I-Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky: i-biography, imibono

LoMsebenzi waseFama weBandla Russian Orthodox, Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky waba Ryazan kunye Locum Tenens of kwamadoda kweTrone. Wavuka Bulelani kuPetros Mna ke, kwafuneka inani bengavani kukumkani, ekugqibeleni kwakhula ungquzulwano. Ngaphambi nje kokuba locum kwakhe kokufa tenens Sinodi yadalwa, apho urhulumente ukubenza ngokupheleleyo iBandla.

kwiminyaka yokuqala

I elizayo Inkokeli yonqulo Stefan Jaworski wazalwa ngo-1658 kwidolophu Jawor, eseGalicia. Abazali bakhe izidwangube kunokuba amahlwempu. Phantsi kwemiqathango Andrusovo uxolo isivumelwano ngo-1667, bafudukela ngohlangothi lokugqibela Poland. usapho Orthodox Jaworski wagqiba ukuba ahambe aye Yavor Ekhohlo-Bank Ukraine, nto leyo yaba yinxalenye kaRhulumente eMoscow. ezweni lawo entsha wajika kwilali Krasilovka kufuphi nedolophu Nezhin. Apha Stefan Jaworski (kwihlabathi igama lakhe Semyon) waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe.

Xa kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, yena sele ngokuzimeleyo safudukela eKiev, apho ababhalise Kyïv-Mohyla Collegium. Yena wayengomnye amaziko ephambili emfundo zantsi eRashiya. Apha Stefan bafunda de 1684. Wafikelela ingqalelo elizayo Metropolitan of Kiev Varlaama Yasinskogo. Inkwenkwe wayebalasele ukwazi nje kuphela kodwa ubuchule obalaseleyo yendalo - a memory snap kunye ephulaphule. Barlaam wamnceda ukuba aye ukufunda amazwe.

ISifundo e Poland

Ngowe-1684, Stefan Jaworski waya Rzeczpospolita. Wafunda kunye bamaKatolika eLviv kunye Lublin, waba siqhelane zakwalizwi e Poznan kunye Vilnius. AmaKatolika wayithabatha kuphela emva kokuba apprentice oselula waya ukholo Uniate. Kamva esi senzo yagxekwa kogxa bakhe yokugula okuhle evela kwiCawa Orthodox Russian. Ngelo xesha Uniates baba izazinzulu ezininzi ngubani ongathanda ukufumana ukufikelela kwiiyunivesithi Western kunye namathala eencwadi. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho, umzekelo, Orthodox Epiphany Slavonetsky kunye Innokentiy Gizel.

Study Yavorsky kwi Commonwealth yaphela ngo-1689. Wafumana idiploma Western. Kwiminyaka nje embalwa ePoland wafunda ritorskomu wezakwalizwi, stihotvorcheskomu nobugcisa bulumko. Ngeli xesha ekugqibeleni wadala imbono yakhe ehlabathini, apho wagqiba zonke izenzo elizayo kunye nezigqibo. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba yamaKatolika wamaJesuit wabethelela umfundi ubutshaba yakhe ucingisise ukuze amaProtestanti, lowo kamva uya kwenza eRashiya.

Buyela ku Russia

Ukubuyela Kiev, Stefan Jaworski sazilahla ubuKatolika. I-Academy zendawo nalamkela emva kovavanyo. Barlaam Jasinski Yavorsky bayacetyiswa ukuba bazise imiyalelo emishini. Ekugqibeleni, wavuma, waza waba indela, ngokuthatha igama uStefano. Ekuqaleni waba mafikizolo kwi Kyïv-Pechersk Lavra. Xa likhethiwe Metropolitan Barlaam, wanceda uTimoti ukuba abe vitiystva utitshala engathi kwi-Academy. Jaworski yande ngokukhawuleza ezintsha. Ngowe-1691 waba owayemele, kwakunye uprofesa bulumko yenkolo.

Njengoko umfundisi Stefan Yavorsky, ogama engobomi edityaniswa ePoland, wasebenzisa iindlela zokufundisa Latin. "Izilwanyana 'zakhe abashumayeli elizayo kunye namagosa aphezulu zodidi urhulumente. Kodwa umfundi eliyinhloko Feofan Prokopovich - elichasayo oyintloko elizayo Stefan Yavorsky eCaweni Orthodox Russian. Nangona kamva utitshala watyholwa ukuba phakathi iindonga Kiev Academy of ekusasazeni imfundiso yamaKatolika, ezi tirades zange kungafunyaniswa. Lo mshumayeli izifundo izicatshulwa eziye asinda ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, kukho iinkcazelo ezininzi ziimpazamo amaKristu Koloni.

