Steel nokuqinisa: banga, GOST, amandla eklasini. sikhokelo steel

steel nokuqinisa ubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuba akunjalo: Ukuba ufunda GOST 5781-82, unako ukufumana oko izandi igama elichanekileyo like "Hot ukuba unyanzeliso Okuye kwabethelelwa eziphathekayo". Noko ke, igama waba elide kakhulu, ngoko indawo yokusebenzela ngokukhawuleza wanciphiswa "unyanzeliso" nje. Oku kuyaqondakala, yaye kube lula yaye ngokukhawuleza.

ulwazi jikelele

EyamKelekileyo unikeze ezinye iiklasi unyanzeliso. Eli candelo isekelwe phezu kwezi khrayitheriya zilandelayo:

• iprofayile ezithile;
• mechanical iparameters.

Abalwazi sobhedu mahlelo alandelayo:

• AII.
• AIII.
• AIV.
• AV.

Iminyaka emininzi, imarike labahambi mikhulu zokomeleza A500S kwibakala ngentsimbi. Xa uhlolisisa GOST 5781-82, asiyi kuba nako ukufumana inkcazo ofana naye parameters zabo khona. Ezi mveliso zenziwa kunye orientation le migangatho ilandelayo:

• Sto AISU 7-93;
• iinkcukacha.

Loo emgangathweni inkqubo, neyohlulwe ngokweendidi, hot-saliqengqa yandisa intsimbi profile ngamaxesha athile, wazisa kumashishini abasebenza kwinkalo yokunyibilikisa isinyithi ayoni. Ayavumelana lombutho esinye iye yathabatha kuquka uphuhliso imithetho imveliso yempahla.

Eyonanto ibalulekileyo

Wachaza nokubethelela A500S zentsimbi - asiyonto ngaphandle kuphela kwihlabathi iimveliso ashushu-liqengqiwe. Kwakhona, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe iklasi AI ukuba ISO unako inokwalathelwa njengoko A240. Eyona - inkangeleko amahle. Okubonakalayo esetyenziselwa inkqubo yemveliso intsimbi 3 SP (PS). Ububanzi ukutenxa kuyo nayiphi na imveliso kunye profile kakuhle zilawulwa yi GOST 2590-88. Olu xwebhu kwakhona abhalwe zolawulo nomnombo ukuchana ukuba amatyala jikelele.

Abalwazi steel smooth evela yeefomati zilandelayo:

• nemivalo;
• bay.

Jiko ingafunyanwa kwi imilinganiso mm-6 ukuya kweli-14 (pitch - 2 mm). Ukukhethwa imivalo unyanzeliso thile ngokubanzi. Ubukhulu bepali nganye ubuncinane kunokwenzeka - 16 mm, kwaye inkulu ekhoyo - 40 mm. Ukususela 16 ukuya kowama-22 mm pitch ngu-2 mm, ukusuka kuma-25 ukuya kuma-40 mm inyuswe ukuya kwemithathu.

Njani yaye ngoba?

Brand A240 steel nokuqinisa iyafuneka ekwakheni kunye nezinye iindawo apho ukusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo ufakelo lwesamente, njengoko isicelo nokuqiniswa. Ezinye iingcali zibhekisela kolu didi zemathiriyeli "ngokwenzekayo", njengoko izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo kwenziwa ukwenza ndzhendzheleko-ezifana elements, nokubethelela iimveliso ezenziwe ufakelo lwesamente. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu xa element ukhululekile kuwo isakhiwo engundoqo ye-moya. Hot-liqengqiwe, yandisa A1 for ekudaleni izinto, lula kulayishwa ka ugqibile iibhloko, uthutho kunye ukothula. Ngaphezu koko, kwindawo yokwakha lula ukudibanisa izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye.

Brand nokuqiniswa AI, kwakunye ngeenxa zonke, ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba kubekho iintlobo ezininzi zokwakha. Nokusebenzisa yayo yenziwa:

• ezintangweni;
• yasendlini;
• ukubiya.

