Uhlanga, ubuzwe, isizwe - yintoni le? Umxholo weengqiqo

Intsapho - oku kujikeleza wonke umntu ukususela ngexesha lokuzalwa. Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, umntwana ufunda malunga neengcamango ezifana nesimo, isizwe, ubuzwe, isizwe. Emva kwexesha, uqala ukuqonda ukuba luhlobo luni kunye nesizwe esinalo, uyaziqhelanisa nenkcubeko yabo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuphindaphindiweyo kubantwana kunye nabantu abadala, kukho ukudideka phakathi kwamagama afanayo afana nobuzwe, isizwe, ubuzwe, isizwe, isini. Nangona bahlala bebhekwa njengento efanayo, baneentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo.

Intsingiselo yombono we "ethnos"

Leli gama elithi "ethnos" ekuguquleleni ukusuka kwisiGrike lithetha "abantu". Ngaphambili, eli gama lithetha uluntu lwabantu abadibeneyo nezihlobo zegazi.

Namhlanje imbono ye-ethnos iye yanda kakhulu.
Ngoku amaqela ahlukileyo awaziwa nje ngobudlelwane, kodwa nakwiindawo eziqhelekileyo zokuhlala, ulwimi, inkcubeko nezinye izinto.

Iintlobo eziphambili zama-ethnos

Amaqela, iintsapho, izizwe, iintlanga, iintlanga ziintlobo zeentlanga. Ngexesha elifanayo nazo ziyizigaba zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwe-ethnos.

Ngokutsho kolawulo oluphezulu lweentlobo, kukho iintlobo ezintandathu:

• Usapho;
• Genus;
• Clan;
• Uhlanga;
• Ubuzwe;
• Wesizwe.

Zonke zazikho kwixesha elithile lembali, kodwa kamva zatshintshwa phantsi kwefuthe lezinto zangaphandle nangaphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, iintlobo ezinjengezindlu, inzala kunye nesizwe kwintlalo ephucukileyo ziye zaphela ixesha elide okanye zahlala njengeziko. Kwezinye iindawo emhlabeni, zikhona.

Uninzi lwabaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba izigaba ezibalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni i-ethnos sisizwe, abantu, isizwe. Oku kubangelwa ukuba ezi zizwe zangekho zisekelwe kuxhamlwaneni lwegazi, ukufana kwazo kusekelwe kwizizathu zenkcubeko nezomnotho.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngamanye amaxesha uhlobo lwangoku lwezenzululwazi luhlobo lwesikhombisa lwe-ethnos-isizwe sohlanga lwabantu. Kukholelwa ukuba uluntu lwangoku luhamba ngokuthe gqolo kule nqanaba.

Usapho, intsapho kunye nendlu

Inxalenye encinci yintlanga yintsapho (umanyano wabantu, odibeneyo kunye negazi). Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngaphambi kokusekwa kwesikhungo sikawonke-wonke njengentsapho, umtshato weqela wandiswa. Kulo, ubudlelwane bebuvela kumama, kuba kwakungenakwenzeka ukucacisa ukuba ngubani uyise womntwana othile. Umtshato weqela awuzange uhlale ixesha elide, njengokungenwa kwempahla kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukuguqulwa kwamathuba okuba rhoqo.

Ukuze ugweme oku, ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwakhiwa indawo yoluntu-i-genus. Ukuzalwa kwavela ngokusekelwe kwiintsapho ezininzi ezazingena kumanyano onxulumene. Kwangexesha elide imodeli yokudala yayisasazeka kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ngokunyuka kwinani labameli be-genus, kwakhona kwakhona ingozi yentsholongwane, kwaye igazi "elitsha" lalifuneka.

Ngokusekelwe kwimizi, amaqela aqala ukwenza. Njengomthetho, babethwala igama le-odumile-umsekeli-ntloko, okanye isilwanyana esisigxina, sihlonishwa njengomphathi kunye nomkhuseli. Amaqumrhu, njengomthetho, ayenayo ilizwe, ilifa. Namhlanje, inkqubo yezindlu iye yagcinwa njengesiko eJapan, eSkotland nakwimihlaba ethile yamaNdiya eMzantsi naseMntla Melika. Ngendlela, imbono ye "blood feud" isasazeka ngokuchanekileyo kunye nobukho balobuhlanga.

Uhlanga

Iintlobo ezikhankanywe ngasentla zikhona zincinci ngokubhekiselele kwinani labameli balo, ngokusekelwe kumanyano omtshato. Ngelo xesha, isizwe, abantu, olu hlanga lukhulu kwaye lukhula ngakumbi.

Emva kwexesha, ukuxhatshazwa ngokusekelwe kwimilambo yegazi kwaqala ukuguquka kwizizwe. Isizwe sasiquka iintlobo ezininzi kunye neentsapho, ukwenzela ukuba onke amalungu ayo azalane. Ukongezelela, ngokuphuhliswa kwezizwe, uluntu lwaqala ukuhlulwa kancane kancane kwiiklasi. Ukuthelekiswa neentsapho kunye neentsapho, izizwe zazininzi kakhulu.

