Skeleton ntulo. Isakhiwo yangaphakathi licilikishe. Iintlobo kunye namagama malovane

Ntulo ukuba udidi suborder izirhubuluzi zezona zininzi weqela lakhe. Ezi ezirhubuluzayo kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-3,500 kwaye afumaneka kuzo zonke amazwekazi ngaphandle Antarctica. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga isakhiwo lwangaphakathi, amathambo, iimpawu komzimba kwezinto eziphilayo necilishe kunye namagama iintsapho zabo.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga malovane

Ntulo - oku izidalwa emangalisayo, apho phakathi kwezinye abameli zezilo ichonge inani leefekthi umdla. Into yokuqala - i ubungakanani abameli abantu ezahlukeneyo malovane. Umzekelo untulo brookesia incinane Micra ebudeni 28 mm, ngelixa ummeli likhulu eli qela izirhubuluzi - necilishe Indonesian, inamba Komodo, ukuba unalo ubude nomzimba omkhulu kwe-3 m, kunye nobunzima malunga omnye nesiqingatha hundredweight.

Into yesibini, ukwenza ezi izirhubuluzi ezithandwayo kungekuphela phakathi zebhayoloji, kodwa abantu abaqhelekileyo - le nto nendlela noxam tsakisi umsila wayo. Le ikhono ngokuba autotomy kwaye indlela self-kulondolozwe. Xa untulo ulibalekayo lirhamncwa, unako ubambe ngomsila, leyo enyanisweni leyo kusisisongelo kubomi isirhubuluzi. Ukuze ndisindise ubomi babo ezinye iintlobo malovane naphakathi of bayakwazi uwise umsila wayo, emva kwexesha elithile luyakhula kwakhona. Ukunqanda ulhleko igazi enkulu ngexesha autotomy, necilishe icandelo umsila banikwa iqela elikhethekileyo izihlunu, kunciphisa imithambo yegazi.

Ukongeza leswi boxiweke ngasentla, namacilikishe kwindalo ilifa obumangalisayo yokugquma umgangatho, sivumelane kwindawo kokugquma mibala eveliswa sisixhobo. Abanye babo, ingakumbi nolovane angayithatha umbala eliselumelwaneni isifundo imizuzu embalwa. Yenzeka njani le nto? Isibakala sokuba iiseli ulusu chameleon eyenziwa kwiiseli ezininzi phantse ngaphaya, kuba iinkqubo ezizodwa kunye sakhi, leyo phantsi kwempembelelo amaza-luvo ukuba zixinaniswe okanye decompressed. Ngexesha lenkqubo ukuncitshiswa kombala buthathwa embindini iseli lube kunzima buqapheleke, kodwa xa inkqubo decompressed, kombala kwaqhenqetha kulo lonke iseli, luyawudyobha ulusu ngombala ethile.

Amathambo kunye nesakhiwo zangaphakathi licilikishe

umzimba ntulo libunjwa iindawo ezifana entloko, entanyeni, isiqu, umsila omzimba. Le umzimba ngaphandle esikhatshwa eyenziwa sesigodlo ezincinane nengxelo ethambileyo kuthelekiswa emaxolweni iintlanzi, amadlala ukubila kwakho kuyo eluswini bengekho. Eyona phawu nalo elide izihlunu umzimba - ulwimi, abathatha inxaxheba imvakalelo izifundo. iliso ntulo ngokungafaniyo nezinye izirhubuluzi kubonelelwa ijwabu eshukumayo. Musculature anazo iqondo elikhulu Ukuntsonkotha ngaphezu koko izirhubuluzi.