Circle kunye nokufakwa metal A1, ukuba benziwe ngokuhambelana nemigangatho ezizodwa zisetyenziswa izinto ekrwada: umntu tsala wire. Unako ukuvelisa iinkangeleko:

• ezithile;
• egudileyo.

Ukuba yandisa sityalo izixhobo ezifanelekileyo, ngoko ke A1 sentsimbi kukhonza lokuvelisa iimveliso ezahlukeneyo kwi lathes okanye wekhaya. Material ngomshini.

Ngaphandle ukungawenzi amazinga

Uthetha malunga kufuneka ngentsimbi ukomeleza GOST 5781,82. Ngokutsho iinkcukacha, le carbon kuhlanganiselo intsimbi ukuze ingabi ngaphezu kwe-0.3%, kuphela koko isicelo imveliso eziphathekayo. Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa izinto ngaphambili oneengxaki ekrwada kunye zesiqhelo.

Ukuba kusetyenziswa ufakelo lwesamente, lo pretreatment ixesha eladlulayo kunye, kugunyaziso ikhethwe kangangokuba ngokwaneleyo ukumelana imithwalo kakhulu ukuba uphawu kwesi sixhobo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le ombane mkhulu kakhulu, nto leyo efuna ukuba metal vana na amandla eliphezulu kwaye yenziwa ngokungqongqo ukususela ngentsimbi protocols. Ukuba kusetyenziswa ucingo, ngoko amandla layo nalo kudinga.

Ukuba steel hot-liqengqiwe nokubethelela iza kusetyenziswa abasemagunyeni phantsi zizame koko kuvunyelwa ukuba basebenzise i-izinto eziqhelekileyo. Apho kufanelekileyo kumabanga zentsimbi ilandelayo:

• CT3.
• ST5.

Kuba prestressing sobhedu idla ityala ezinomthamo carbon:

• avareji;
• eliphezulu.

Kwakhona ingasetyenziswa intsimbi kugunyaziso, i thermally baphathwa ukunyusa parameters amandla.

Steel: ntoni na?

Ngaba ezenziwe ngentsimbi yandisa umgangatho, GOST 5781,82 incomela ukuba ukuthatha steel robust:

• carbon;
• ingxubevange eliphantsi.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezisebenzayo iindidi ezahlukeneyo izinto utshilo. Njengoko umthetho, umthengi kokuthumela umyalelo womeleza isityalo ibonisa izinto ekrwada apho ufuna ukubona imveliso ogqityiweyo. Ukuba ngcebiso nomenzi akafumani, ngoko ke ishishini Le mveliso ngokuzimeleyo yenza isigqibo esixhasa uhlobo kangangoko ukuba uhlobo oluthile lwemveliso. Ngokukodwa, ukuba A800 wenza ukusebenzisa iintlobo zilandelayo:

• 22H2G2AYU.
• 22H2G2R.
• 20H2G2SR.

Yiyiphi enye into ebalulekileyo?

Xa ukwenza izakhiwo unstressed zekhonkrithi kufuneka abachongwe kwiiklasi wabantu bokuqala prestress yesithathu nangaphezulu iluncedo, ukuba uyilo lidlulile.

Ukuba kufuneka usebenze kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, kwaye ziko liya kuqhubeka ukusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezinzima, ngoko izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ngakumbi brand enjalo eyahlula ipesenteji carbon kuyehla. embodiments Kungenjalo okubonakalayo zingachongelwa ligqithile processing lobushushu eliphezulu olongezelelweyo.

Kodwa ukuba kwagqitywa ukusebenzisa njenge yandisa izinto wire, ngoko kungcono ukuba zincede zikhethe oko apho carbon okanye azikho kwa-ukubakho, okanye umxholo wayo engaphenduli ngaphezulu 0.8%. Kule nto, ebonakala ngu ukwanda ngamandla - 180 kgf / mm ² ebandakanya wonke. Ezi nketho zibonelelwa:

• unyango-lobushushu eliphezulu;
• lukhuni.

