Subcomandante Marcos: biography kanye photo

Subcomandante Marcos - wezopolitiko kunye revolution Mexican, ngubani waye eyinganga yama Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), kukho iqela imfazwe, nawuphikisa norhulumente Mexican e eChiapas ngoJanuwari 1994.

biography

Lo mfanekiso, nto leyo Uyayifihla intloko EZLN, iye sasingumba neembono kakhulu, njengoko ngexesha imbonakalo yakhe rhoqo phambi eendaba esizwe kunye nawezizwe ngezizwe, wayesoloko ndabusithelisa ubuso bakhe ngaphantsi Balaklava. Ngaphandle koku, ngoFebruwari 1995, Subcomandante Marcos ibhabhe imaski: urhulumente Mexican uye wathi Rafael Sebastian Gilena Visente. Ngokutsho imithombo, uMongameli Mexico, Ernesto Zedillo, Guillen wazalwa ngoJulayi 10, 1957 Tampico (Tamaulipas), intsapho enkulu inxaxheba kurhwebo ifanitshala. Waqala izifundo zakhe kowabo, Guillen waqhubeka e Guadalajara kunye iMonterrey, uze ubhalise kwi-National Ukuzilawula University of Mexico, apho wafumana isidanga bulumko kunye noncwadi. Nakumthombo omnye abonisa ukuba wayeneminyaka 24 wagqiba kwelokuba ashiye ubuhle bakhe yokufundisa umsebenzi, waya Chiapas, waza waba lejaji namalungelo abantu bemveli karhulumente.

Lo mba kungenzeka ukuba ibe ngundoqo kwi Zapatista mvukelo, njengoko intshukumo izama atyhile nobangela ukugeleza phezu kwamakhulu eminyaka backwardness kwabantu bomthonyama lokufuna uphuhliso lwabo lwentlalo. Isibakala sokuba Subcomandante Marcos (ifoto kuboniswa kweli nqaku) uye wachongwa umntu asisiso nayiphi na kwiinkcubeko, kwaye nkqu ngumhlali State of Chiapas, Zedillo waye impikiswano kaRhulumente kwi ngelizama ukumnyelisa intshukumo. Ngokutsho kwinkokheli Mexican, le mbumbulu ukulungiselela injongo ofihlakeleyo ideologues olushiywe efumileyo Indians Mexico asetyenziselwa ukunyelisa isigqeba sesizwe.

Indima eendaba

Enoba lwalunjani, omnye umthombo ukuthandwa intshukumo Zapatista lwaba yimpumelelo, eyasetyenziswa Subcomandante Marcos noluvo loluntu jikelele. Wayifunda imibongo, bendiqhula wavakalisa imiyalezo zopolitiko ezibalulekileyo zisayinwe kwiikomiti efihlakeleyo olwela iinguqu ngokupheleleyo abantu bomthonyama, inkokeli ogama. Xa ukukhululwa cofa epapashwe kwi-network (ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, omnye undoqo ukuthandwa revolution ngaphandle elizweni), iimfuno kwenziwa zokutshintshwa Mexico ibe republic beentlanga kunye ukuqondwa kwamalungelo iikomiti uluntu lwemveli inxaxheba kulawulo lukamasipala, anikeza ngazo kokusesikweni nobulungisa, yaye ukubonelela ngenkxaso kunye nasekuziqiniseni kwam ilungelo ukuqhuba amasiko abo kunye namasiko. Ukongeza, urhulumente Mexican yayiza kuba sisiqinisekiso sokuba oomasipala kwabantu liya kulawulwa yi-zamaNdiya ngokwabo, yaye ukuba abantu bomthonyama kufuneka babe nelungelo ngokwabo yokuxazulula ezinye civil, lolwaphulo-mthetho, abasebenzi kunye neembambano orhwebo ngendlela yokuba umthetho wesizwe ethathela ingqalelo izithethe zabo kunye namasiko.

