Television: imbali kwendalo kunye nophuhliso. Imbali kumabonakude eRashiya

Akukho nzima ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni ngaphandle kumabonakude. Kwanokuba ukhangele, nangoku yinxalenye ebalulekileyo inkcubeko yethu. Okwangoku, le ukusungula ngaphezulu kancinane kwe-100 leminyaka. Umabonakude, imbali kunye nophuhliso ezilingana ibe ezincinane ezifana ngemilinganiselo yembali kwexesha, kuye ngokupheleleyo etshintshiweyo unxibelelwano lwethu, ulwazi olunxulumene karhulumente kunye nenkcubeko yethu.

umtyali-mali

Imbali Ukusungulwa umabonakude ihlala phantse 100 iminyaka. Ngokungafaniyo irediyo, nto leyo yafunyanwa ngexesha elinye ngabantu ezimbini kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, umabonakude - imbaxa, uphuhliso ngokuthe ngcembe zobugcisa. Ilizwe ngalinye lineCandelo uguqulelo yayo imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa kamabonakude, elijolise inxaxheba izazinzulu yawo kule nkqubo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ubuchwepheshe wadalwa ngohlobo kwamaqela yonke ukusombulula imiba ethile yobugcisa. Ngaphandle kokuya iinkcukacha zobugcisa, ukubiza iinjineli eziphambili inxaxheba kulo msitho.

Xa ingcambu kufuneka Willoughby Smith, owasungula isivamvo in selenium. Inqanaba elilandelayo liso ezinxulumene igama sisazinzulu Russian Boris Rosing, ngubani enelungelo ngendlela yombane ukudlulisela imifanekiso. Kwakhona igalelo ukufunyanwa eyenziwe P. Nipkow, Baird D., J .. Jenkins, I. Adamyan, L. Theremin, leyo ngokuzimeleyo kwenye nenye kumazwe ahlukeneyo ukudala zidlulisele for imifanekiso zosasazo. Isigaba esilandelayo yophuhliso lobugcisa ezinxulumene kokufika kamabonakude elektroniki. M. and G. Dickman VB ebhalisiweyo Yenza ityhubhu lomfanekiso transfer. Kodwa patent lokuqala ubuchwepheshe, ethi namhla lisetyenziswa shini Kwafunyanwa Borisom Rozingom ngo-1907. Okulandelayo, Galaxy lonke iingcali ezisebenza ekuphuculeni iteknoloji. Ngowe-1931, kukucwangcisa V. Zworykin ukudala Ike, egqalwa kumabonakude kuqala. Ngenxa yale fyabo kudala F. Farnsuot kinescope. Ngoko ke imbali yendalo kamabonakude kunye ngokufutshane ikhangeleka.

isebenza njani

Ngowe-1928, kunye ekuqaleni losasazo rhoqo iqala imbali ngokwenene ukuvela kumabonwakude. Ulysses Sanabria kuqala ukusebenzisa amaza erediyo ukuze adlulisele imifanekiso nesandi. Umgaqo yokusebenza sikuko umfanekiso projektha kamabonwakude ngokukhethekileyo ipleyiti photosensitive kwi ityhubhu cathode ray. Kangangethuba elide imbali kamabonakude edityaniswa ukuphucuka ityhubhu, oku kuye kwakhokelela ekwandeni zikumfanekiso wobunjani kunye nokwanda screen komhlaba. Kodwa ke kokufika yedijithali umgaqo yosasazo itshintshile ngoku kunye nomfanekiso ityhubhu CRT akazange mfuneko. Isebenzisa indlela eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo yokudlulisela imifanekiso. It ufakwe kwaye ithunyelwe nge amajelo digital kwaye ngenkqubo intanethi le.

iintlobo kamabonakude

Imbali elide uphuhliso umabonwakude kwakuthetha ukuba ukusekwa abaninzi iimbono zakhe. Okokuqala, yahlulelwe kwii emnyama namhlophe kunye nombala. Phambi ko-1950, bonke nomabonakude ukubonisa kuphela picture abamnyama nabamhlophe. Ezimibala mibini Umgangatho TV: NTSC kunye SECAM - asebenza ehlabathini lonke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kwakhona TV lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ihlawulwe kwaye simahla. Kwilizwe ngalinye kukho iseti lamajelo ukuba ubuke nawuphi na umnini-TV. Kodwa kukho kwakhona ze apho uphawu inokubonwa kuphela imali. Iifom zentlawulo inokuba ezahlukeneyo, kodwa isabelo nomabonwakude ngokuthe ngcembe igcinwe kwinani ka-30% emarike iyonke.

