Savva Morozov: i-biography efutshane, ubomi bomntu, isithombe, intsapho, abantwana. Mistress Savva Timofeevich Morozov

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabini, abathengisi abacebile eMoscow babemi malunga neentsapho ezingamashumi amabini anamashumi amabini anesihlanu: iintsuku ezisixhenxe phantsi kwegama elithi Morozov. Owona ogqwesileyo kubo bonke abathengisi beedolophu kwakuyiSavva Morozov, ongeyithandabuzo yakhe yinto engumntu ocebileyo, ongenamimoya omtsha, kodwa ngumntu okhanyisiweyo ozama ukufumana ukomoya.

Imali

Akukho mntu uyazi ngokuqinisekileyo ubungakanani obuchanekileyo balo nkulu-ntsapho. Ubambiswano obuphathekayo, apho uSabva Morozov, ongu-biography esinawo phantsi kweglasi ephakamileyo, wayengelona umnini, wayemi kwiimeko ezintathu eziphezulu kunenzuzo kweli lizwe. Wayengumlawuli. Umvuzo wawungewona mkhulu, wawukhulu. U Savva Timofeevich Morozov wathola iibhulekisi ezingamawaka amabini anamanci mahlanu ngonyaka. I-biography yaqala ngokubetha ngamandla. UMphathiswa wezeMali ngeminyaka efanayo wahlawulwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kweshumi, kodwa kwesi sixa ukumkani wongezelela kakhulu ephaketheni lakhe ukuze iWitte ingacasuli.

Abasunguli benkundla ye-Morozovs - U-grandfathers no-baba ka-Savva-babengenayo inxalenye encinci yemfundo eYurophu ephawulekayo eyenziwa yi-Savva. Babenomdla omnye kunomveliso, kwaye babengenalwazi malunga nezinto zokuzonwabisa. Abazange babelane nabo nabani na. Kunoko, ngokuchasene noko, iiduna zazingama-meringues. Kodwa imveliso yaphakanyiswa ukuba ibe nomona. Kodwa i- biographie ka-Savva Morozov yavela eyahlukileyo. Wayekwazi ukufumana imali (kwaye wayenza), kunye nemiba yoluntu ayengamkhathazi nhlobo.

Utatomkhulu Savva

U Savva Vasilyevich wazalelwa e-serf kwiphondo laseVladimir. Indlela ede kakhulu kwaye enzima yayingaphambi kwayo ukuya kwisikhulu esikhulu samattile. Umlimi waso-grin efana neshishini: wayenomshini ongenamsebenzi, wayibopha ilayiti kunye neebhanki ngezandla zakhe, wodwa, waya eMoscow ngeenyawo ngeekhilomitha ezilikhulu ngexesha elizeleyo ukuthengisa impahla yakhe kubathengi. Kancinci, umkhiqizo wanda, wabuyela kwengubo kunye nekotoni.

Andizange ndijwayelane nabaculi, andizange ndifunde ukufunda, kodwa ndagcina imali. Wayehamba kunye nesimo esonwabileyo, nangona umkhosi waseNapoleon wonakalisa isiqingatha saseRashiya waza watshisa uMoscow. Amafayili ashushu, amasiko awanika kakuhle, kwaye i-cotton ishishini laseRashiya yaqala ukuyila. AmaNobles uRyumin wanika uSvava Vasilievich umntu okhululekileyo kwii-ruble ezilishumi elinesixhenxe (ukuba uthenge i-manor kule mali, ayiyi kuba yincinci, inkulu, ingacingi ukuba loo maxesha imali). Kwaye ngokukhawuleza, umkhulu kaSawa waba ngumrhwebi wenhlangano yokuqala.

Rogozhskoe Amangcwaba

Umdala uMorozov, nangona wayekhulile kakhulu, wenza umsebenzi omkhulu, apho akazange ahambe khona olunye usuku. Akazange afunde enye incwadi, wayengenakufunda. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kumvimbele ekufumaneni inkulu kwilizwe laseNicholas Manufactory. Wayecinga ngeentlobo: ukusuka kwisinyathelo sokuqala wayekhathalele okokugqibela.