Carbon impahla esemgangathweni

UMthetho, ukusuka apho izinto ziya kuveliswa ukwakhiwa armature, GOST 5781-82. Ngokukodwa, ipesenti umxholo carbon inefuthe elinamandla ngomhla wokugqibela parameters wemveliso olungundoqo iyahlala kwaye nokuthembeka. Okuya uba mkhulu umsantsa le carbon equlethwe intsimbi, kokukhona yobulukhuni wendlela sincanyathiselwe, kodwa kwangaxeshanye kwandisa brittleness. Ngaphezu koko, carbon intsimbi aphezulu ukuwelda nzima kakhulu, ngokufuthi isiphumo asilophawu ngokwaneleyo, ukuthembeka ubunzima kutheni sakhiwo.

Ipesenti Umxholo carbon ivumela ekungeneni yokuhlela zilandelayo:

• Low-carbon kwemithambo intsimbi, apho ezimbaxa uqulathwe imali esingekho ngaphezulu kwepesenti kwekota;
• nge-avareji i inqanaba umxholo - kwikota enye ekhulwini ku 0.6;
• ezinomthamo eliphezulu ukusuka 0.6 ukuya kwisi-2%.

Indlela ngcono?

Ekubetheleleni steel waba umgangatho ongcono ingxubevange ungadibanisa amacandelo ezongezelelweyo. Njengoko izinto alloying athathiweyo ukuba isicelo:

• Tungsten;
• vanadium;
• chrome;
• nickel.

Kwezinye aluminiyamu kongezwa enye kuphela okanye amabini amacandelo ezongezelelweyo, kwezinye - umxube 5-6 zesinyithi. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ufumane ezikumgangatho ophezulu ingxubevange sentsimbi banamazinga aphezulu:

• amandla;
• yobulukhuni;
• ukumelana umhlwa.

Ukuze ufumane ingxubevange sentsimbi, kufuneka ziqukwe izinto ekrwada lesilicon, manganese. Kuxhomekeka ukuba bangaphi ongeziweyo equlethwe eziphathekayo, ukuthetha izinto bephuma mahlelo alandelayo:

• eliphantsi nokuqiniswa steel ingxubevange eliquka akukho ekhulwini ngaphezu ezintlanu inclusions;
• srednelegirovannoj, apho isixa wolongezelelo yahluka ngaphakathi kwimida 5-10%;
• High-kakuhle, nesahlulo seshumi-okanye ngaphezulu eziquka amacandelo ezongezelelweyo.

"Yintoni na igama?"

Abalwazi steel - ayikho nje intsimbi, kodwa kukho inani elikhulu amanye amacandelo imichiza. Yintoni ukufakwa kukuthi, eziphathekayo, ubona kulo igama. Imigangatho ziye zaphuhliswa nokonyulwa ongeziweyo ezithile mbandela isihloko. imizekelo:

• X - chrome.
• C - zirconium.
• T - titanium.

Emva kokuba brand kubhalwa amanani. Zibonisa njani icarbon iqulethwe kule eziphathekayo. hundredths amiselweyo. Emva koko, bhala ileta. Bathi lenza kube element imichiza, emva koko kuchaziwe indlela yayo iqulethwe yinxalenye vana. Ukuba akukho amanani azinikezelwanga ikhankanyiwe, kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba lo mgubo iqukiwe kwimali ekhulwini ngaphantsi kwesinye.

Umzekelo: "intsimbi nokuqinisa 35GS" imela for steel, ebandakanya carbon zikhoyo kwi iqela 0,35%, kwaye isilicon kunye manganese, kodwa ipesenti macandelo mabini mncinci kakhulu, ngoko kukho ngaphantsi kwe omnye akukho idatha (langoku zibe ngumqulu ekhulwini lilonke izinto ubuninzi).

Nguwuphi nongasazifuniyo yaye ukulinda?

Phantsi imigangatho yangoku, ngentsimbi nokuqinisa ukuba:

• Kulula ukuba weld;
• plastic;
• okuqinileyo.