Xa uphawu TV indlela transmission lungohlulwa lube:

• kubalulekile, kulo mzekelo, kwisamkeli TV wamkela umqondiso ayinikwayo kumabonwakude, kuba yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo ofanayo yosasazo;
• USB, kule meko umqondiso ovela sixhobo kwi intambo edityaniswe kwi TV;
• SAT - umqondiso ezosulela ukusuka satellite kwaye yathinjwa antenna eyodwa ezithwala umfanekiselo iconsole ekhethekileyo eqhagamshelwe nomabonakude;
• Internet TV, kulo mzekelo, uphawu usasazwa ugqithiselwa ngokusebenzisa womnatha.

Ngokutsho indlela ujiko ulwazi TV sahlulwe analog idijithali. I kwesibini umgangatho ophezulu kunye ukhowudo transmission nemigangatho zamvanje.

umsebenzi TV

Television kukade icangcisiwe buyinto ebalulekileyo ekuhlaleni, oko inemisebenzi ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Ngenxa imihlaba zayo, ukufikeleleka kunye ukuthembeka, umabonwakude yeyona ibalulekileyo iindlela zosasazo abaninzi. Loo umabonakude sisixhobo esisebenzayo zokusabalalisa ulwazi phakathi isininzi sabantu.

Ngoko ke, imbali ngokufutshane kumabonwakude kungase kuchazwe igama elithi "ulwazi". Eyona nkalo ibalulekileyo - lo ukuyilwa uluvo loluntu, kungekhona ezopolitiko ezingento kunye neentengiso azimisele kakhulu ukuba bangene TV, oku lijelo ivumela umntu ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka ingongoma ethile imbono kwaye asebenze ukuziphatha kwakhe. TV lwenza umsebenzi kwezenkcubeko nezemfundo. Usasaza amasiko kunye nemilinganiselo, waneka nemigangatho evunywe ngokwentlalo, ibonisa umntu wokwazi, udala iziganeko kunye izenzakalo inkqubo yovavanyo. TV ubuye abe nakho ukwenza umsebenzi ezimanyanisayo, njengoko kunokuba ndawonye abantu kwindawo ethile. Njengazo zonke eendaba, i-TV wenza umsebenzi zemfundo: isixelela ukuba kukho okulungileyo nokubi, ikhankanya imilinganiselo yokuziphatha neemfundiso ezisisiseko. Kakade ke, umabonwakude buphuma inkalo ukonwabisa, kunceda umntu ukuba bakhululeke, bonwabele imboniselo telecast.

Types of iinkqubo TV

yonke imbali kamabonakude - yindlela ukufumana izakhiwo ezintsha iinkqubo zikamabonwakude. Channels lwa kumboniseli kwaye ngoko kuyanyanzeleka ukuba ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha. isiqulatho umabonakude Modern nga lungohlulwa lube zezi ntlobo zilandelayo:

• Entertainment. Umabonakude, kuba abantu abaninzi yeyona ndlela iphambili zolonwabo, ngoko ke imijelo zama ukunikela ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo zokonwabisa kumaqela ahlukeneyo kubabukeli.
• ukudlulisa ulwazi. Ibali kamabonakude kunxulumene kakhulu kwimfuneko ukusasaza ingcaciso, kwaye abantu abaninzi ndivule umabonakude beve iindaba kwaye ukuba ufunde ngakumbi ngeziganeko kunye izibakala.
• Infotainment. Indibaniselwano imisebenzi ezimbini ezibalulekileyo kuvumela nomdla ngakumbi inani ababukeli ngoko nabavelisi bazama ukudibanisa iifomati ezimbini kwenye uhlobo iinkqubo.
• iinkqubo zemfundo. Ezi usasazo zijoliswe yobunzulu ngokwandisa ulwazi malunga nayiphi na imiba. Inikela inkcazelo eluncedo kubaphulaphuli, ukuvumela ukuba ufunde into entsha nokwandisa lawo zabo.
• Socio-isebenze ukudluliselwa. Le khontenti ijolise ivusa abaphulaphuli, ezibandakanya nangayiphi imisebenzi enentsingiselo ngokwentlalo, ezifana unyulo.