Apho ngoku eMoscow uMgwaqo oMkhulu wabantu abathandekayo (owawusendleleni yeVladimir), ekhulwini leshumi elinesibhozo ukuhlaliswa kwala maKholide akudala. USapva Morozov, umdala, naye wonke umphefumlo wakhe unamathele elukholweni lwangaphambili kwaye wayekholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo, kwindlela yokulima. Ngako oko, kwiindawo zamangcwaba zaseRogozhskoe zakudala, wathenga indawo yakhe kunye nenzala yakhe.

Amakholwa amakhulu awazange abe ngabantu abahluphekayo, kodwa isityebi - ngokuqhelekileyo. Rogozhsky Old Believers ikakhulukazi, phakathi kwabo kwakukho abakhiqizi nabathengisi abaninzi. Imali yeetempileni, kwaye kwakukho ezimbini kubo emangcwabeni, abazange bazizisole: kwiincwadi zecawa, kwiimifanekiso ezindala zee-Stroganov kunye neRublev, kwi-sacristy. Kwaye amakhandlela phambi kweemifanekiso ayengekho elula, ayeyi-khilogram ezilishumi elinambini ubukhulu. U-Savva Vasilyevich wathenga indawo kule mangcwaba, apho izizukulwana ezine zabathengisi baseMorozovs ziphumla ngoku. Yileyo ndlela i-Savva Morozov eyayishukumisele ngayo. I-biography imfutshane, kodwa ifundisa kakhulu.

UYise uThimothewu

Unyana kaSabvy wayevuyiswa ngumzali wakhe. Emva kweengxande zekhulu leshumi elinesithoba, evunyelwe kwimicimbi yezinto ezenziwayo, wenza imveliso eninzi. Indlalifa ikhawulezi, isilumko, isilumko, njenge-Odysseus, uTimoti Savvich uthathe yonke imjikelezo yomsebenzi wefektri. Wathenga umhlaba kwi-Asia Ephakathi kunye neendawo zekoton waza wayeka ukuxhomekeka kwizinto ezingeniswa ngaphandle, izixhobo zanamhlanje, wafunda oogqirha bakhe kwiKholeji ye-Imperial College, waza waqhuba amaNgesi angabizi entanyeni.

Indlunkulu kayise yanda, eyayizuzeka kakhulu kwiindawo zoshishino eziphezulu. Umcebisi wezepolitiki, i-vowel kuMasipala waseMoscow uDuma, usihlalo kwikomidi yokutshintshana kunye ne-Merchant Bank. Ngaphezu koko, ilungu lebhodi yesitimela saseKursk. IiYunivesithi azizange zigqitywe nayiphi na, kodwa sele ziyazi le ncwadi. Igazi le-bloodsucker lalingabonakali ngaphezu komkhulu wakhe: umsebenzi wawungaphantsi kwintengiso, abasebenzi bahlawuliswa neentlawulo, umvuzo wawubhatalwa ngokungafanekiyo kwaye awukho ngokupheleleyo. Konke oku, uTimofei Savvich wathumela umzekelo ombi kumntwana wakhe: akazange anikezele kuphela kwiicawa, kodwa nakwiiyunivesithi, kwaye wanikela ezininzi izindlu zokushicilela.

Isiteyimu

UMorozov umyinge wayemthanda indlela yokulawula yolawulo. I-manufactory yayingenxa yakhe kunye nabangaphantsi kwinqununu ethile, kunye namapolisa. E-ofisini, kwakungavunyelwe ukuba uhlale nabani na ngaphandle komninimzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iintlanganiso neengxelo zithatha ixesha elingakanani. Ngomnyaka omtsha we-1885, nje ngeKrismesi, izakhi zabasebenzi zenyuka, zacwangcisa isiteleka, ezibizwa kwiincwadi zezifundo "isiteleka seMorozov" kunye nesenzo sokuqala esilungelelwe ngabasebenzi.

Iiveki ezimbini zemveliso zema. UTimofei Morozov wayegubungele. Inwaba yabantu yayiye yaxinwa, abagxeki bavanywa kwihholo elikhulu elinomoya okhulu kakhulu. Uluntu lwabacaphukisile kungekhona kunye nabachasayo, lwaluphuma ngomsindo onobulungisa ngenxa yokungathembeki kwabakhiqizi. Kwaye uSimofei Morozov wabizwa kule nkundla ngqina.

