Ubugcisa obuhle baseRoma yasendulo. Iimpawu zenkcubeko yaseRoma yakudala

Ngokweengcamango zamandulo, iRoma yenziwa phakathi kwekhulu le-8 BC. E. Inkcubeko yoBukumkani baseRoma, eyayicatshulwa njengenye yeempembelelo kakhulu kwixesha elidlulileyo, lalinempembelelo enkulu kwimpucuko yaseYurophu. Kwaye nangona kunjalo ukuba umzobo kunye nesakhiwo seRoma sasendulo sisekelwe kwiinjongo zamaGrisi, kwaye i-theatre nomculo zidibaniswa ngokungafaniyo kunye nezithethe zamandulo zase-Etruscan.

Iimpawu zobugcisa baseRoma bamandulo

Ngokungafani namanye amazwe asendulo, amaRoma awazange afanele ubugcisa bemisebenzi yemfundo okanye yokuziphatha. Ngokuphambene noko, ubugcisa obuhle baseRoma yakudala babuthwala uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzisi, njengoko bekubhekwa nje njengendlela yokulungelelanisa indawo yokuhlala. Yingakho i-architecture ihlala kwindawo ebalulekileyo ebomini babemi beli lizwe lakudala. Impucuko yaseRoma yasendulo iyakhumbuza ngokwayo izakhiwo ezinkulu: iitempile, i-anna kunye neendonga.

Ukongezelela kwizikhumbuzo ezintle zokwakha, inkcubeko yaseRoma ngexesha lexesha elidlulileyo linokugwetyelwa yimifanekiso emininzi eyayimifanekiso yabantu ababehlala ngelo xesha. Ubomi baseRoma sasendulo behlala bexhomekeke kwimithetho eqinile, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ama-scrafty portraits adalwe kuphela ukuba aphefumle ubuso bobabusi okanye abantu abadumileyo. Emva kwexesha elithile abadwebi baseRoma baqala ukuhambisa izifanekiso zabo kunye nabalinganiswa okanye izinto ezizodwa. Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zembali abadali bamaRoma bakhetha ukubonisa ngendlela ye-bas-reliefs.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zenkcubeko yeRoma yaseMandulo zenzeke ngokungabikho kwezinto ezinjalo njengemiboniso - ngokwemvakalelo yesiqhelo kuthi, kunye neengcamango zethu. Ukusebenzisa imifanekiso eyenziwe ngamaGrike kwimisebenzi emangalisayo yobugcisa, amaRoma ayiphambukisa iziganeko zokukholisa abaphathi babo, okanye abazange babandakanyeke kakhulu kubo. Oku kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko kuba ubugcisa obuhle baseRoma yasendulo baqhutyelwa phantsi kwefuthe leengcamango eziphambili, ezazingekho kwiimfundiso zefilosofi ezingabonakaliyo kunye neengcamango zobugcisa.

Impawu ezahlukileyo zobugcisa baseRoma lasendulo

Nangona ubukho obubonakalayo beRoma njengempucuko ehlukeneyo, izazi-mlando zangexesha elide zazingakwazi ukwahlula ubugcisa baseGrike obuvela kumaRoma. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba imisebenzi eminingi yelifa lobugcisa kunye nezobugcisa zaseRoma lasendulo ligcinwe nanamhlanje, kwakunokwenzeka ukucacisa iimpawu eziphambili ezivela kwimisebenzi yaseRoma yasendulo. Ngoko, yiyiphi impumelelo kunye neengcebo zaseRoma yakudala enkundleni yobugcisa obuhle zibonisa ukuba yinto ezimeleyo?

1. Ukuphumelela okwakhiwa kwamaRoma kwakudibanisa kwizakhiwo zengqiqo yendawo kunye nezobugcisa. Abaqulunqi baseRoma babekhetha ukuzakhela izakhiwo ezahlukileyo kunye neentlanzi kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba, kwaye ukuba babengekho, bahlaziywa izakhiwo ngeendonga ezincinci.
2. Ngokuphambene nemifanekiso yePlastiki ye-plastiki, ubugcisa baseRoma buba yinto engafaniyo, isimboli kunye nendawo engafaniyo. Le mibono yaseRoma yaseMandulo ngokumalunga nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo nezobugcisa ivumelekile ukuba ingabonakalisi kuphela imifanekiso yezandla, kodwa nayo imifanekiso yomfanekiso.
3. Iingcali zamaRoma zasendulo zavelisa ukudweba i-easel, eyayivela eGrisi, eyayihlala kwilizwe layo eliqhelekileyo ngokungaqhelekanga.