Ukuvela kunye nophuhliso kusasazo ehlabathini

Ngo-1928 waqalisa ukusebenza isikhululo yokuqala kamabonwakude. Ulysses Sanabria yokuqala ukuze adlulisele imifanekiso umsindo ovela ezitsho yesikhululo yayo kunomathotholo. Kodwa ukuze aqale usasazo rhoqo ebengenako kuwo Great Depression. imbali umabonakude Mass kunye usasazo rhoqo waqala ngo-1934 eJamani. msasazi German RRG okokuqala kwimbali kwakhokelela Olimpiki eBerlin kusasazwa umjelo TV. Ngowe-1936, i-losasazo rhoqo iye yamiselwa e-UK. Kamva, le nkampani TV kwenzeka eUnited States eSoviet Union.

Ngowe-1950, i-United States okokuqala iqalise umgangatho elitsha umbala umabonwakude, phantse nangoko, oku uthathwe phezulu kuwo onke amazwe phambili. Ngowe-1967, iYurophu kunye eSoviet Union eyakhe umgangatho umbala umabonwakude yayo. Ngcembe bakha inkcubeko kamabonwakude, asebenze inkqubo iintlobo ngokwaneleyo kudala ezigcinayo lweenkqubo, kukho choli TV zobungcali kunye presenters. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20, umabonwakude sele zande, iye khona phantse zonke kwikhaya Umhlaba.

Imbali umabonwakude zingaphawulwa ngokufutshane wachazwa umnqweno ukubusa umhlaba. TV bekusoloko liyakhuphisana bhanya, imidlalo yeqonga, ukuzonwabisa abaninzi, kodwa ekugqibeleni wathatha indawo yayo inkcubeko wanamhla, endlala kodwa hayi yokulahleka umdlalo.

TV iza ku Russia

Imbali kumabonakude eRashiya iqala emva kwexesha xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe aphuhlileyo. Oku ivimbelwa Second World War, awawabeka abanye, ngokucindezela ngakumbi, iingxaki kurhulumente. usasazo rhoqo yaqala ngo-1931, xa compiler isebenza yomtshangatshangiso medium on. Okokuqala, ithinjiwe iKiriyatayim 30 kuphela shini mechanical, kamva iinkosi Russian aqalile ukwenza balwamkele yasekhaya. Ngowe-1933, uqala consoles imveliso unomathotholo "B-2" ngokufumana ulwamkelo kamabonakude zasekhaya. Ngo-1949 waqalisa imveliso serial kamabonakude KVN zasekhaya. Ngowe-1951 wadala Central Television umsasazi USSR. Ngowe-1959, Ukuhlolwa Vantshwa yosasazo umbala lwenziwa. Ngowe-1965, i-eSoviet Union iqala isathelayithi yokuqala, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukusasaza umqondiso TV kulo lonke elo lizwe.

kumabonakude Soviet

Imbali Mass kamabonakude eRashiya waqala ngo-1951, xa uqala ukusebenza lo studio engundoqo. Urhulumente waseSoviet nzulu ngayo indalo kamabonakude, eqonda zenzeke omkhulu okuphembelela iingqondo yabemi. Ngoko ke, lo mbutho lukarhulumente wayesondela studio kakuhle, oko kwavula ezinye iintlelo weendawo: yentlalo-yezopolitiko, abantwana nolutsha, umculo, ubuchule bokufunda nokubhala kunye usinga. Emva konyaka bafika iLeningrad TV studio. Zombini studio umabonakude phantsi yoMphathiswa wezeNkcubeko USSR.