Ihlazo

Biography Savva Timofeevich Morozov waqala kwangoku. Wayekhumbula ngeentloni kunye neentloni ezibi kunokuba ekupheleni kobomi bakhe, njengoko uyise waphuma waya kwindawo yobufakazi, ememeza esithi: "I-Bloodsucker!!", Njengoko babheka uyise wabo ngeengqungquthela, njengoko babemkhomba kuye ngeminwe yabo. Kwaye uTimoti Savich, mhlawumbi, ngokokuqala ngqa ebomini bakhe wayedidekile.

Ukukhohla, ukukhubeka kumgangatho ogqithiseleyo kunye nokubetha emva kwentloko ephantsi phambi kwe-dock. Ingxolo kwiholo yayinjalo ukuba intlanganiso yaphazamiseka. Emva kwenyanga, uTimoti Savich wenyuka ebhedeni lakhe, esele egula ngonaphakade, ekhulile, ekhulile kwaye engendawo. Andizange ndifune ukuva malunga nefektri nayiphi na enye: ukuthengisa, ukubeka imali ebhankini uze uyibale ngoku konke ngokukhawuleza. UMama Sawa u-Timofeevich akazange anike, i-manufactory ibhale yonke into ngokwayo, unyana wenza umlawuli.

Maria Feodorovna

U-Savva Morozov, i-biography mfutshane ayikwazi ukuhambisa zonke iintlungu zexesha elizayo, yanyuswa kwiinkonzo zonqulo kwaye, mhlawumbi, ukunyaniseka okukhulu. Yintoni enye enye inokuthi i-freethinker izalwe kwi-capitalist? KwiNdlela yeThathu-Svyativsky kwakukho indlu kaMorozovs ene-greenhouse, ingadi, iintsimi zeentyatyambo, isithandathu kwintsapho, apho yonke imihla abafundisi be-Old Believer bevela kwiindawo zaseRogozhsky bakhonza. Yaye yonke into enkulu, kwizindlu zokulala ezimashumi mabini, engakhanywanga ngombane, yayibanjwe ngokuqinileyo ngenye ibhinqa ekhosini.

Umama womntu ongenamdla kunye nomntu okhululekileyo, owathi waba ngu-Savva Morozov, unobomi bakhe obuza kwenza ukuba unina aphelelwe amandla, ukuba wayesazi ngaphambili, ngamanye amaxesha wayeyindoda enobungqineli kwaye ezinikezela kwisigqibo sokugqibela. Esoloko ejikelezwe ngu-prizhivalkami, kwakungadingeki ukuba asindise nayiphi na into, kodwa wayenomdla. Abantwana babengazange babe neengubo zangaphantsi. Kwakungabikho amaphephandaba, amaphephancwadi kunye neencwadi zezinto eziphathekayo ekhaya, wayengenakudlalwa kwezemidlalo, umculo awuzange uvezwe endlwini, kuba konke oku kwakusekelwe kwiingcamango zehlabathi elidala. Akazange asebenzise ibhedi, kodwa wayethanda i-cologne.

Imfundo:

Nangona konke oku, utshintsho lobomi be-Old Believer lwaphulwa emhlabeni. Bonke abantwana abasibhozo baseMorozovs babenomqeqeshi kunye nabahamba ngeendlela zokuziphatha, ngomculo nakwiilwimi zangaphandle. Enyanisweni, nangayiphi na ukuhluleka kwabantwana, baqhawula ngamakhanda kwiimboqo ezindala zeDomostroev. Nantsi yonke into ikhethwe ngumntu onjalo njengoSaveva Morozov. Ubomi, ubomi bomntu, ikusasa lakhe lacaca kuye imihla ngemihla. Ekuqaleni, le nkwenkwe yayingathobeli: waqala ukutshaya nokuhamba kude noThixo kwindawo yokuzivocavoca.