Ngamandla ngokuqhelekileyo iqondwe nokukwazi ukumelana nomthwalo wezifundo etshabalalisayo kokusingqongileyo. impembelelo lwangaphandle ukuze yolula intsimbi, ukugoba, jija kwaye compress, cut. Kuba nganye yeentlobo imithwalo aphake amaxabiso amandla ngamnye. Nokuqiniswa isoloko ngakumbi kusetyenziswa kwimeko apho eqine ntshikilelo phezulu, ngoko ke kule xabiso kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo indawo yokuqala. Ukuhlola ukuba kugunyaziso uyakwazi ukumelana ukuzolula, kufuneka ukuba ukuhlola:

• Umda flowable;
• ukumelana ezidilikayo.

Ductility - i parameter ebonisa izinto nokuziqhelanisa imithwalo yangaphandle ukuzama ukutshintsha imilo le mveliso, zayo cross-candelo. Ukuba ivelufa kukuba kwiimeko ezinjalo kugcina izicwangciso zazo zokuqala, emva kokususa umthwalo, oko kubuyela kwimo yaso yesiqhelo, okanye ukugcina utshintsho lwakho. Plasticity okuvakaliswa zobude ngexesha lekhefu, angle ukugoba, isixa yokugoba, intsimbi eseleyo emva zokupholisa.

Weldability - oku sisalathisi ukukwazi qualitative ukuzidibanisa kwezinye izinto ngexesha isicelo ye indlela yokwenza iwelding. Le eyesibini iparameter ugqibe:

• ukwakheka metal;
• linabantu indlela;
• iintonga ixabiso kwicandelo;
• features coupling;
• plasticity.

Nobuchwepheshe ukuthembeka

Izicwangciso ngasentla ukuvumela ukuba uthethe ngeemilo indlela elungileyo ngomatshini ngentsimbi. Ibe phezu kwesi siseko inike iinkcukacha, ukusebenza.

Inkalo ebalulekileyo kugunyaziso lamandla alo uqine. Kuba definition wayo, kwakunye nokukhetha inkulu kangakanani mda flowable indlela zobude enkulu Yingcambu yesinyithi ixabiso lokuqala, baqhuba iimvavanyo ezithile kwimveliso: ukusebenzisa oomatshini uvavanyo eqine ezenzelwe ukulungiselela lo msebenzi.

Lo msebenzi wenziwe kule ndlela ilandelayo: xa uqala umatshini kubekwa kwegciwane isampuli ngokuthe ngcembe. Nokuqiniswa ngoko kwinkqubo yofakelo ngqongqo ukuthintela "yokuphuma" umzekelo. Iindlela bazama ukuba ukoluka intonga longitudinally deforming kuyo. Izalathi athathwa kwemithambo ingenza itshati ulwandiso (scale elibekwe ezinemvume).

features technical

Amacandelo ngqo zezi dayagram ibonisa umthwalo apho sihlahla olo zikhubazekile. Ngokwandisa umthwalo kunokubonwa ukwanda umlinganiselo ubude, nto leyo evumela ukwenza izigqibo malunga ukuthembeka zentsimbi kunye nokukwazi ukumelana zizothuso zangaphandle. Umda kusengaphambili umthwalo isicelo ndlovu uvavanyo. Emva kokuba eli xabiso chu ukunciphisa impembelelo amandla ngoomatshini.

Kulo mzekelo ilungileyo, intonga, yade phantsi kwempembelelo amandla elikhulu zangaphandle, ubuyela kwimeko yayo yoqobo xa umthwalo isusiwe. Le ukukwazi kungenxa luthambe kwensimbi. Kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba indawo okubuyela kwimo yazo intsimbi ukulinganiselwa ezithile. Xa neziphawuli ngaphezulu mida, ubuyele amaxabiso yokuqala iya kuninqabela. Ekuchongeni nesalathisi umda hlobo athethe ngalo ukufikelela kumda ilastiki.