De 1965 ibroadcast lwaqhutywa kuphela eMoscow naseLeningrad. Kwisiqingatha sesibini 50 zikamabonwakude Studios kuvela kwimimandla emininzi, bona iyaqhutywa imifanekiso ngenxa studio engundoqo. Ngasekupheleni-imi- 60 osasazo uqalisa ukusasaza waya endaweni aseYurophu, yaye ukususela ngowe-1965 - kwilizwe lonke. Ngokuthe ngcembe, amagama amatsha: .., "Le nkqubo yokuqala," "Le nkqubo eMoscow", "Programme Educational", njl Ukwandisa ixesha usasazo "Breaking News", imijelo ezintsha kuvela ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ingaba iCandelo amanani, le usasazo yokuqala Central Studio, yiya iinkqubo zendawo yesibini. Ekuqaleni nenani-80 kuvela studio kamabonakude republic. Central Television uqalisa ukubaleka ezininzi ikuthatha kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo.

TV entsha Russian

Ngenxa ngokutsha yokutshintsha iindlela ukuya umabonwakude, kukho amathuba nokucwangciswa osasazo ezizimeleyo. Imbali yokudalwa ngefomathi entsha kamabonakude luqala inkangeleko TV Inkampani "likaDavide". Her ukucwangcisa kwiintatheli abaselula W. Igqabi, A. Lyubimov, A. Rasbash, D. Zakharov. Msasazi uqalisa ukwakha iintlobo zemveliso, athengise ukuba osasazo ezintsha. Ngowe-1989, iqala endalini izikhululo TV ezikhoyo, umbutho omtsha: "Ostankino", RTR, "Petersburg - Channel 5." Isasazwe phakathi amaza engundoqo, baqale umabonwakude esincinane ndakuzidubula ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo. Ngowe-1996, oko iqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza iinkampani ezintsha losasazo zabo bonke ubukhulu, ezinkulu, ezifana NTV kunye Ren-TV, ukuba incinane, inqanaba esixekweni. Ezo ntlobo kukhokelela ekubeni umoya kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo lweenkqubo: ukusuka yezopolitiko wokuzonwabisa. Eli lizwe liyanda inani leengcali kamabonakude, umabonwakude uba indawo inzuzo kwezoqoqosho msebenzi.

Ukususela ngo-2006, yona iqale umahluko ocacileyo phakathi umabonwakude zoluntu kunye nezorhwebo, phakathi apho kukho ukhuphiswano olukhulu kubabukeli. Namhlanje eRashiya kukho malunga 3.200 iinkampani TV ukuba ukudala iimveliso kuwo onke amaqela kubabukeli.

kumabonakude Commercial eRussia

Imbali kamabonakude Russian uphinda ibali lonke eli lizwe. Ngoko ke, xa eSoviet Union aziqhekeza kwaye kukho likarhulumente siseko omtsha lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko, TV kunyanzeleke ukutshintsha nayo. Ngoko ke, kukho yorhwebo TV, leyo, ukongeza kwimisebenzi edweliswe apha ngasentla, ijolise ndikhuphe inzuzo kwezoqoqosho. Television yorhwebo kukhokelela inkangeleko intengiso, owona mthombo ezezimali. Kwakhona kukho kwicandelo pay-TV, eziquka intambo, satellite kunye internet TV.

ERashiya, le nkqubo kade kakhulu, inkoliso yabantu ayikho ukulungele ukuhlawulela imveliso kamabonakude kunye ngentengiso akanako ukunikela eninzi umxholo esisodwa, leyo akhuphisane kumabonakude free. Uphuhliso eyongezelelweyo ubuxhakaxhaka pay-TV izise kwi Internet, apho baseRashiya zikhululekile ukuba phantse naluphi na ulwazi. Nangona kunjalo, ungabona ukuba ngokuthe ngcembe aqhele iinkonzo abemi Russian ezifana USB kanye satellite umabonakude, nto leyo ukuba imali encinane kuzisa ekhaya inani elikhulu lamajelo.