Kunye nokufundisa kunye nezifundo zezifundo ezingachanekanga kwi-iincwadi Stefan Jaworski wakhonza ecaweni. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba wenza kumsitho ngomtshana umtshato Ivan Mazepa. Phambi kokuba imfazwe umbingeleli balwa wathetha kakuhle malunga hetman. Ngo-1697 i wezakwalizwi waba umphathi e St Nicholas Monastery entlango kufuphi Kiev. Yaba isabelo kwakuthetha ukuba kungekudala balindelwe Jaworski ombaxa. Okwangoku, wabanceda kakhulu Barlaam yaye bahamba kunye nemiyalelo yakhe eMoscow.

ijika engalindelekanga

NgoJanuwari 1700 Stefan Yavorsky, ogama engobomi kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba umsebenzi Er wayesondela ijika elibukhali, ndaya kwikomkhulu. Metropolitan Varlaam wamcela ukuba adibane uBhishophu Adrian kuzileleza ukwenzela ukudala isitulo entsha Pereyaslavskaya. Messenger wayesenza umsebenzi, kodwa kungekudala kwabakho isiganeko engalindelekanga ukuba ngokupheleleyo watshintsha ubomi bakhe.

Kwikomkhulu, wafa olinene nenkokeli emkhosini Alyaksei Shein. Yena, kunye noPetros ndisemncinci wakhokela kuthinjwe Azov, wada waba generalissimo lokuqala Russian. EMoscow wagqiba ukuba eulogy ukuba kuthi kufika uStefan Yavorsky. Imfundo kunye namandla ngenxa yokushumayela ndoda ivele ngendlela engcono ngokuhlanganiswa enkulu izikhakhamela. Kodwa okona kubalulekileyo - Kiev undwendwe wathi kukumkani, nto leyo kakhulu kuxhotyiswa bakuthetha yakhe. Peter I enze iziphakamiso zokuhlahla usolusapho Adrian isithunywa Varlaam yintloko ezinye yosisi elingekude ukusuka eMoscow. Stefan Yavorsky kwacetyiswa ngexesha lokuhlala kwikomkhulu. kungekudala wayenikwa Metropolitan entsha Ryazan kunye Murom. Ukulinda ixesha aqabukile kwi Donskoy Monastery.

Metropolitan and tenens locum

Aprili 7, 1700 Metropolitan omtsha Ryazan yaba uStefan Jaworski. Ubhishophu ngoko nangoko wathabatha phezulu umsebenzi wakhe, waza waziphosa imicimbi ebandleni lendawo. Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe yedwa e Ryazan lwalulolwexeshana. Sele Oktobha 15 Wafa abadala abagulayo uBhishophu Adrian. Peter I wasondela Alexey Kurbatov wamxelela ukuba alinde ukulungiselela unyulo lwamalungu ezihlangwini. Endaweni yoko, ukumkani kumiselwa isithuba esitsha tenens locum. Kule ndawo umcebisi wacela ukuba holmogorskogo Archbishop Athanasius. UPetros wagqiba ukuba akazange waba tenens locum, kunye Stefan Yavorsky. Intshumayelo Kiev mthunywa e Moscow, bamsa isikhundla abaMbhaxa of Ryazan. Ngoku ngaphantsi konyaka wavele iqonga yokugqibela ngokusesikweni waba ngumntu wokuqala yeCawa Orthodox Russian.

Kwagqitywa ukunyuka meteoric, iye Bulelani ukuba udibaniso ngempumelelo iimeko kunye Charisma wezakwalizwi kunyaka-42 ubudala. umzimba wakhe uye waba CD ezandleni ngabasemagunyeni. UPetros wayefuna lokuyigxotha le ngubhishophu ziyingozi kwiziko likarhulumente. Wahlela ngokutsha ecaweni ukubheka ngqo ookumkani. Lwalo yokuqala yale yotshintsho nje iziko le locum tenens izikhundla. Xa kuthelekiswa kasolusapho, umntu lo ubume unamandla asezantsi kakhulu. umda kwayo limited yaye zilawulwa yi-central executive. Ukuqonda uhlobo Ushintsho Petrine, umntu ndiyaqonda ukuba ukuqeshwa ngokoqobo owasemzini random kwaye umntu iMoscow endaweni yentloko ibandla ngabom kunye lokuhlela.