skeleton ntulo nayo inamcebiso iimpawu ezikhethekileyo. Luquka entanyeni, amagxalaba, empontshwa kunye namasebe zangasese lebhokisi lomqolo. Amathambo cikilishe zakhiwe ukuze kukhule ndawonye kokubini, iimbambo (i ezintlanu zokuqala) lwenze emazantsi closed kwentamo, nto leyo phawu uphawu eli qela izirhubuluzi xa kuthelekiswa namanye ezirhubuluzayo. Isifuba ezisebenza umsebenzi ezikhuselayo, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuba umonakalo ukuba amalungu angaphakathi, kananjalo oku kwandisa umthamo kwinkqubo uphefumlayo. Yesiqephu agama, kwakunye nezinye ezisentlabathini ezinomqolo digits ezintlanu, kodwa ngokungafaniyo emanzini zifumaneka kwindawo tye ngakumbi ukuba inikezela ukuphakama ethile ngaphezu komhlaba kunye umzimba, ngenxa yoko, intshukumo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. uncedo olufunekayo kule intshukumo kwaye neenzipho elide, ezo baxhotyiswa ezirhubuluzayo ezihamba ngamathupha azo. Kwezinye iintlobo, ukuba ingakumbi enamandla kwaye kunceda inkosi yakhe ngokukhawuleza nokukhwela imithi namatye sendawo.

skeleton ntulo kaThixo yahlukile kwezinye amaqela zezilo ezisentlabathini phambi yomqolo sacral ka-2 amalungu omqolo. Kwakhona osemqoka lisahlulayo isakhiwo ekhethekileyo amathambo caudal, interlayer angala neokostenevayuschey phakathi kwabo, ngenxa yokuba apho kukho yalula nomsila iinyembezi untulo.

Yintoni ukufana phakathi licilikishe kunye ntulo?

Abanye abantu babhidanisa leenewt kunye malovane - nabameli infraorder tailed emanzini. Yintoni ukufana phakathi licilikishe kunye ntulo? Abameli ezi superclasses ezimbini ezifana yokuzenzisa kuphela omnye komnye, isakhiwo lwangaphakathi lungqamana Tritons anatomy emanzini. Noko ke, ukususela kwinqanaba ngenxa zomzimba amacilikishe, leenewt kunye abangaboniyo khangela ngokufanayo: intloko yeNyoka, Neenkophe ezinokususwa phezu kwamehlo, umzimba elide kunye nemilenze fingered ezintlanu-kwaye ngamanye amaxesha emacaleni kunye umqhele ngasemva, nomsila wayo, ubuchule ukuntshula.

Power ntulo

Ntulo libhekisela izilwanyana zinegazi elibandayo, oko kukuthi, ubushushu bomzimba waso kuyahlukana nedlela lobushushu kokugquma, ngoko ezi izirhubuluzi kakhulu esebenzayo ngexesha lasemini, xa umoya ukufudumala kakhulu. Abaninzi kubo - nto iintlobo necilishe ezidla kunye namagama eziquka abantu engaphezu kwewaka. Nezokukhupha cikilishe ezidla kuxhomekeke kubungakanani isirhubuluzi. Ngoko ke, iintaka ezincinane kunye naphakathi zitya zonke iintlobo ezingenamqolo, ezifana izinambuzane, izigcawu, iintshulube, mbambela. Amaxhoba of malovane ezinkulu - a lomqolo eliphakathi-ertyisi (amasele, iinyoka, iintaka ezincinane namacilikishe). Le Okungumahluko Komodo igongqongqo, leyo ngenxa yendlela amakhulu ngayo imali kuzingelwa umdlalo enkulu (amaxhama, iihagu nkqu naphakathi zenyathi).

Enye inxalenye norhoqotyeni bobabo ukuya herbivorous, esidla amagqabi, amasetyana kunye nezinye izityalo. Noko ke, kukho iintlobo zezitya ezifana Madagascar geckos, kunye izinambuzane esidla kunye nokutya yezityalo (iziqhamo, incindi).

ngezigaba ntulo

Iintlobo ngeentlobo malovane kakhulu umxhelo kwaye ibandakanya 6 superfamily, nohlulwe ezingama iintsapho 37:

• Ooxam.
• Geckos.
• Skinks.
• Veretenitseobraznye.
• Ntulo.
• Worm-like.