Nangona ubuninzi bezinto ezifihlakeleyo kwaye zingabonakali kwiso lomntu oqhelekileyo, kukho into evumela ukuba umntu onokuzimela ukuba azibonele ukuba izinto ezibonakalayo okanye ezakhiweyo ziyimveli yenkcubeko yaseRoma. Olu bubungakanani balo. Impucuko yeRoma yakudala iyaziwa kuwo wonke umhlaba ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinkulu kunye neziqingqi. Ubukhulu babo buninzi amaxesha aphakamileyo kunabalingani baseGrisi lasendulo nakwamanye amazwe.

Periodization

Ubugcisa obuhle bobudala baseRoma basebenze kwizigaba eziliqela, ezihambelana namaxesha okwakhiwa kwembali yelizwe ngokwayo. Ukuba ukuguqulwa kweembali-zembali zobuGrisi zobugcisa zihlukaniswe ukuba zibe (i-archaic), izimbali (i-classics) kunye nexesha elibuhlungu (i-Hellenism), ukuphuhliswa kobugcisa baseRoma kuzuza iimpawu ezintsha ngexesha lotshintsho lwendlu yobukhosi. Le nto ibangelwa kukuba iimeko zentlalo-qoqosho kunye neengcinga zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutshintsheni iifom yezandla kunye nezobugcisa.

Izigaba zokuziphendulela kobugcisa eRoma zibhekwa njengexesha lobukumkani baseRoma (iikholeji ezingama-7 ukuya kwe-BC), i-republican (i-5-1 inkulungwane ye-BC) kunye nexesha lobukhosi baseRoma (1-2-AD). Imifuno yangempela yazo zonke iintlobo zobugcisa, kuquka ukudweba, i-theater, umculo kunye nobuciko kunye nobugcisa bokusetyenziswa, kwafika ekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala le-BC. E. Kwaye kwaqhubeka kwada ukuwa koBukumkani baseRoma.

Ubugcisa bexesha le-Tsarist

Ukuqulunqwa kwemifanekiso yamandulo yaseRoma yabuyela kwikhulu le-8 BC. E., Xa iinjongo eziphambili kwizakhiwo zindlela ze-Etruscan zokubeka izakhiwo, ukulungiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokwakha. Oku kunokugwetywa kwithempeli likaJupiter Capitoline. Ukudweba nokwenziwa kwezinto zokuhlobisa nazo zihlobene ngokusondeleyo kwiingcambu ze-Etruscan. Kuphela kwinqanaba le-7 leminyaka BC. Ewe, xa amaRoma ayekhokelela iGrisi, aqhelana nezixhobo zobugcisa zamaGrike. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba abaculi baseRoma basebenzame ukuzama ukwenza imisebenzi yabo ngokusondeleyo kunokwenzeka kwiimvelaphi. Izazi-mlando zidibanisa oku kunye nesithethe sokwenza iimaski zangaphantsi ezithunyelwe ngokugqithiseleyo iimpawu zomntu. Oothixo bamaRoma baseMandulo, abo bafukiselweyo ngexesha lobukumkani baseRoma, baboniswa ngendlela efanayo nabantu abaqhelekileyo.

Ubugcisa bexesha lolawulo lwamaRiphabliki

Ixesha lamaRiphablikhi yombuso wamaRoma ibhalwe ngokuqulunqwa kokugqibela kwezakhiwo: zonke izakhiwo (indawo yokuhlala kunye netempile) ngaphandle kokufunyanwa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo kunye nokulinganisa. Isakhiwo sesakhiwo sasihlotshiswe ngokugqithiseleyo, kwaye umnyango wawukhokelwa (ngokuqhelekileyo isiteji esitye). Kwiindawo zasezidolophini, izakhiwo zokuhlala ezisuka kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo ziyaqhubeka, ngelixa iindawo ezizityebi zabemi zakha izindlu zemizi yasemaphandleni ezihlotshiswe ngeefrescoes kunye neengqungquthela. Ngeli xesha, ezinjalo iintlobo zezakhiwo njengemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseRoma yakudala (i-amphitheatre), ama-aqueducts kunye namabhuloji ekugqibeleni zaqulunqwa.