Igwala uzuko wafuna uStefan Yavorsky. Uniate Church, awangqinelwa ngawo badlula ebutsheni bakhe, kunye nezinye iimpawu iimbono bakhe ingadala ukungavisisani kunye noluntu umzi. Oqeshiweyo wayengafuni ingxaki enkulu yaye wayesazi ukuba wayibeka phezu "zokudubula 'indawo. Ukongeza, le wezakwalizwi aphoswe oyinzalelwane Little Russia, apho ke abahlobo kunye nabaxhasi abaninzi. Wakhanyela ke yena ukumkani, Kakade ke, ababa, ke ngoko, ngokuzithoba ndavuma ukufundelwa.

Le ukulwa amahlelo

Utshintsho ayenganelisekanga yonke into. Muscovites ebizwa Jaworski urgant oblivantsem. I uMphathi eYerusalem Dositheus wabhalela Russian Tsar, ukuba asifanele ukukhuthaza balapho abangaphezu Little Russia. UPetros akazange ihlawule ingqalelo ezi zilumkiso. Nangona kunjalo Dosifej wafumana ileta uxolo, apho umbhali yena uStefan Jaworski. Ilitye yayicacile. Usolusapho akazange acinge Kievan "kakhulu ayencokola" ngenxa nentsebenziswano yayo-elide kunye amaKatolika bamaKatolika. Phendula Dosifeya Stefan wayengekho liyachitha. Kuphela ezihlangwini zakhe Chrysanthos akumiswa kunye tenens locum.

Ingxaki yokuqala ngayo Stefan Yavorsky kwafuneka nazo ngendlela entsha, yaba umbuzo amakholwa Old. Ngeli xesha, i kwanabo zazolule amaphetshana e Moscow, apho ikomkhulu Russian yiBhabheli, noPetros - Umchasi. Umququzeleli wale siganeko sele knigopisets abadumileyo Gregory Talitskii. Metropolitan Stefan Jaworski (Ryazan iSebe wahlala isigxina sakhe) azama ukweyisela yombhodamo ngumdlwenguli. Le ngxabano kwakhokelela ekubeni yokuba wada wapapasha incwadi yakhe, elingcwele imiqondiso ukuza Umchasi. Umsebenzi ubhenca isiphoso schismatics nokwenza ngayo uluvo elithembekileyo.

Stefan Yavorsky bangi

Ukongezelela Amakholwa Endala kunye namatyala heretical, tenens locum wagunyaziswa ukumisela abaviwa abaza dioceses ezingenabantu. izintlu zakhe zitshekishwa zize kuvunyelwene kukumkani. Kuphela emva kokuba imvume yakhe yomntu okhethiweyo wafumana isikhundla abaMbhaxa. UPetros wadala a iibhalansi ezimbalwa kakhulu yanciphisa tenens locum. Okokuqala, kwaba ukwahlula yecawa - intlanganiso koobhishophu. zange Abaninzi kubo onopopi Yavorsky, yaye ezinye eyayingabachasi bakhe ngqo. Ngoko ke, waba ixesha ngalinye yokuzithethelela ngombono wakhe xa ngeziqu evulekileyo kunye nezinye hierarchs zecawa. Enyanisweni locum tenens kuphela ngowokuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo, ngoko urhulumente wakhe azaba nakuya nayiphi kuthelekiswa amagunya afanayo Oosolusapho.

Okwesibini, uPetros I landa impembelelo ye Monastery Bureau, intloko abeka olinene bakhe abathembekileyo Ivan Musin-Pushkin. Le ndoda kubekwe ngumncedi kunye neqabane locum tenens, kodwa kwezinye iimeko, xa ukumkani wacinga ukuba kuyimfuneko, waba mkhulu ngqo.

Okwesithathu, ngo-1711 owayesakuba Boyar Duma ekugqibeleni lichithakale, bavela endaweni yayo Ebu- Yeengwevu. imimiselo yakhe ukuba iBandla kubalwe kukumkani. Yaba ilungelo yeeNgwevu ukujonga ukuba ngaba candidacy le ndlela icetywayo tenens locum, indawo zikabhishophu. UPetros, abo ngakumbi shi nkqubo angaphandle kunye nokwakhiwa St. Petersburg, kuye amagunya ulawulo libandla umatshini karhulumente ngoku ungenelele kuphela njengecebo lokugqibela.