Nganye kwezi infraorders ukundululwa inemisebenzi yabangela iimeko zokuhlala kunye kulindelekile indima kwikhonkco lokutya.

iguania

Ooxam - le infraorder kunye iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo, ngubani na nje yangaphandle, kodwa isakhiwo lwangaphakathi licilikishe. Xa iguania kuquka ezaziwayo-kakuhle intsapho namacikilishe njengoko iguanidae, agamidae kunye nentsapho namalovane. Ooxam bakhetha nemozulu efudumeleyo yaye kufumile, ngoko ezihlala sabo emazantsi nakuMntla Melika, Umzantsi Melika, kwakunye esithile yimvula (Madagascar, Cuba, Hawaii, British Virgin Islands , kunye nabanye.).

Abameli infraorder ooxam bungabonakala iimpawu kakhulu side ngenxa amazinyo plevrodontnyh kwemihlathi asezantsi. Kwakhona osemqoka lisahlulayo ubukho zooxam kwi kummango umva nomsila nengwane, xabiso lazo elo ke idla ngokuba nkulu kumadoda. iguana unyawo cikilishe kufakwa ngeminwe-5, apho igcwalisiwe yi neenzipho (kuncama kwiintlobo enemithi, lide kakhulu kunokuba nabameli ezisentlabathini). Ukongeza, iguania na neziqu phezu kwentloko efana-ntloko, kwaye pouches umqala, isixhobo ukukhonza ebonisa izisongelo, kwakunye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ukukhwela.

Imilo umzimba xam ikakhulu kweentlobo ezimbini:

1. macala zomzimba bekuza kakuhle kwi nomsila anquma High zixinaniswe. Le komzimba na ubukhulu becala zifumaneka kubantu abahlala emithini, umzekelo sodidi Polychrus kwi yokuhlala South American.
2. Atshabalalisa umzimba disk-ezimile - idibana abameli iguania kuphila emhlabeni.

gekkota

Le gekkota infraorder kuquka intsapho Tsepkopalye, pygopodidae kunye eublepharinae. Kwaye yinto eqhelekileyo zonke abameli infraorder a chromosome iseti ethile kunye ingalo eyodwa endlebeni. Uninzi gekkota babe arch zygomatic, yaye ulwimi baye uqweqwe olusabufolokhwe.

• Gekkonovyh Family (tsepkopalyh) ntulo abaphila Earth iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50. Amathambo licilikishe kunye neempawu komzimba ukuba siqheliswe ngakumbi ukuba sibenokuphila kulo lonke ihlabathi. Banalo yokuhlala elikhulu kokubini kwimozulu kushushu kwaye kwisibanzi ziingcathu. Inani kweentlobo entsapho engaphezu kwewaka.
• Pygopodidae intsapho yenye le namacikilishe legless, oluyeleleneyo kakhulu iinyoka. Ukwahlula inyoka inokuba izandi ukunqakraza kuphawu, abathi na imveliso ukunxibelelana nabanye. Body neenyoka, elide, kakuhle adlulele nomsila, eqhele autotomy. intloko ntulo ligutyungelwe enezinto macala. Population ibala pygopodidae 7 kwisizukulwana kunye neentlobo-41. Yokuhlala - Australia, Guinea kunye neendawo komhlaba ekufutshane.
• Eublepharinae usapho - licilikishe encinane ubude kwisithuba se-25 cm kunye kombala zaqiniswa ngamaqamesi, zasebusuku. Carnivorous, ayedla izinambuzane. Bahlala kumazwekazi American, Asia Afrika.

scincomorpha

Abameli scincomorpha malovane usasaze onke amazwekazi kunye kwimozulu epholileyo, yetropika sabutropikhi. Ngokomthetho ke abemi belizwe, nangona kukho iintaka nezo zihlala emhlabeni nasemanzini, abo bachithe ixesha elininzi ebomini babo imithi. Le infraorder kuquka iintsapho zilandelayo:

