South Kuril kwiziqithi: imbali, kuyiphi

Chain ziziqithi phakathi eKamchatka kunye Hokkaido, i arc khaxa yade phakathi kuLwandle Okhotsk kunye Pacific Ocean, emdeni Russia kunye Japan i-South Kuril Islands - iqela Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir kunye Iturup. Le mimandla umngeni kubamelwane bethu, leyo ide iquke kubo sakhona Japanese ka Hokkaido. Ngenxa yokuba ezi ndawo zibaluleke kakhulu kwezoqoqosho kwaye qhinga, umlo kuba Southern Kuril Islands iqhubeka iminyaka emininzi.

geography

Shikotan siqithi kwi ngama efanayo kwisixeko Sochi na sabutropikhi, aqokele ephantsi - kwi ngama ka Anapa. Noko ke, imozulu wezulu akuzange kubekho kwaye kulindeleke. South Kuril Islands isoloko ababekolo Far North, kodwa ayikwazi ezikhala isimo sezulu arctic. Apha ebusika sisiba ngumntu kakhulu, ehlotyeni ezifudumeleyo akukho shushu kakhulu. Le iqondo lobushushu, xa ngoFebruwari - ngenyanga eqhaqhazelisa - ibonisa ubushushu abafane ngaphantsi kweqondo -5 Celsius, nokuba phezulu ukufuma karhulumente ulwandle ogqwetha negalelo elibi. Zemvula sezulu lizwekazi itshintswa kakhulu njengoko ubukho close Pacific buthathaka nefuthe ukuvaleka ngaphantsi Arctic. Ukuba northern Kuril Islands ehlotyeni ka-10, kwi-avareji, i-South Kuril Islands uhlala ukufudumala ku +18. Sochi akakho, Kakade, kodwa hayi Anadyr.

iziqithi arc Ensimatic ibekwe kwi ngohlangothi Okhotsk ipleyiti ngasentla ummandla subduction apho ipleyiti Pacific iphela. Kuba inkoliso South Kuril Islands zigutyungelwe ziintaba, kwisiqithi Atlasova kakhulu peak - ngaphezu kwamawaka amabini eemitha. Kukho mlilo, ngenxa yokuba zonke i Kurile Islands belele Pacific isangqa mlilo lomlilo. Kukho umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu kwaye seismic. Ezingamashumi-ezintandathu mlilo amathandathu kwi Kuril Islands ezisibhozo kufuna ukuqwalaselwa rhoqo. Iinyikima kusebenza rhoqo, kwaye ke kuza ingozi tsunami inkulu ehlabathini. Ngoko ke, Shikotan, Simushir Paramushiro banokuchaphazeleka rhoqo kakhulu yile ntlekele. Ingakumbi tsunami amakhulu ngo-1952, 1994 no-2006.

Resources, lwemvelo

In bommandla wonxweme kummandla iziqithi ngokwabo ayavelelwa oovimba ioli, igesi yendalo, imetyhuri, kukho inani elikhulu zesinyithi non-ayoni. Umzekelo, kufuphi mlilo olugobileyo uye ecebe iidipozithi yehlabathi eyaziwayo oluLula. Tazhe ziqithi Kuril emazantsi idume emigodini sulphur zomthonyama. Apha, izixhobo jikelele igolide - kweetoni 1867, kunye nesilivere eninzi kakhulu - iitoni ezingama 9284, titanium phantse zizigidi mane iitoni, intsimbi - iitoni amabini, anamanci asixhenxe anesithathu ezigidi. Ngoku ke uphuhliso lwezibonelelo kwezimbiwa elinde amaxesha ngcono, bambalwa kakhulu kule ngingqi, ngaphandle indawo efana Southern Sakhalin. Kuril Islands ngokubanzi kunokubonwa njengelizwe yokugcina resource for mini ngemvula. Kuphela ezimbini kwiStraits of the Kuril Islands iinqanawa unyaka wonke, kuba akukho nto ngumkhenkce. Le kwisiqithi yaseMzantsi Kuril - Urup, Kunashir, Iturup, kwaye phakathi kwabo - kwiStraits Catherine Vries.