Zapatista kwango

Subcomandante Marcos ekhokelwa Zapatista National Liberation Army ngomhla wokuqala kweyoMqungu 1994 wathabatha iidolophu ezintandathu e Chiapas, kuquka San Cristobal de las Casas. Emva kweentsuku ezilishumi ukungqubana kunye iingxwelerha amaninzi oluntu kunye nokwenzakala, waqala thethwano kunye norhulumente. Ukususela ngoko Marcos (Rafael Sebastian Guillen Vicente) bathatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo, waza wahlala ngoyena yemifuziselo lwentshukumo Zapatista.

NgoFebruwari 1996, iindwendwe kukarhulumente kunye luqalile asayina isivumelwano San Andrés kumalungelo oluntu lwemveli, kodwa emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa kamva EZLN icala uMongameli Zedillo kukophula contract ndawaphula incoko phakathi kwamaqela. Ngesivumelwano ibeka umda esibanzi self-determination kwamashumi ezigidi Indians Mexican, yaqinisekisa ukuqatshelwa ubukho imo abantu bomthonyama, iifom zabo yolawulo, amasiko nezithethe, kodwa uMongameli Zedillo ecetywayo uhlelo ezahlukeneyo okubhaliweyo agatywe bavukeli, yaye ngoJanuwari 1997, i-EZLN wemka kwinkqubo thethwano.

omisa incoko yababini

Emva kokuba ukutshintsha kwamandla kweli lizwe ngokungqinelana neziphumo zonyulo ngoJulayi 2000, umongameli omtsha Visente Foks wamisela owayesakuba Senator Luis Alvarez noMkomishinala Nokuthula eChiapas. Sangeet wabumba kwiKomishoni Concord noxolo (Cocopa), unoxanduva lokuphuhlisa mthetho uqulunqwayo, washwankathela sesenze izivumelwano, efuna ukuthotyelwa Zapatistas.

Asanda kunyulwa Mexican uMongameli Fox wacela ukuba aqhubeke iintetho kunye luqalile, kunye Marcos uye wavuma, bade ngokuvuma ukuya Capital federal. Ngosuku olulandelayo emva ukusungulwa senkokeli EZLN kule nkomfa cofa enabantu abaninzi, iintatheli uthe kwiimfuno mvukeli ukubuyisela ingxoxo ngombana umkhosi ukusuka kummandla, ukuphunyezwa izivumelwano San Andrés kunye nokukhululwa kwamabanjwa ntliziyo.

Ukuhlangabezana lezithuba karhulumente kunye abavukeli wanceda ukoyiswa e eChiapas PRI iqela nokwakha womanyano entsha ebusa. Pablo Salazar Governor wathabatha ofisi ngomhla we-8 Disemba 2000 yaye wathembisa ukukhuthaza uxolelwaniso yomahluko ezintsonkothileyo kwezentlalo, ezopolitiko, ezolimo kunye nonqulo. Irhuluneli wathembisa ukuba ukuqalisa iinkqubo zomthetho ukuze kukhululwe amabanjwa Zapatistas, obengowabaya iimeko Marcos eziphambili zengxoxo-mpikiswano evuselelweyo.

Zapatista hambo

Ngemihla okuqala gameli kwakhe, Fox wayalela nokukhululwa 40 amabanjwa Zapatista yaye inxalenye ukurhoxisa amajoni ayo kurhulumente abavukeli. Wathumela kwakhona Congress IBhili namalungelo abantu bemveli, njengoko kuvunyelwene ngo-1996. Marcos wasabela la manyathelo isibhengezo komjikelo ukuya imali isibhengezo kwiimfuno zabo Congress. Sifika lampompoza encinane impixano, ababeza nto kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. EZLN wacela ukuba Nyathela City Mexico, ephelekwa abameli beKomiti International iRed Cross, kodwa urhulumente iphantsi koxinzelelo oluvela noluntu lwezoshishino kunye nabezomkhosi ukuvimbile kwaloku. Fox zathi luqalile kukuba abakhange banikwe sisabele isabelo kwenziwa kwaye irhoxisiwe ekurhoxisweni amajoni kunye nokukhululwa kwamabanjwa, kunye Marcos amangalelwe ngayo umongameli ukuba ngathi unomdla ekusombululeni ingxabano ngaphandle kokuthatha izigqibo lokwenene uxolo kuphela.