Case yamaLuthere Tveritinova

Ngo-1714 kwakukho ihlazo ethe landiswa kakhulu enzonzobileni ngapha nangapha apho kwakukho ababusi Stefan Yavorsky. Amafoto akazange khona, kodwa ngaphandle kwabo, ababhali-mbali mihla baye bakwazi ukubuyisela umfanekiso yokuhlala waseJamani, ingakumbi banabileyo phantsi uPetros I. Kulo wahlala abarhwebi basemzini, iingcibi kunye neendwendwe becala evela eJamani. Bonke bephela BabengamaLuthere okanye amaProtestanti. Oku abaphengululi Western waqala ukusasaza phakathi kwabemi yobu eMoscow.

ophakamise Ingakumbi asebenzayo nawo waba ugqirha Athene Tveritinov. Stefan Jaworski, ogama inguquko phambi kokuba ibandla kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, lakhumbula iminyaka ecaleni amaKatolika bamaKatolika. Bona wafaka a locum tenens ukungathandi amaProtestanti. Ryazan Metropolitan waqalisa xanisiwa ka amaLuthere. Tveritinov wabalekela eSt Petersburg, apho wafumana umxhasi kunye nomkhuseli weNdlu yeeNgwevu phakathi nabagxeki Yavorsky. ukuba wawiswa na, ekuthi ngawo tenens locum yaba ukumxolela esikhova abekwa. Eyintloko yebandla, nto leyo edla sengozini kunye norhulumente, eli xesha akazange afune ukuba bavume. Wafuna ukusekelwa ngqo kukumkani. UPetros akazange ayithande lonke ibali xanisiwa ka amaLuthere. ungquzulwano lokuqala ezinkulu imfazwe phakathi kwakhe Yavorsky.

Ngelo xesha, tenens locum wagqiba ukuvakalisa ekugxekeni of Protestantism Orthodox ngezimvo isincoko eyahlukileyo. Ngoko, kungekudala wabhala incwadi yakhe edumileyo "Ilitye wokholo." Stefan Yavorsky kulo msebenzi wakhokela intshumayelo eqhelekileyo ngokubaluleka kokugcinwa iziseko endala olucacileyo Church Orthodox. Ngelo xesha wasebenzisa inokusebenza eyayiqhelekile ngexesha amaKatolika. Le ncwadi lizele ukulahlwa yoHlaziyo, ngoko kweyisa eJamani. Ezi izimvo yakhuthaza zokuhlala German lobuProtestanti.

Impixano nokumkani

Ibali yamaLuthere Tveritinov waba intsimbi mnandi, ebonisa ubuhlobo ibandla norhulumente, wathabatha indawo malunga kwi amaProtestanti. Noko ke, impixano phakathi kwabo nzulu kakhulu kwaye uyandiswa kuphela ngokuhamba kwexesha. Yena ijula isincoko xa kushicilelwa "Stone of Faith". Stefan Yavorsky nale ncwadi uzama ukukhusela indawo yabo endala. Abasemagunyeni baye wavalwa ukushicilela kwayo.

Ngelo xesha, uPetros wafudukela ezinkulu yelizwe St. Petersburg. Kwayeka apho onke amagosa. Locum Tenens Metropolitan of Ryazan kunye Stefan Yavorsky wahlala eMoscow. Ngowe-1718, ukumkani wayalela ukuba aye eSt Petersburg ukuqalisa ukusebenza kwikomkhulu elitsha. Oku kwabangela ukunganeliseki uStefano. King wamthethisa azichasayo yaye abazange balalanise. Emva koko wacebisa imfuneko yokuba iBhodi ngokomoya.

ukufunyanwa yakhe yeprojekthi wayethunywe ukuyila Feofan Prokopovich - obengumfundi kwakudala Stefana Yavorskogo. Locum Tenens akazange avume izimvo zakhe prolyuteranskimi. Kwakhona ngo-1718, uPetros elaqalisa ukuthiywa Bishop Theophan Pskov. Yena kuqala wazuza amandla lokwenene. Wazama ukumphikisa Stefan Yavorsky. Ukuguquka yobuqhophololo kwi tenens locum baba umxholo wentetho namarhe, isasazeka ngokuthi zombini zeengqukuva. Kuye kwamiswa amagosa amaninzi abanempembelelo abaye benza umsebenzi uPetros nabo abo abaxhasi kwekhosi ekuthobeleni ibandla karhulumente. Ngoko ke, i-Metropolitan of Ryazan wazama ukungcolisa elibi iindlela ngeendlela, kuquka ukukhumbula uqhagamshelo bakhe namaKatolika ngethuba lezifundo zabo ePoland.

Indima ecaleni kwe Tsarevich Alexei

Ngelo xesha, uPetros kwafuneka ukusombulula olunye ungquzulwano - eli xesha intsapho. unyana wakhe indlalifa, Alexei bungayelelani-nkqubo kayise wakhe, ekugqibeleni, yena wabalekela Austria. Waye wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe. NgoMeyi 1718, uPetros wayalela uStefan Yavorsky ukuza eSt Petersburg ukumela ibandla ukuqotywa isikhulu eneenkani.