Ngaphandle minerals, kukho ezinye izibonelelo ezininzi ezivela kulo lonke uluntu. Le izityalo kunye nezilwanyana zonke ezi Kuril Islands. Kuyahluka kakhulu ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi, njengoko ubude wabo mkhulu ngokwaneleyo. Xa emantla Kuril Islands ezinezityalo kakhulu ezabanjwa, nakwelasezantsi - ehlathini coniferous emangalisayo Sakhalin fir, Kurile larch, nespruce Ajan. Ukongeza, imithi iphangalele ndizivule esiqithini egubungele iintaba neenduli inxaxheba ngokubonakalayo kakhulu: oki olugobileyo, Elm kunye maple imithi, imidiliya kalopanax, hydrangeas, Actinidia, lemongrass, iidiliya zasendle yaye kakhulu ngakumbi. Nkqu MAGNOLIA on Kushanire apho - iintlobo kuphela zasendle MAGNOLIA obovate. kwiindawo ezininzi izityalo yeyokuhombisa South Kuril Islands (landscape ifoto iqhotyoshelwe) - bamboo Kuril, iintshinyela ogama nezangaphakathi kuzimela emehlweni kwamathambeka ezintabeni kunye nokuphela kwegqabi ehlathini. Ingca apha ngenxa sezulu onomoya kwaye kufumile ziphezulu kakhulu kwaye zahlukene. A lot of amaqunube ezinokuthi kukhutshwa ngomlinganiselo yorhwebo: lingonberry, crowberry, Weeks, iiblueberries kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Izilwanyana, iintaka neentlanzi

I-Kuril Islands (ezahlukeneyo ingakumbi ngokuphathelele kulo emantla) ibhere emdaka kalukhuni, ndoxelelwa ngubani ziyafana eKamchatka. Emzantsi, bekuya kuba phi na kanye, ukuba ubukho iziseko Russian emkhosini. Iziqithi mancinane, ibhere ecaleni imijukujelwa ngokusondeleyo ukuze baphile. Kodwa ingakumbi iqashiso kumzantsi iimpungutye, kuba kubo ukondla apho eninzi kunene. iimpuku Small - inani elikhulu kunye iintlobo kweentlobo, kukho kwakhona zinqabile kakhulu. Ukusuka izilwanyana ezweni apha ezine looding: Amalulwane (brown bat elide-ekusasazweni, Myotis), imivundla, iimpuku kunye neempuku, amarhamncwa (iimpungutye, amabhere, nangona kukho abambalwa, ngoboya kunye Sable).

Of nezilwanyana zaselwandle amanzi onxweme lesiqithi iilynx ulwandle ubomi, Anthurium (a uhlobo itywina Insular), iingonyama ithole ulwandle kolwandle. A umganyana ukusuka elunxwemeni kukho inala iintlanzi - dolphins, iminenga umbulali, iminenga, iminenga, iminenga amadlozi kunye floaters emantla. Ukwanda kwezimvu amafubesi, iingonyama ulwandle kuvandlakanywa ngeenxa emdeni Kuril Islands, ingakumbi kakhulu kwabo Iturup Island. Ngexesha ungabona nwe yezimvu, amatywina elineentshebe, seals engqongwe, impellers. umhombiso eziphila elwandle - iilynx yolwandle. uboya anqabileyo yayisecicini lokutshabalala kutsha nje kwixa elidlulileyo kakhulu. Ngoku le meko ngcembe kungqinelane iilynx. Iintlanzi emanzini onxweme kubaluleke kakhulu kwezoqoqosho, kodwa kukho ngakumbi oononkala kunye squid, kunye squid, kunye cucumber nolwandle, zonke ezineqokobhe, nengca yolwandle. Abemi boMzantsi Kuril Islands kakhulu kuyo imveliso kwaselwandle. Ngokubanzi, le ndawo ingabizwa ngaphandle ubaxo enye yeendawo ezininzi nemveliso elwandle.

iintaka yobukoloniyali kwenza rookeries enkulu kunye ezinomtsalane. fulmars It, petrels, cormorants, ama ezahlukeneyo, kittiwake, guillemot, nakwiingxingongo, kwaye abaninzi, abantu abaninzi ngakumbi. Abaninzi apha iNcwadi oluBomvu, ezinqabileyo - iialbatross kunye petrels, isiMandarini idada, nenkqo, okhozi, njengexhalanga, njengeyona nesangxa, merlin, milenge ebomvu-wathweswa kwaye snipe, izikhova. Overwinter kwi Kuriles ukususela idada - mallard, Okuluhlaza, Gogol, weentaka, mergansers, iinkozi zolwandle. Kakade ke, oluninzi eziqhelekileyo oongqatyana kunye cuckoos. Kuphela ku Iturup ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini iintlobo zeentaka, apho nekhulu - yokwakha. I Kuril Reserve ubomi asibhozo anesine iintlobo ukusuka kuluhlu kwiNcwadi oluBomvu.