February 24, 2001 Zapatista hambo lwaqala ingasetyenziswa kwithuba elilkunyeelayo lokuba ngxabano. iintsuku ezili-15 emva kokuqala wegqitha ngaphezulu kwe 3000 km kwiindawo ezihluphekayo elizweni, ikhokelwa ngu Subcomandante ezikhaphayo safika kummandla El Zocalo e City Mexico. DRC wabhengeza injongo yakhe kuhlala kwikomkhulu de imvume lepalamente umthetho osaqulunqwayo enika ukuzimela amashumi ezigidi Indians. Abameli March 12 EZLN waba intlanganiso yabo yokuqala kunye neKomishoni Cocopa landulelwe yiloo intlanganiso kuzinze kunye namalungu Mexican Congress kunye Yeengwevu. urhulumente Marcos ocetywayo ukuba kuququzelela intlanganiso phakathi abameli abavukeli-10 kunye yeeNgwevu-10, kodwa Subcomandante yaphikisana kwaye bafuna ukuba abathunywa wavela phambi kwentlanganiso zamagumbi endawo epalamente. Xa kungekho sivumelwano, yaye, nangona kwingxelo bill qinisekisa singalindelanga Marcos wavakalisa isigqibo bakhe ukuba mabaphume eyinkunzi ubuyele ezintabeni eChiapas.

Uxinzelelo nempembelelo yayo, kunye noMongameli Visente Foks wagqiba ukwamkela luqalile kwaye kuthintela ukuvela Zapatistas, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba ukuxinga entsha kwinkqubo yoxolo. Intloko karhulumente isaziso sokukhululwa zonke luqalile entolongweni ukuba lokurhoxisa amabutho iinqwelwana ezintathu kwezomkhosi kummandla okuthath 'ikhefu waza wathembisa ukuba wenze umgudu abathunywa abavukeli yafunyanwa Congress.

Ngexesha ntlanganiso zabanjwa ngoMatshi 22, 2001, iPalamente evunyiweyo (iivoti 218 Kuba, 210 nxamnye, 7 babili) inxaxheba EZLN abathunywa. 28 Matshi 23 ngabavukeli umthunywa wathabatha ezintlwini yokuqala kwiPalamente Mexican wathetha ukusuka rostrum of "mkhosi" uEstere, ilungu inkokheli zopolitiko EZLN. Emva intetho yakhe ekhusela amalungelo abantu bomthonyama, kwabhengezwa ukuba Miss Marsh wenza. Inkqubo uxolo zibuyele kunye nomfowunelwa yokuqala phakathi luqalile kunye norhulumente. Subcomandante Marcos kunye Zapatistas, kubonakala ukuba anelisekile, Matshi 30 wabuyela eChiapas.

Umzabalazo uqhubeka

Nangona media lamaFilisti, iinkokheli zomthonyama imfuno zange afumane inkxaso kulindeleke. Ngo-Epreli, iNdlu Yeengwevu kunye Congress yamkela uxwebhu, esibonelela ukuqaliswa utshintsho-siseko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba amalungelo abantu bomthonyama, kodwa kwenziwe isilungiso iprojekthi yokuqala kakhulu kuphela isivumelwano andresskie San kwaye wenza yokusabela elibi. Amaqela zemveli, ekugqibeleni, bazitshitshisela umthetho malunga namalungelo kunye nenkcubeko yabantu bomthonyama, ayinikeli iindlela ukuphumeza la malungelo. Kwakhona, i Zapatistas baye bavakalisa inkcaso cwe isicatshulwa, evunywe yi seSigqeba, njengoko akavumeli "akukho ukuzeyisa, akukho ukuzimela ngokwenene." Subcomandante Marcos ndabhengeza ukuba EZLN uya Ayinakuphinda iintetho kunye norhulumente, lanqunyanyiswa ngowe-1996, kwaye ziya kuqhubeka ukuba alwe.

abantu bomthonyama, amaqela ngokwasengqondweni leftist Party of Democratic Revolution, bafaka ngokumangalelana ezingaphezu kwama-300 nxamnye umthetho opasiswe Congress, kodwa ngoSeptemba 2002 ziye zabukulwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo.