Ukuba senza uvavanyo lwe eziveliswa ngokungqinelana intsimbi GOST kugunyaziso CT3, ngoko uya kuba nako ukufumana i parameters kufutshane kulandelayo:

• ivelise amandla - 2460 kgf / cm ^2;
• zobude - 25;
• uqine ngexesha lekhefu elinikiweyo - 4000 kgf / cm ^2.

Iparameters kunye nesicelo

Armature ukuba amandla aphezulu, jikelele ibiza ngaphezu eziphathekayo ephantsi-grade. Ngelo xesha, loo nto ibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezifana kwenza kube lula ukufezekisa ekongeni, njengoko kugunyaziso kwezakhiwo eziphathekayo kufuna ukuba ungadli enoqoqosho ngakumbi ngentsimbi.

Nikelani ingqalelo ductility kugunyaziso: kukho imida ethile, ngaphezu koko ayinqweneleki kakhulu. Xa oku parameter uvikivwa ngaphantsi kwenqanaba elithile akunakwenzeka ukuba usebenzise mveliso liqengqiwe, xa ngamandla alo. Isakhiwo ezenziwa kunye nokusetyenziswa sobonelelo ngezixhobo ekrwada uba ethe kwaye baphele isuka yenze iphenjelelwa yimiba yangaphandle. Kukho nenye ingozi ezinxulumene ukuncipha plasticity metal: nokwandisa amathuba okuba ngokwaphulwa ntlanzi kwi nqanaba izakhiwo Ukomeleza ufakelo lwesamente.

Iziphumo kwiisampuli intsimbi

Ukuphucula ofanelekayo parameters, abhenele ubugcisa ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle impembelelo. Nangakumbi, lo mkhuba lukhuni thermal. Kulo mzekelo amandla eziphathekayo kwandisa kabini, kwaye maxa wambi ngakumbi. Ezifaneleke kakhulu ukuba ephantsi ingxubevange, iikhompawundi carbon. Kodwa ukonyuka kweendleko eziphathekayo yi% 10-12 kuphela. ukuqaqadeka thermal ibonisa iziphumo ezingcono ngokubhekiselele koomatshini, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuyimfuneko ukuba izixhobo kakhulu phambili kunye neqela abaqeqeshiweyo kakhulu leengcali. ngamandla kakhulu kumgangatho imveliso yokugqibela (kunye udumo nomakhi wayo) ukuchaphazela inkqubo impazamo encinane.

nokuqiniswa Mechanical ifunyanwa ngokusebenzisa:

• into ngentambo;
• IKONA hydraulic;
• roller profiled.

Lwakutsha nje ukuze icombuluke ngentsimbi. Xa lukhuni kunokwenzeka ukuba kuzuzwe deformation zeplastiki, ngenxa apho amandla linyuke-50% xa kuthelekiswa ixabiso lokuqala.

Eyona ethandwayo - ntoni na?

Ngokwemveli, kakhulu ezifunwayo kwimarike lwezilinganisi metal 8 mm ubukhulu. Ku fanele ku iklasi wesithathu kwaye ifumaneka rolls, jiko, iintonga. 8 mm - ukulungiselela ubukhulu umndilili izinto zokwakha. Ukuveliswa isivingco kufuneka athobele GOST 30136-95. Makhe tangling izixhobo iingcali ebizwa ngokuba 'ucingo intonga ".

Armature 8 mm ezenziwe ngentsimbi ezinomthamo onekhaboni ephantsi. A0 brand elisetyenzisiwe, CT3. Ngexesha inkqubo yokuvelisa kukho ezimbini (ngamanye amaxesha enye) inyathelo okupholisa, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukuphumeza izinto eziphakamileyo Iimpawu ukuthembeka. Asongwe ucingo tangling na ucingo.

Armature A3 - intsimbi ukuba isangqa yecandelo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba imveliso elandelayo imithombo ngocingo. izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yemveliso zokwakha semigudu ezibandayo.