Imbali: The elineSixhenxe Century

Kuril Islands ingxabano zange avele izolo. Phambi kokuba ukufika Japanese kunye Russian Ainu waphila apha thina, baye bahlangana abantu abatsha kunye elithi "kuru", nto leyo ethetha ukuba - abantu. Russian Ndathatha ilizwi, enoburharha zabo wabiza balapho "Kuriles". Ngenxa yoko igama lonke Nqabakazi. I-Japanese Wenza imaphu yokuqala Sakhalin kunye Kuriles onke. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1644. Noko ke, kwabakho nkqu ngoko imbambano Kuril Islands, ngokuba kunyaka phambi ezinye iimaphu mmandla zenziwa yi-Dutch, ikhokelwa ngu-de Vries.

Umhlaba uye wachazwa. Kodwa ke ayilunganga. Freese, igama elinikiweyo kubo wafumanisa lexinene, Iturup kunganxulunyaniswa mpuma of Hokkaido, kunye Urup ingqalelo yinxalenye North America. On Urup ukuba ifakelwe umnqamlezo, yaye lonke eli ilizwe ibhengeze lo mhlaba ye-Netherlands. A Russian weza apha ngo-1646 kunye hambo ka Ivan Moskvitina, kunye Cossack Kolobov enegama funny kamva Nekhoroshkov Ivanovic waxelela enemibala malunga elineentshebe Ainu abahlala esiqithini. Okulandelayo, kweza inkcazelo encinane ebanzi kakhulu ukusuka eKamchatka kwiphulo Vladimir Atlasova ngo-1697.

kweyeshumi elinesibhozo

Imbali yoMzantsi Kuril Islands ithi ukuba Russian ngokwenene ukuya kula mazwe ngo-1711. Ena Cossacks Akreqa, wabulala abaqashi, uze emva koko wacinga ngcono waza wagqiba ekubeni ukufumana uxolelo okanye batshabalale. Ngoko ke umkhankaso ndawonye ingene kumazwe ezintsha ngakuphi. UDaniel Ivan Antsiferov Kozyrevsky kunye lamabutho Agasti 1711 lawela kwiziqithi esemantla Paramushir Shumshu. Olu hambo olunikiweyo ulwazi olutsha yonke kummango kwiziqithi kuquka Hokkaido. Kulo mba, ngo-1719-m uPeter Omkhulu wayalela wokuhlola Ivanu Evreinovu kunye Fedor Luzhin, ngenxa yemizamo lonke uluhlu iziqithi leyo wavakaliswa ummandla Russian, kuquka kwisiqithi Simushir. Kodwa Ainu, Kakade ke, ukuthobela uye phantsi kolawulo tsar Russian wayengafuni. Kuphela ngo 1778 Antipin kunye Shabalin bacenga izizwe Kuril ngabemi Russia sele kudlule malunga namawaka amabini abantu Iturup, Kunashir nkqu Hokkaido. Yaye 1779th uCatherine II wakhupha umyalelo ukukhulula zonke izifundo ezitsha empuma kuyo nayiphi na irhafu. Yaye ngoko waqalisa impi Japanese. Bade evaliwe ukuya Russian Kunashir, Iturup kunye Hokkaido.

ulawulo Real in Russian Akukho, kodwa nezintlu batsalwa umhlaba up. Kwaye Hokkaido nangona yokuba kwintsimi wayo umzi yaseJapan kwakubhalwe njengabantu eRashiya. I-Japanese nabo baye kwi Kurils kumzantsi bebaninzi yaye ngokufuthi, apho abantu balapha ukubathiya khona. Nakuvuka ngokwenene amandla ukuya Ainu, kodwa aziyongozi ingako abahlaseli: inqanawa onogumbe, sasiyinxalenye atshiswe. Ngowe-1799, i yaseJapan ziye ukhuselo Iturup kunye Kunashir walungiswa. Nangona abalobi Russian bema apho ixesha elithile eyadlulayo - malunga neminyaka 1785-87, - i yaseJapan zabo abatheth usenokucelwa ukuba asishiye siqithi, wabatshabalalisa bonke ubungqina bobukho Russian kweli lizwe. Imbali yoMzantsi Kuril Islands wayesele liqala bafumana ngamayelenqe, kodwa akukho mntu wayesazi ngelo xesha kuya kuba kade isebenza njani. Kuba iminyaka emashumi asixhenxe yokuqala - de 1778 - i-Russian kunye yaseJapan musa nokuba sahlangana Kuriles. Intlanganiso kwenzeka Hokkaido, ngelo xesha akazange kodwa boyiswa Japan. I-Japanese weza norhwebelwano kunye Ainu, kwaye apha ngobanjiso lweentlanzi Russian. Kakade ke, lo samurai, waqumba, waqalisa ukuba angcangcazelise sixhobo. UCatherine wathumela izigidimi ozakuzo eJapan, kodwa incoko yayisele asiphumelelanga.

kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba - leminyaka iminyinyiva

Ngowe-1805, thethwano lorhwebo kuqhubeka ukuzama odumileyo UNikolai Rezanov, owafika e Nagasaki ayiphumelelanga. Ayikwazanga ukuma ihlazo, waza wayalela neempahla ezimbini ukwenza kwiphulo lomkhosi ukuba Southern Kuril Islands - uphikise imimandla busengozini. Umphumo waba revenge elungileyo ukuba kutshatyalaliswe mveliso Russian, neempahla anyukayo zapheliswa nabalobi (abo asinda). yatshatyalaliswa A Inani mveliso Japanese, watshisa emzaneni Iturup. ubudlelwane Russian-Japanese beze wokugqibela ubuso pre-imfazwe.

Kuphela ngo-1855 ukuba wenza ngokucaciswa yokuqala yokwenene imimandla. Northern Islands - Russia, South - Japan. Plus joint Sakhalin. It is a nofefe ngayo ukunika wezokuloba abatyebileyo yaseMzantsi Kuril Islands, Kunashir - ngakumbi. Etorofu, Habomai kunye Shikotan nabo Japanese. Kwaye ngo-1875, iRashiya waphumelela ilungelo lelifa ningakruthakrutheki ye Sakhalin ukwenzela ukunikezelwa zonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, Japan, i Kuril Islands.

Zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini: ukoyiswa uloyiso

I-Russian-Japanese War ngo-1905 eRashiya, nangona ukusebenzisa ubuqhawe lifanelwe iingoma cruisers kunye gunboats ngendlela idabi olungalinganiyo, wawoyisa, walahlekelwa ndawonye emfazweni kunye nesiqingatha Sakhalin - emazantsi, ebaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa ngoFebruwari 1945, xa uloyiso phezu Germany wamaNazi wayesele kwangaphambili, eSoviet Union wenza i imeko Great Britain ne-United States: yena uya kuphumelela, kunye yaseJapan, ukuba babuyele kulo mmandla behlelo eRashiya: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, i Kuril Islands. Sizana uthembisile, yaye ngoJulayi 1945 eSoviet Union iye yaqinisekisa ukuzibophelela kwayo. Ekuqaleni kaSeptemba, i Kuril Islands ngazo ngokupheleleyo amabutho yiSoviet. Kwaye ngoFebruwari 1946, wacel umthetho phezu lokusekwa mmandla loMzantsi Sakhalin, equka i Kuril Islands kunye ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo yaba yinxalenye iyavuma Territory. Ngoko kwabakho imbuyekezo yoMzantsi Sakhalin kunye Kuril Islands Russia.

Japan Kwanyanzeleka ukuba asayine isivumelwano soxolo ngo-1951, esasisithi akukho kujongwe kwaye ziya kuba nalungelo amalungelo, izihloko kunye namabango kunye malunga Kuril Islands. Kwaye ngo 1956, eSoviet Union kunye Japan ukulungele ukuba basayine Moscow Declaration, nto leyo engqina ekupheleni imfazwe phakathi kwamazwe. Njengophawu lenkoliseko eSoviet Union wavuma ukudlulisela kwiziqithi Kuriles yaseJapan ezimbini: Shikotan kunye Habomai, kodwa yaseJapan wenqaba ukubathatha ngenxa yokuba ingaba amabango kwezinye iziqithi kumzantsi - Iturup kunye Kunashir - musa ukunikezela. Apha kwakhona ubenegalelo eUnited States lakhelwe meko, xa ehlaselwa kwimeko wokutyikitywa kwale xwebhu ukuba abuyele isiqithi Japanese Okinawa. Yiyo loo nto kude kube ngoku South Kuril Islands - phikisa imimandla.

I-Age namhlanje, ezingamashumi zokuqala-

Namhlanje, ingxaki ye-South Kuril Islands nangoku ezifanelekileyo, nangona yokuba ixesha elide-bemi ngokonwaba serene kummandla lonke. Nge Japan Russia usebenzisana ngononophelo ngokwaneleyo, kodwa amaxesha intetho nexesha malunga Kuril Islands izincedisi liphume. Ngowe-2003 wabalelwa Isicwangciso Action Russian-Japanese kwintsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Abongameli kunye iinkulumbuso banikana utyelelo, umisele imibutho ezininzi ubuhlobo Russian-Japanese kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Noko ke, rhoqo onke amabango kwaezo thaca yi-Japanese, kodwa wavuma Russian.

