ayenzi yahlula abantu kwi ekunene kunye nokubi, yaye Sehla wonke umntu lowo uzayo phantsi salo yegazi layo. Kwaye ibali ubungqina Rosa eLuxemburg kaThixo. Waba ngomnye amaxhoba njengoko maqabane zabo zangaphambili epatini, ngubani wangxama ngokukhawuleza, ukuze ndithethe, phezu zobuqili, ukuphelisa enzima kunye nabo baba nochuku.

Ukufa umbutho wotshintsho

15 Januwari 1919 Luxembourg, kunye neqabane lakhe Karlom Libknehtom wabanjwa wasiwa ehotele "Eden" kunye. Ekungeneni kwesi sakhiwo yena wahlangatyezwa sisihlwele eyakhiwa ngokupheleleyo lamajoni kunye namagosa, abaqala uhlamba loo mfazi amagama. Emva koko yathotyelwa awayencinwa isidima kakhulu, emva koko, phantsi, eqamba yezakhiwo entolongweni Moabit, kwakhokelela uphume ehotele.

Xa umfazi kwakhokelela ecaleni kwepaseji, yena yahlaselwa elinye ijoni, watsho kabini entloko. Xa wawa, oonogada nda ize nayo isiwe emotweni, apho waqhubeka kokubethwa. Ngokubulala Rosa eLuxemburg waba kule moto, endleleni eya entolongweni xa ekugqibeleni ummiselo ukuba zidlale ngaye umfazi shot kubathuthumbisi zakhe, umzimba uphoswe ijelo Landverskogo amanzi. Kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa, ezizezi -1 Juni, amathambo akhe afunyanwa yaye wayeloba ephuma emanzini. Revolutionary kungcwatywa emva kweentsuku-13 e-Berlin emadlakeni Friedrichsfelde.