• Plate-tailed intsapho - omnye kakhulu ezininzi isakhiwo yokuhlelwa, equka kwisizukulwana malunga 130 kwaye ngaphezu kwewaka iintlobo. Gcobisa phantse kulo lonke ihlabathi, ngaphandle Antarctica. Zihlala becala kwindawo lemvula, nangona kukho kwakhona kude ikhweyitha. Eyona ndawo kumiwa ngulo intsapho Pacific Islands, mpuma Asia and Afrika. malovane Plate-ezinomsila kufika ezinobukhulu obahlukileyo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zinokwahluka kuluhlu 8-70 cm.
• Family lacertidae latsertidy okanye kwisizukulwana 42 kunye neentlobo 307. Ingaguqulwa abahlala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo imimandla yendalo: emaqeleni, amahlathi, iintlango, iintaba, nkqu ezindaweni. Gcobisa lonke Eurasia kunye Afrika (ngaphandle. Madagascar). Latsertidy - malovane becala amancinci naphakathi-ertyisi, kodwa kukho iintlobo ezinkulu, ezifana pearl untulo. Ukutya - ekukhethwa esihamba (izinambuzane, ezingenamqolo ezincinane).
• usapho Teiidae (11 kwisizukulwana, iintlobo 129) uhlala kwilizwekazi eMzantsi Melika kunye emazantsi North America. Imilinganiselo malovane aqala ku-8 cm ukuya 1.5 m A msebenzi Uphawu ulwimi olusabufolokhwe ezifana amacilikishe, bona apho bafumana igama yesibini -. Malovane America. Enyanisweni ukwazi ukuba inane ezinye iintlobo zibandakanyiwe iimazi kuphela, ukuba babeke amaqanda unfertilized, apho kwenziwa kuphela intombazana.
• usapho Cordylidae (malunga 70 iintlobo) abahlala kwimimandla ngokoma Afrika. Ke ingafunyanwa kwi indawo esikalini ezikhethekileyo enkulu, phantsi apho kukho iipleyiti ithambo. ezikalini ezinkulu exabe iquka umva lonke kwaye sokuyivula kummandla nomsila emakhonkcweni ebanzi, amagwegwe nomsila. Ntulo-Cordylidae elide ukufikelela ukuya kwi-40 cm.
• Gerrhosauridae usapho abahlala kwimimandla ezomileyo ngokoma Afrika. Zombini yokuphila ezisentlabathini kunye nezo zihlala emhlabeni nasemanzini. ngamathupha olukhuni ukuvumela gerrhosauridae liqhekeza bagwencela ematyeni. Zinelungelo isakhiwo esifanayo isikali nembasa-ezinomsila malovane entsapho kunye iimpawu ezifana ngazo isakhiwo lwangaphakathi kunye malovane njengesiqhelo.
• Gimnoftalmidy usapho ahlale yonke Umzantsi Melika kunye nakumazantsi Central America. Ngaba phakathi namacikilishe ezincinane, abadala bakhule 6 cm. Gimnoftalmidy zihlala emahlathini, nkqu ezintabeni, zibe zifana teiidae kwaye isebenzisa malunga amahlanu lokuzalwa kunye neentlobo ezimakhulu mabini.
• Night Lizard usapho got igama layo ngenxa indlela yobomi emini namacikilishe ukufihla, kuphuma ebusuku kuzingela izinambuzane kunye izigcawu. Intsapho ezimbalwa (iintlobo 18) bahlala imimandla eliyinkqantosi ngengingqi enamatye, ubude abadala azifane kune-15 cm.

Veretenitseobraznye ntulo

Infraorder veretenitseobraznyh malovane luphawulwa ezikalini ezincinane unjoint phakathi macwecwe ithambo ezantsi. Phakathi veretenitseobraznyh malovane kwenzeka njengoko uhlobo legless necilishe kunye nesakhiwo yesiqhelo umzimba kunye imilenze-fingered ezintlanu. Infraorder kuquka iintsapho ezintathu:

• Ksenozavry usapho kwezinye iintsapho uphuhliso lomzimba, kunye namaxolo non-uniform. Lomqulu ubukho iinkophe ezinokususwa kunye iminyango ukuva. Usapho iquka iintlobo ezimbini kuphela yokuhlala e Central America kunye neTshayina.
• Veretenitsievye usapho anazo imihlathi eyomeleleyo, elifakwe amazinyo blunt. Oku ikakhulu namacikilishe ezidla, kuma- ziphila. Lo mkhaya kwisizukulwana malunga-10 kunye neentlobo-80 bafumana ikakhulu aseMelika. Ubukhulu abadala ngeenxa 50-60 cm.
• usapho Legless ineendidi ezimbini kuphela amakhaya eMexico California. Ephawuleka ngokungabikho kwamalungu omzimba, imingxuma zokuva sinamathambo.