EYunivesithi yaseMoscow, wayenomdla ekufundeni i-physics kunye nemathematika, ifilosofi kunye nembali (imfundiso kaKlyuchevsky), ngoko waqhubeka nokufundisisa eNgilani, eCambridge. Wabhala i-thesis kwaye wafunda ishishini lokugqoka. Kwaye emva kwesiteleka seMorozov, wabuyela ekhaya waza wathatha ulawulo lwemveliso eneminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu. I-capitalist yaba yinto emangalisayo. Ukusuka e-England izixhobo ezibhalwe phantsi, i-Savva yahluthwa iifayili, ihlawulwe imivuzo, yakhiwa iiborori zabasebenzi. UTimfefey Savich wabiza unyana wakhe intando yenzululwazi kwaye wayeyika ukuba uya kuphula intamo yakhe ngendlela enjalo kwishishini.

I mpu melelo

Ukubambisana kweMorozovs kwakunjalo. I-Nikolskaya Manufactory yayisele kwindawo yesithathu kwilizwe lonke ngokubhekiselele kwinzuzo yokuvelisa. Izindwangu zikaMorozov zazifuna kakhulu kuneBrithani, nakumazwe angaphandle, nakwiChina nasePersia. Nangona u-Savva Morozov wayengenakukwazi ukulawula yonke into, iifoto kunye nama-biographies zibonisa ukuba emva kwayo yonke into, wayelahlile yonke into, wabeka unina emhlane - umnini wezinto eziphambili-ekuthandeni, kodwa ininzi yexesha engazange ayenze. Ayikho enye imboni yamangalisa umama wam.

Ngothando olusandul 'u Savva nalo luthemba ngokuzithemba. Ngenxa yeso sikratshi, i-old Morozovs ayizange ifike. Wathandana nomfazi otshatileyo, kunye nomfazi wesihlobo sakhe. Ukwahlukana kweRashiya kuye kube yinto engenamsebenzi, kwaye abaKrestu abakhulileyo babengenako ukunyamezela into enjalo, kuba yayingenangqondo kwaye ayimkelekanga. Nangona kunjalo, loo nto yayiyi-biography yendoda eqhubekayo njengoSvava Morozov. Intsapho yahlazeka, kwaye umtshato wenziwa.

Zinaida Grigoryevna

UMorozov wakhetha ibhinqa ngohlobo lomama wakhe: unempembelo, udlakisayo, awunanto, kwaye akanalo isifuba kwaye unengqiqo. Wayeyithande i-luxury, kwaye umyeni wakhe wamthobela. Kwi sitrato Spiridonovka kwindlu yesihlanu inombolo, eyakhelwe ngqo umfazi omncinci, bahlala. Ngoku akukho ukuzithengisa ukuqhuba i-reception kwi-Ministry of Foreign Affairs yaseRashiya, ngendlela. Kwaye uZinaida Grigorievna wenza amalungiselelo. Yena, nangona elalifa, kodwa engumrhwebi, watyelela ubuso bendlu yobukhosi kunye nabantu ababalaseleyo belizwe. Nangona, ngokubanzi, umfazi omude akakaze akwenze. USasva Timofeevich Morozov, owakhe u-biography wasekelwe kwiintloko zeentengiso, akazange ahlale eqonda iimfuno zomfazi wakhe, kodwa wenza konke awakwenzayo.

Ukuhlobisa indlu kwakubonakala ngathi ivenkile ebiza i-china. Kuphela ikhabhinethi kunye nokulala kweSawa kwakubonakala ngathi i-bachelor isiphephelo, ngaphandle kobuqhetseba buka-Ivan the Terrible kwi-workshop yase-Antokolsky, kwakungekho mhlobiso omnye. Kodwa wam umfazi wanyuka. Ngokomzekelo, ukwamukela intsapho yasebukhosini e-Nizhny Novgorod inyanzeliso, wathola into yokuba isitya somfazi wakhe sigqoke ixesha elide kunelo kumkanikazi, kwaye le yiphutha elikhulu kakhulu ngokumalunga nokuthozama. Kodwa ngelo xesha, uSawa akazange akhathalele oko umfazi wakhe akwenzayo. Lo mtshato awuzange usindiswe ngabantwana baka-Savva Morozov. I-biography apha ayiyikuphela, kuba into enomdla kakhulu kwi-manufactory edumileyo ayiyi kuza. Kwaye, umfazi wakhe, waba ngowamaqabane emva kokufa kweSawa.