Ubugcisa obuhle busekelwe kwisimboli sezithombe: ezisemthethweni nezobucala. Ookuqala wakhonza injongo yokuqhubela phambili abahlali, kwaye okwesibini kubakho ngenxa yemiyalelo yokuveliswa kwezithombe kunye neebhasi zezindlu kunye namangcwaba. Izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke zahlotshiswe nge-bas-reliefs ezibonisa iziganeko zembali okanye iimifanekiso zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Kwietempileni, udla ngokubona imizobo (kubandakanywa i-mosaics kunye neefrescoes) apho oothixo beRoma yakudala baboniswa khona.

Ubukhosi baseRoma: ixesha lokugqibela lophuhliso lobugcisa

Ixesha loBukumkani baseRoma libhekwa njengexesha lokwenene lobugcisa beRoma. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, i-arch, i-vault kunye nedome. Iindonga zelitye zijongene nendawo izitena okanye i-marble. Izithuba ezinkulu kwindawo leyo zihlala zenziwe ngemifanekiso yokuhlobisa kunye nemifanekiso. Ubugcisa obubonakalayo baseRoma yasendulo ngeli xesha lwenzeka kutshintsho olukhulu. Xa kwakhiwa iifowuni zesikhombiso, ingqalelo engaphelelwanga kwiimpawu zodwa, ngezinye izihlandlo zibukeka zicwangciseke. Ngelo xesha, abadwebi bazama ukubonisa ukunyuka kweentshukumo, isimo sengqondo somfanekiso (isikhundla somzimba, iingalo nemilenze, iinwele, njl.). Imifanekiso engezantsi imifanekiso ithatha uhlobo lweepanorama kunye neqhinga lokuphuhlisa kancane kancane.

Umzobo wokuhlobisa, ngokungafani nexesha elidlulileyo, luba nzima kakhulu ngenxa yokuqaliswa kwemvelaphi yokuma komhlaba kunye nezakhiwo. Imibala esetyenziselwa iifrescoes icacile, kwaye ukuhlanganiswa kombala kuyahluke kakhulu. Ukongezelela kumbala wombala, abamnyama nabamhlophe basasazwa ngokubanzi.

Iimpawu ezidumileyo ezidumileyo

Iimpawu zakwaRoma zama-statemen, oothixo namaqhawe amelwa ngamabhasi okanye iifoto ezipheleleyo. Isiboniso sokuqala saseRoma sasendulo sibhekwa njengesibhakabhaka sobhedu sikaJunia Brutus. Ivakalelwa yimpembelelo enkulu yobugcisa bamaGrike, kodwa iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kumaRoma kunye ne-asymmetry encinci ivumela ukuba siqiniseke kwakhona ukuba abadwebi bamaRoma babekho ngoko, kwi-3 leminyaka BC. E., Banike imisebenzi yabo ubuninzi bokungqinelana. Nangona kunqongophala kobuchwepheshe bezinto zanamhlanje ukuqhutyelwa kwensimbi, iinxalenye ezincinci zomqhubi ziphelelwe ngokupheleleyo. Okokuqala, iyabonakala ngengubo evelele yeendvube neenwele.

Eyona nto ingokoqobo isacinga ukuba yinto engumfanekiso weVespasian, umbusi waseRoma. Inkosi ayikuphela kwenkcazelo encinci idlulisela umfanekiso wayo, kodwa yanikela ukuhlakulela izixhobo zobunjani. Ukuqwalaselwa ngokukodwa kwamehlo: ukutsalwa ngokucokisekileyo kunye nokuncinci, kubonakalisa ubuqhetseba bemvelo kunye nobungqina bombusi. Kodwa into ephawulekayo yinto yokuba umdwebi odweba iinkcukacha ezincinci (izilonda kunye nemithanjeni entanyeni yakhe, ewela ebunzini beembimbi), ezithetha ngamandla kunye nokungaziphathi kakuhle kweenkokheli zombuso. Ingcaciso engekho ngaphantsi kwabayi-sculptors kunye nomsila we-usurer uLucius Cecilia Yukunda, amehlo enkanuko kunye neenwele ezinemibala ezibonakalisa ngokuchaneka ngokumangalisayo.

Izikhumbuzo ezinkulu zokwakha izakhiwo zamaRoma

Kuza kubekho namhlanje, akukho zakhiwo ezakhiwe ngexesha laseRoma lasendulo ligcinwe ngokupheleleyo. Iyona edumileyo kunye nodumo lwayo yiColosseum - i-Arena apho kulwa khona i-gladiator kunye neentetho zamaqela ahlukeneyo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nabalawuli. Ukubetha kancinci yimbali yetempile kaSaturn, elalibhujiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye yakhiwa kwakhona. Ngokungafani neColiseum ayikwazi kubonwa, kuba ukusuka kwisakhiwo esihle kakhulu kukho iikholamu ezimbalwa kuphela. Kodwa wakwazi ukugcina i-Pantheon eyaziwayo, okanye itempile yabo bonke oothixo, isakhiwo esona sakhiwo esikhulu, sithweswe ngumbumba.