Ngokuqhelekileyo izizwe zihlangene kunye nemfuneko yokukhusela imimandla yabo kubantu abangaziwa, nangona ngexesha baqala ukudala iinkolelo zabo, izithethe, ulwimi.

Kwintlalo ephucukileyo, iintlanga ziye zaphela ukuba zikho, kodwa kwiinkcubeko ezininzi ezincinci namhlanje zidlala indima enkulu (e-Afrika, eAustralia nasePolynesia, kwezinye iziqithi zaseTropiki).

Ubuzwe

Kwinqanaba elilandelayo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, apho i-ethnos (isizwe, ubuzwe, isizwe) ixhomekeke kuyo, kubonakala. Oku kubangelwa ukuba inani lamalungu esizwe likhula, ngaphezu koko, ilungiselelo lohlobo lwama-ethnos luye lwaphucula ngaphezu kweminyaka. Ngokusondeleyo kwithuba le-slave-owning system, loo mbono njengoko ubuzwe buvela.

Izizwe zavela ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokubambisana okanye ukufuna ukukhusela amazwe abo, kodwa ngenxa yenkcubeko eyenziwe, imithetho (yabonakala esikhundleni sezithethe zamasiko), uluntu lwezoqoqosho. Ngamanye amagama, abantu bahluke kwiintlanga kuba bebengabikho ngokusisigxina kunoma yiphina indawo, kodwa babe nobunzima babo.

Uhlanga noLuntu

Ukuqulunqwa kobuhlanga baba yinto elandelayo kunye neyona ndlela iphelele kakhulu yokuziphendukela kwe-ethnos (isizwe, ubuzwe).

Uhlanga alukho nje iqela labantu abahlala kwintsimi ehlala kuyo, ulwimi loqhagamshelwano kunye nenkcubeko, kodwa kunye nezixhobo zengqondo ezifanayo (ukuzazi ngokwabo), kunye nememori yembali. Olu hlanga luhluke kukuba abantu bakwazi ukudala uluntu oluqoqosho oluphuhlisiweyo, inkqubo yobudlelwane bezorhwebo, ipropati yabucala, umthetho kunye nenkcubeko yesizwe.

Umbono "wesizwe" uhambelana nokuvela kobuzwe - belizwe elithile okanye urhulumente othile.

Inyaniso enomdla malunga nokuziphendukela kwe-ethnos

Kuyo yonke imbali, ezininzi iintlanga ziye zadlula kuzo zonke izigaba zokuziphendukela kweemithnos: intsapho, intsapho, isizwe, isizwe, ubuzwe, isizwe. Oku kwafaka isandla ekuveleni kweentlanga kunye namazwe ayaziwa kubo bonke namhlanje.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba, ngokweengcamango ye-fascism, kwakukho uhlanga olukhethiweyo, olubizwa ukuba lubhubhise bonke abanye ngexesha. Kodwa kuphela, njengokwenziwa komsebenzi kuboniswe kwimbali, nayiphi na i-ethnos ngaphandle kokusebenzisana nabanye. Ngoko ke, ukuba kuphela iAryans egacekileyo enegazi, emva koko kwizizukulwana ezimbalwa ininzi yabameli beli hlanga babeza kuba nezifo ezininzi ezifa.

Kukho amaqela angamazwe angahlakuli ngokwemizekelo efanayo (intsapho, indlu, isizwe, ubuzwe, isizwe) - abantu bakaSirayeli, umzekelo. Ngoko, nangona amaYuda ayezibiza ngokuba ngabantu, ngendlela ababeyiyo inzala (okhokho oqhelekileyo ka-Abraham, ubudlelwane begazi phakathi kwamalungu onke). Kodwa kwizizukulwana ezimbalwa kuphela bakwazi ukufumana iimpawu zesizwe esinemigaqo ecacileyo yobudlelwane bezomthetho nezoqoqosho, kwaye emva koko bakha urhulumente. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwenza njalo, bahlala kwinkqubo ecacileyo yenkqubo, ebudeni bezihlandlo ezinqabileyo eziye zavumela ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye namanye amazwe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba ukuba kwakungekho buKristu obuwahlula amaYuda kwiinkampu ezimbini ezichasene nazo, kwaye nokuba i-state yabo yachithwa, kwaye abantu abaye bahlakazeka, amaYuda aya kutshabalaliswa.

Namhlanje, abantu bahlala kuluntu lweentlanga. Ukuba ngowomnye wabo akayikuphela nje ukucinga nokuqonda komntu, kodwa nomgangatho wakhe wokuphila. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba amazwe amaninzi athuthukileyo namhlanje anamazwe angamazwe, ngoko ke amathuba okuvela kohlanga lwabantu base-interethnic luphezulu kakhulu.