Yokwenziwa nokuthengiswa

Armature 8 mm yenziwa kwi kwicingo-feed ezahlukeneyo koomatshini ngokutsho GOST 380. Le ubuchwepheshe mgangatho, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ubukho ngentsimbi phindwe ngayo inkqubo epheleleyo. Oomatshini izinto liqengqwa nangengalo, itshiswe yaye iphela. Kuxhomekeka iimpawu imveliso ethile ngayo lupholisiwe yi zendalo okanye ngokunyanzelwa.

Kwintengiso imveliso ezifana ekhoyo kangangeemitha nokubaleka, yaze yaqengqelekela elikhulu (Ihowuliseyili).

Kutheni na oko?

Izixhobo 8mm sele ekwakhiweni eziphathekayo nentsimbi izakheko ezomeleleyo. intonga wire ibhityile ngokwaneleyo, ngoko ezisetyenziswayo xa kwenziwa imveliso iminatha, izakhelo, iintambo. Nokuqiniswa iyasebenza njengesiseko ezityiwa. Yayifudula ukomeleza izakhiwo zokwakha. A ngobuwena ezithile uyonyulwa ngokucingisisa iimeko yokusebenza ye yesakhiwo, ngokusekelwe oya isigqibo wakhetha omnye okanye olunye uhlobo.

Nokuqiniswa liya isetyenziswe izinto ekrwada ekuveliseni kwezinye izinto zokwakha, kunokuba nje izinto eyahlukileyo. Ukuba intonga iyafuneka ukuvelisa iinzipho, intambo, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukulawula evenness iimveliso: iindawo ezimagqagala azivumelekanga, kuya kunciphisa kakhulu inqaba imveliso ogqityiweyo. Ekwenziweni semigudu ezinkulu, iimfuno ezityiwa umphezulu ngobuqhophololo khange ebalulekileyo. Valve esetyenziselwa amalungiselelo wokunikela iindonga akufunekanga ibe iintanda okanye angabi nemingxuma nomoya. Ukuba ivelufa kweentonga-8-mm-ubudeki na ababeyiqwebile, ulawulo phawu luquka yokulandela amanqaku ungubani.

ezinye iimpawu

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ivelufa ukuba iprofayili ngamaxesha athile setyhula, exhobele ngokuqhelekileyo kunye iimbambo longitudinal. iintonga ezinqamlezayo ezi lunamaqoqo helical ebekwe kumgca kunye impompo ezintathu. Ukuba ubukhulu intonga 6 mm, ngoxa iingqikelelo ingafikelela emgceni helical kunye kwelanga mnye. 8 mm ukuze iminxeba ezimbini.

Armature, ubizwa iklasi wesithathu, kukuba:

• eqhelekileyo;
• ezizodwa.

Yamiswa njengoko A300 kunye AS300 ngokulandelelana. Kuba abanjalo izinto luphawulwa projections apho ungeno kwi kumacala omabini iyunifomu yabucala. Apha, umgca kwakhona kuza iqhosha lemenyu. Kodwa ke prerequisite A400-A1000: Sunset kwelinye icala elinye ilungelo, kwaye kwelinye - ngasekhohlo.

ukushenxiswa kunokwenzeka lunamaqoqo helical. Olu khetho yenzelwe iindwendwe zangoku akangeniswanga nganye ezinga malungu abantu.

Elinye ixesha lokwahlula uphawu A800 steel mveliso. Kuba zingasetyenziswa brand zilandelayo:

• 22H2G2AYU.
• 22H2G2R.
• 20H2G2SR.

Kule isiphelo ethile intlambululo yokusihlambulula iimfuno ngokuqhelekileyo olulawulwayo.

Ngokutsho izindululo zeKomiti Lokwakha State, i-Russian Federation Kucetyiswa ukuba usebenzise iintlobo zilandelayo:

• A400S.
• A500S.

Zombini ifanele lukhuni neziseko ufakelo lwesamente kwaye endaweni ngaphambili ngokubanzi esebenzayo A-III. Ezi zenziwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno ezichazwe kwi GOST 5781-82.