sebehlanjululwe igqiza evela NGO, ithandwa eJapan, ngo-2006 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - league yamanyama ukubuya nemimandla. Ngo-2012, nangona kunjalo, Japan iye wapheliswa elithi "ukuhlala ngokungekho mthethweni" ngokunxulumene eRashiya kwimibandela enxulumene Kuril Islands kunye Sakhalin. Kwaye Kuril Islands baqhubeka uphuhliso lwezibonelelo ukuba inkqubo federal yophuhliso kummandla, ukwandisa isixa-mali, kukho lusekiwe kummandla kunye inkuthazo yerhafu, esi siqithi ezityelelwe ngamagosa aphezulu karhulumente kweli lizwe.

ingxaki ezimqoka

Njani na ukwamkela amaxwebhu asayiniweyo kwi February 1945 Yalta, apho kwinkomfa lamazwe inxaxheba kwi anti-uHitler angalawuliyo wagqiba bayahlelwa Kuril Islands kunye Sakhalin, ngubani na oya kubuyela Russia ngoko nangoko emva kokuba uloyiso phezu eJapan? Kwaye Japan ayikhange utyikitye Potsdam Declaration emva kokusayina kwitayitile uzinikele kuye? Isayinwe emva bonke. Yaye kubonakala kukho ngokucacileyo ukuba ulongamo yayo kuphela kwisiqithi Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku kunye Honshu. Yonke into! Septemba yesibini 1945 Olu xwebhu isayinwe Japan, ngoko, kunye neemeko apho kuthetha, kubo kwaqinisekiswa.

Kwaye ke lwesibhozo Septemba 1951 isivumelwano soxolo e San Francisco kwasayinwa, apho abhala nethe onke amabango ukuya Kuril Islands kunye Sakhalin isiqithi kwiziqithi ezikufutshane. Oku kuthetha ukuba ulongamo yayo phezu kwezi mimandla, efunyenwe emva kwemfazwe 1905 Russian-Japanese, azisasebenzi. Nangona apha US wenza itshinizile kakhulu, esongeza igatya olukhohlisayo kakhulu, ngenxa kuyo eSoviet Union, Poland, basala isivumelwano asityikitywanga. Eli lizwe, njengokwamaxesha onke, lo gama akayigcina, njengoko kusoloko kukho ukuthetha yobume abezopolitiko yayo 'ewe', kodwa ezinye iimpendulo ezi kuya kuthetha - ". Kungekho" US washiya kroba kwisivumelwano eJapan, nto leyo walenca kancinane enxebeni nokukhulula, ngoko kwenzeka kakhulu, milenge iphepha emva iziqhushumbisi zenyukliya, kuvuselelwe amabango ayo.

iimpikiswano

Bayazibela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ngo-1855, i-iSivumelwano Shimoda Kuriles wenza neendawo kakhokho Japan.

2. Okutshiwo of Japan kukuba kwiziqithi Chishima zingafakwanga kwi chain Kuril, ngoko Japan iye akandishiyanga kubo, wasayina isivumelwano eSan Francisco.

3. I-eSoviet Union akazange asayine isivumelwano eSan Francisco.

Ngoko amabango indawo yaseJapan zithiwe thaca kwi-Southern Kuril kwiziqithi Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir kunye Iturup, wendawo iyonke yi 5175 ezikwere zeekhilomitha, kwaye babizwa ngokuba imimandla emantla, endingowakhe eJapan. Ngokungafaniyo eRashiya, wathi phezu kwindawo yokuqala ukuba imfazwe Russian-Japanese irhoxisiwe iSivumelwano Shimoda, ngomhla Kwinqaku lesibini - ukuba iJapan lasayina isiqinisekiso malunga ekupheleni kwemfazwe, leyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, yathi kwiziqithi ezimbini - Habomai kunye Shikotan - USSR wayekulungele uhlawule emva ngokutyikitya isivumelwano soxolo. Kwi kwindawo yesithathu Russia uyavuma: ewe, eSoviet Union akazange basayine iphepha isihlomelo yokukhohlisa. Kodwa lizwe hlobo akakho, khon 'ukuze sihlale ngayo.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha yakhe intetho USSR malunga amabango indawo iza kukhokelela ngandlel ebaphazamisayo, kodwa xa ziwile, Japan waba nesibindi. Noko ke, kuyabonakala ukuba, yaye ngoku ezi proclivities ndabulaleka. Nangona ngo-2004 uMphathiswa weMicimbi Foreign wathi wavuma ukuthetha kwiindawo eJapan, Noko ke, enye into icacile: akukho tshintsho kwi Kuril Islands Soze yenzeke.