amanye amaphulo

Ngo-Agasti 2005, kwingxelo yakhe yokuqala karhulumente ukususela emthonjeni ka-2001, Marcos e eChiapas wavakalisa injongo yayo ukuba ukuxhasa nayiphi na abaviwa ngumongameli ngo-2006, yaye kabukhali wabakhalimela, ingakumbi owayesakuba Mayor City Mexico Manuel Lopez Obrador. Subcomandante Kwakhona wathi ukuba uhlanganiso ezayo intshukumo Zapatista kwinkqubo Mexican yezopolitiko kuya kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa indlela ukusekwa ngaphambili ebanzi ekhohlo. Ngosuku lokuqala ka-2006 Marcos baqalisa ukhenketho ngesithuthuthu kwilizwe exhasa ebizwa ngokuba "enye iphulo" ukwenza intshukumo olumanyanisa abantu eli lizwe yemveli kunye namaqela ukuxhathisa yokutshintsha ngaphaya ugqatso. Emva konyulo, wayekhe wabonakala kwingxelo elandelayo.

Comandante akazange kuqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni okanye ephika ukuba Guillen.

Subcomandante Marcos: ubuchule

Inkokeli Zapatistas asibhalele izincoko ngaphezu kwama-200 kunye namabali kwaye sele ishicilelwe iincwadi-21, apho wayechaza izimvo zakhe zezopolitiko bulumko. Works epapashwe phantsi igama Subcomandante Marcos - "The Okunye Revolution" (2008), «¡Ya Basta! kweminyaka elishumi i Zapatista Uprising "(2004)," Imiba kunye amakrele :. Tales ye Zapatista Revolution "(2001), njl kubo umbhali uyathanda ukuba ndithethe ngqo ngohlobo iintsomi.

umsebenzi rhoqo, nto leyo ipapashwe yi Subcomandante Marcos - "The yesine iMfazwe Yehlabathi waqalisa" (2001). Umbhali kuziwa kwimiba zeniyo-liberalism kunye jikelele. A imfazwe yehlabathi wesithathu, yena ucinga iMfazwe Yomlomo phakathi capitalism ndawonye, yaye emva kwayo - phakathi kwamaziko ezinkulu zemali.

Subcomandante Marcos, ogama iincwadi ezibhalwe ngendlela yimizekeliso okanye isigqebelo yothando, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba wazama ukuba kude le meko ibuhlungu uchaza. Xa kunjalo, ngamnye imisebenzi yakhe iphila injongo ethile, nto leyo engqina ukuba igama ethi "ilizwi lethu - isixhobo yethu" (2002), ingqokelela amanqaku, imibongo, iintetho kunye neeleta.

Subcomandante Marcos: kuchaphulo olu

Enye izihloko zezincoko, 1992 imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

"Esi sahluko isixelela indlela urhulumente ephakamileyo ukhathazeke kakhulu kwintsokolo bomthonyama Chiapas, yaye uye wakha ezihotele, iintolongo, enqabeni kunye moya yomkhosi. Isixelela indlela irhamncwa feeds igazi yabantu, kwakunye nezinye iingozi kunye nezehlo bangenathamsanqa ... A ukuzalisa kwiinkampani, enye yazo imeko Mexican ka eChiapas unika bonke ubutyebi sisananelo ukushiya trail zabo ezibulalayo enetyhefu. "

An Ngaphandle kwincwadi ethi "The yesine iMfazwe Yehlabathi waqala":

"Ekupheleni Cold War, capitalism wadala yinto yokunqakulisa wamajoni - ezabo neutron, isixhobo ukuba siyitshabalalise ubomi ngoxa uphuma isakhiwo lomelele. Noko ke, ebudeni yeSine beMfazwe Yehlabathi, wafumanisa ummangaliso isixhobo esitsha - ezabo zemali. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwehla phezu iHiroshima Nagasaki, oko utshabalalisa nje umzi, ukuthumela ukufa, ummangaliso nokubandezeleka abo abahlala kuzo, kodwa kukwabhenelwa injongo yalo kwenye inxalenye puzzle jikelele kwezoqoqosho. "