Iingoma zeRoma yakudala kunye nemisebenzi yazo

Nangona iimbali ezibolekwe kumaGrike, amaRoma asendulo ayenayo neetalente zabo kummandla wenkongezo, iingoma kunye neengoma. Iibongozi ezidumileyo zaseRoma zinguVilil naHorace. Umntu wokuqala wayedume ngokuba ebhala inkondlo ethi "Aeneid", efana ne "Iliad" kaHomer. Nangona iincwadana ezinobuncwane kunye nezobuciko, le nkondlo isabonwa njengomgangatho weliLatini lokuqala. U-Horace, ngakolunye uhlangothi, wazi kakuhle igama lobuciko, ngenxa yoko waba ngumlobi wenkundla, kwaye imigca evela kwimibongo yakhe kunye neengoma ziyabonakala kwimibhalo yabalobi abaninzi.

Ubugcisa bezobugcisa

Iqonga laseRoma lasendulo akuzange likhumbuze oko sikucingayo namhlanje. Phantse zonke iintsebenzo zenzeke kwiintlobo zokhuphiswano phakathi kwamabongo kunye nabaculi. Ngamanye amaxesha abadala bamaRoma basebugcisa babenokuzonwabisa umdlalo wabalingisi, behamba neyara enkulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo ababukeli baboniswa ngamanani eesksi, i-pantomime yezobugcisa kunye nemidanso ye-solo okanye yeqela. Isici esahlukileyo somsebenzi waseshashalazini wasendulo sasingumlinganiselo wenkampu. Ngaloo nto, ababukeli bathi kukho bambalwa kunabalingisi.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iingubo kunye neengubo azizange zinike ingqwalasela enkulu ngelo xesha. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukudlala indima yomlawuli okanye umntu obalulekileyo kwiphondo, abadlali abagqoke iimpahla ezinobumba obomvu. I-repertoire ibandakanya ngokuyinhloko imisebenzi yezibongo zaseRoma: uHorace, Virgil no-Ovid. Ngokuqhelekileyo iingxelo ezingenangxaki kunye neengoma kwiindawo zokuzonwabisa zatshintshiswa ngamabutho e-gladiators, apho abaphulaphuli behamba bengenanto.

Izixhobo zomculo neemculo

Umculo waseRoma wasendulo waqulunqwa ngokuzimeleyo kwiGrike yamandulo. Ekuqhutyweni kwezenzo ezinzima kunye neziphakamiso zezixhobo zomculo, ezikwazi ukwenza isandi esikhulu kakhulu sisetyenzisiweyo kakhulu: iibhobho, iimpondo kunye njalo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngexesha lokusebenza okukhethiweyo kwezixhobo zomculo: i- timpani, ihabhu, i-cithara. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba wonke umntu wayemthanda umculo, kuquka abalawuli bamaRoma. Kukho phakathi kweemvumi kunye neemvumi abo abafake imifanekiso emifanekiso. Iimvumi kunye ne-kifarids Apelles, i-Terpnius, i-Diodorus, i-Anaxenor, i-Tigellius ne-Mesomed babethandwa ngokukhethekileyo nokuthanda abantu baseRoma ngaleso sikhathi. Umculo waseRoma waseMandulo usaphila, kungekhona nje iinjongo eziphambili, kodwa kunye nezixhobo zomculo zigcinwa.

Impembelelo yobugcisa baseRoma basendulo kwi-modernity

Kuthethwa kakhulu kwipembelelo yempucuko yamaRoma kwinto yesimanje. Ngokuqinisekileyo, uphawu lwaseRoma lasendulo, ukuba lube luchanekileyo, lwaloo ndawo lusebugcisa, alukafiki ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku kungatsholwa ukuba ukwakhiwa, ubugcisa kunye nobugcisa bokubukwa kwexesha lamaRoma ngokuchanekileyo kwathonya ngqo icandelo lenkcubeko malunga nawo onke amazwe aseYurophu. Oku kubonakala ngakumbi kwizakhiwo, xa ukuvumelanisa nobukhulu bezakhiwo zifakwe kwifom ecacileyo.