varanoidea ntulo

Varanoidea infraorder ibandakanya enye uhlobo - Monitor malovane - neentlobo malunga 70. Ntulo bendinokuhlala eAfrika, ngaphandle o.Madagaskar, Australia nase-New Guinea. Le namacikilishe inkulu iintlobo, Komodo esweni yirekhodi yokwenene phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo namacikilishe ngobukhulu, ubude bayo kweemitha ezi-3, kunye nobunzima 120 kg. isidlo sakhe kakuhle ihagu yonke. Iintlobo incinane esweni cikilishe (Varan mfutshane-ezinomsila) ayidluli 28 cm ubude.

Varan intulo Inkcazo: umzimba side, nentamo evuthelweyo, yalityatya ngokwamathambo poluvypravlennom indawo, ulwimi olusabufolokhwe. Ntulo - sodidi kuphela amacilikishe, ogama yaba lukakayi na ossified ngokupheleleyo, emacaleni abakhuselekanga imingxuma indlebe. kuphuhliswa Eyes ukuba kakuhle, babonelelwa umfundi ngeenxa kunye ijwabu eshukumayo. Izikali ngasemva iquka amacwecwe amancinane mbhoxo okanye zajikeleza esiswini ipleyiti athathe imilo yoxande phezu kwentloko polygonal. ekupheleni umzimba enamandla imisila abanamandla engaphantsi malovane bakwazi ukuzikhusela ngokwabo, ukusingatha amagalelo anzima utshaba. Xa amacilikishe, ehamba indlela emanzini yobomi, nomsila isetyenziswa ukulungelelanisa xa siqubha iintlobo enemithi, oko kakhulu bhetyebhetye yaye ukunamathela, ukunceda ukuba bakhwela namasebe. Ntulo yahluke kakhulu kwezinye malovane structure intliziyo (ezine-gumbi), ezifana ezanyisayo, ngoxa intliziyo malovane kwezinye infraorders uye iikhamera ezintathu.

Xa indlela yobomi phakathi malovane esilawulwa oluhlala ezweni, kodwa kukho abo bachitha ixesha elininzi emanzini kunye nemithi. malovane ephilayo ndayiqhela intlalo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ukuba inokufumaneka entlango, kwaye emahlathini emvula, kunye kunxweme. Uninzi lwezi marhamncwa ekhonyayo ngexesha lasemini, iintlobo ezimbini kuphela malovane herbivorous. malovane Prey ezidla iintlobo izilwanyana, izinambuzane, intlanzi, iinyoka (nokuba ezinobuhlungu!), kwanezeentaka, nezezinambuzane, amaqanda, ezinye amacilikishe, namacilikishe ezinkulu zidla cannibalistic, esidla abamelwane babo abaselula-ethe. Lonke uhlobo monitor malovane ibhekisela malovane iqanda-ngokubekwa.

ukuba Monitor malovane ezibalulekileyo kungekuphela nje ikhonkco chain ukutya uluhlu zokuhlala kwabo, kodwa kwimisebenzi yabantu. Ngenxa yoko, le untulo isikhumba ezisetyenziswa noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo njengoko kukho izinto for izihlangu ezahlukeneyo kunye zokuthunga. Kwezinye lithi, abantu balapha isebenzisa inyama yezi zilwanyana ukuze ukutya. Xa amayeza, igazi untulo isetyenziselwa kwimveliso ebulala. Kakade ke, ezi namacilikishe basoloko abemi terrariums.

dibamidae

Infraorder dibamidae ibandakanya intsapho, amalungu zazo, abantu ezincinane legless efana ntshulube. Bahlala kulo mhlaba kwaye emgodini yokuphila. Kusiwa kwindawo ehlathini eIndonesia, kwiPhilippines, India, China, New Guinea.