I-Art Art Theater yaseMoscow

UMorozov wayeqwalasela ngokugqithiseleyo i-ruble nganye, kodwa akazange azisole ngemali yezenzo ezilungileyo: ukupapasha iincwadi, amaphephandaba, ukunceda uMlambo oMvulo, nokunye okuninzi. Kodwa into eyona nto aya ku khunjulwa ngayo ixesha elide ngokubulela yilelo lwakhiwo kunye nolungiselelo lweMoscow Art Theatre, apho wachitha i-ruble engamawaka angamakhulu amathathu ekulungiseni ukwakha i-Savva - inzuzo enkulu.

Wakhela imigaqo ephambili yomsebenzi wezobugcisa: ukufikeleleka, amanani amkelekileyo kwiikitikiti, i-repertoire ithatha umdla kuphela kuluntu. Kwaye kwabonakala kwindlela eya kumama uSawa-Maria Fedorovna Andreeva. Ewe, loo mnye uguquko, uLenin wabona, wayesemtshatweni womtshato kunye noGorky. Umdlali weMKATA kunye neyona nto enhle kunazo zonke abadlali baseRashiya. Inveli yayisiqhwithi.

Bolshevichka

UAndreeva wayefumana imali kumaBolshevik. Emva koko, amapolisa eyimfihlo aya kubala ukuba wakwazi ukudlulisela i-RSDLP iiruble eziliqela. Oku akunjalo kwimeko, kodwa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwelizwe elincinci. ULenin wabiza uMaria Feodorovna ukuba adibanise into. Owona mkhulu kunkulu waseRussia, u-Savva Morozov, ongu-biography opheleleyo kunye noxinzelelo ngokupheleleyo lwabantu, equlethwe iqela lamaKomanisi, abachasene nenkunzi.

Kwakungenxa yemali yakhe i-Iskra eyapapashwa, kunye namaphephandaba eBorba naseNovaaya Zhizn, zombini iBolshevik. Yena ngokwakhe wathwala ukusabalalisa kwe-Iskra ngaphesheya komda, ngaphezu kwendlela yokubhala i-typographical fonts, wafihla ekhaya ngokungekho mthethweni ephuma kwamanye amaqabane axabisekileyo kwaye wahambisa uncwadi olungavumelekanga kwifayili yakhe, apho wayebanjwe khona. Urhuluneli-Jikelele, uGrande Duke Sergey, umalume kaTshare uthetha no-Savva Morozov malunga nale nto. Kwaye konke akusebenzi.

Ifilosofi

UMorozov Savva Timofeevich, u-biography wakhe omfutshane uthetha ngokubambisana kakhulu nabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe angekho mthethweni. Indlela endala yokukholwa kuyo yayibulawa yimfundo yaseYurophu. I-Slavophilism kunye ne-populism yayibonakala ihamba phambili. Kwaye ke uMashenka obalaseleyo kunye neengcamango zama-communist kunye nencwadana ehlakaniphile ebizwa ngokuthi "iNkunzi." UMaxim Gorky, owaba ngumhlobo wakhe osenyongweni, unona onobuqili, onetalente.

I-deal with Savva Morozov yaphela kakubi. Ukufunda malunga nomdla ovela phakathi komhlobo wakhe omhle: umbhali ohluphekileyo kunye nomfazi wakhe othandekayo, umlingisi omncinci kangako-umenzi wabulawa nje. Kodwa wayekhathalele ngoMaria Feodorovna, owayefudlulele ku-Alexey Maksimovich, wamnika imali, iGorky, kunye neNtlalo yamaDemokhrasi. I-insheathed ne-Andreeva ipolisi yomshuwalense ngamashumi ayikhulu lama-ruble kumphathi. Ndamnika yona ndaya eCannes ukuba ndidubule apho. Ibali elipheleleyo lenzeke ngokwemiqathango yeencwadi zethu zaseRashiya, ngoko i-biography yeSavingva Timofeevich Morozov iphelile.