Kwake ukuba tenens locum sympathized kunye Alexei kwaye zigcinwe sinxulumene naye. Nangona kunjalo, akukho bungqina obubhaliweyo oku. Kwelinye icala, kwakusazeka ukuba umphathi akazange ayithande le nkqubo omtsha ibandla uyise, waza waba abaxhasi ezininzi phakathi abefundisi angqingqwa eMoscow. Enkundleni, Metropolitan of Ryazan wayezama ukukhusela ezi ngababingeleli. Abaninzi kubo kunye nesikhulu watyholwa lokungcatsha baza babulawa. Stefan Yavorsky inganempembelelo kwisigqibo esithathwa uPetros akazange akwazi. Locum Tenens ungumnikazi inkonzo yokungcwaba Alexei zilahleka abafileyo kwisisele yakhe ejele olwandulela ngokubulawa.

Emva kokudala Sinodi

Kwiminyaka embalwa yaba ukufunda oyilwayo kwi ngokusekwa kweBhodi Yokomoya. Ngenxa yoko, oko kwazeka ngokuba oyiNgcwele Governing iBhunga lecawa. NgoJanuwari 1721 uPetros watyikitya Manifesto on ngokusekwa eziyimfuneko kolawulo ibandla igunya. Amalungu asanda kunyulwa le Sinodi zaye ungxamile ukufungiswa, yaye ngoFebruwari, ekuqaleni ukusekwa umsebenzi osisigxina. I labefundisi imisiwe ngokusesikweni novulelweyo elidlulileyo.

Ngokusemthethweni ukubeka uPetros intloko Sinodi of Stefan Yavorsky. Yena eyayingafuni ukuba iziko elitsha, ecinga ukuba i ibandla umngcwabi. Yena akazange aye kwiintlanganiso Sinodi, akadla asayine iphepha ekhutshwe kulo mzimba. Kwinkonzo karhulumente Russian Stefan Yavorsky ebona ngokwakhe ngendlela eyahlukileyo kakhulu amandla. Kodwa uPetros waqhubeka ebusweni izikhundla kuphela ukubonisa ukuqhubeka yeziko elisesikweni ngubhishophu, mestoblyustitelstva kunye Sinodi.

Kule izangqa aphezulu laqhubeka lisanda izimemezelo, ecacisa Stefan Yavorsky. Of nobuqhetseba kwiZiko ekwakhiweni woonongendi Nijinsky kunye nezinye maqhinga abanganyanisekanga kubalelwa i-Metropolitan iilwimi Ryazan ububi. Waqala ukuphila kwimeko ziingxaki eziqhubayo nefuthe kakhulu kwimpilo. Stefan Jaworski wafa ngoDisemba 8, 1722 eMoscow. Yena kwiminyaka yokuqala neyokugqibela tenens locum ye kwamadoda kweTrone kwimbali Russian. Emva kokufa kwakhe baqala iinkulungwane emibini yethuba synodal xa urhulumente ayenzileyo inxalenye yalo kukhal ibandla.

Bayahlelwa "ilitye Ukholo"

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kwincwadi ethi "ilitye Ukholo" (Umbhali intloko xa umsebenzi locum tenens) lwapapashwa ngo-1728 xa yena uPetros sele engcwabeni. Lo msebenzi, ukuba ugxeke NgamaProtestanti, waba nempumelelo enkulu. uhlelo lwakhe lokuqala ngokukhawuleza ithengiswe phandle. Kamva, le ncwadi iye yapapashwa izihlandlo eziliqela. Xa, ebudeni bolawulo Anna Ivanovna ngamandla waba ezininzi weenceke, yaseJamani yamaLuthere, "ilitye Ukholo" yaphinde wavalwa.

Lo msebenzi kuphela amadlala kobuProtestanti, kodwa, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, oko Yayi ngamaxhesha ngelo xesha, yinkcazo yenkqubo Faith Orthodox. Stefan Jaworski wagxininisa ezo ndawo apho engafani nawo. Eyokuqala imbali lanikezelwa malunga ezingcwele, ii icon, kwaye isakramente uMthendeleko, isithethe engcwele, ngokuchasene nabawexuki, njalo njalo. D. Xa iqela ayencokola ekugqibeleni Waloyisa phantsi Elizabeth, "ilitye Ukholo" yaba mfundiso Russian umsebenzi omkhulu Church kwaye wahlala njalo ngenkulungwane XVIII .