Ubunzima obukhulu, kodwa ibunjiwe a umabonwakude nje yorhwebo, apho ikhona kuphela ukuthengisa imveliso yayo TV. Umzekelo, umzekelo, TV "Imvula" ezizimeleyo, apho ikhona ngokuthengisa imirhumo kwisiteshi sakho kwaye ezitsala ababukeli ababhali inkqubo ekhethekileyo. Imbali ye-TV ngentlawulo kwi West kakhulu imbali ngempumelelo ngakumbi. ERashiya, Noko ke, de ezentengiso TV izama khona ngeendleko ezentengiso, okutsala inani elikhulu ababukeli for free.

umabonakude wedijithali

Imbali lonke TV edibene nophuhliso inkqubela zobugcisa. Ichaphazela ukudluliswa kobuchwepheshe ukutshintsha umfanekiso, Nokubengezelisa ukubonakala iindidi ezintsha ze-TV. Ngenxa yoko, kunye ukuvela lwetheknoloji yedijithali kubonakala kunye ngamajelo ahambelanayo. Kukho ezahlukeneyo ezininzi digital zothumelo uphawu USB, satellite kunye kukodwa. Iteknoloji entsha ivumela iiseti umabonwakude idikhowuda okhethekileyo ukwenza belingana analog uphawu digital. technology yedijithali kwenza ngokukhawuleza naluphi na umgama ukusasaza Isinxulumaniso yevidiyo. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo enkhowudingi, kukho imigangatho emininzi yamazwe ngamazwe: yaseYurophu, Japanese kunye American. Izinto eziluncedo eziphambili umabonakude wedijithali yile ilandelayo phambi kokuba analogu:

• ukunciphisa uphazamiseko xa ekudluliseleni umqondiso;
• ukwandisa iinkqubo idluliselwe enye kuluhlu frequency;
• ekuphuculeni umgangatho umfanekiso ngesondo kunye nesandi;
• amathuba interactivity nabaphulaphuli, yena uyakwazi ukukhetha ixesha ukubukela ukuphengulula inkqubo, zi-odole umxholo othile;
• amathuba okudluliselwa ulwazi olongezelelweyo, ukongeza kwiinkqubo zikamabonwakude.

Namhlanje, kulo lonke ihlabathi ngokukhawuleza utshintsh- zidlulisele analog edijithali. IRashiya iye kwakhona yamkela inkqubo ezinye analog ukuba usasazo lwedijithali, namhlanje zonke iindlela ezinkulu yasasazwa iintlobo ezimbini signal, kodwa ziza ukunciphisa inani lamajelo analog. Ekugqibeleni, xa bonke ababukeli luzakubuyisela shini emakhayeni abo mihla, analog umabonwakude lotshitsha.

ezenzekayo ngoku kuphuhliso kumabonwakude ehlabathini

Ngenxa uphuhliso kwimbali Intanethi umabonwakude iyatshintsha kumda wesangqa yayo. Namhlanje, inethiwekhi zonke ezinkulu zikamabonakude kudala electronic version umjelo, apho ubona live TV, shiya izimvo, ukwenza ezinye izicelo. Television iguqula imodeli yentsebenziswano kunye nabaphulaphuli; ngoku ke namajelo rhoqo ezama ukubandakanya abaphulaphuli kunxibelelwano. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kuya kukhula kuphela. Ababukeli sele bayakwazi ukuba ushiye izimvo, ukuba ukuvota, ukubuza imibuzo ukuze Amaqhawe iinkqubo. Kubonakala kungekudala ulahlekelwe igridi yayo usasazo ukufaneleka, umbukeli nganye iya kuba igridi isicelo. Le umbukeli yanamhlanje ngoku beye besiba umboleki, kunye neminqweno yakhe yaye iya kuqhubeka ukumisela ukuhanjiswa kolwazi kwifomu kamabonakude. Ukuba neentlobano Ukuhlanganiswa TV nge-elektroniki mhlawumbi uza kunyuka. TV iya kuba i-kuphela ye TV, kodwa isixhobo ngemiba yezemfundo.

Namathemba kuphuhliso kumabonakude eRashiya

Le yanamhlanje Imbali zasekhaya nomabonwakude ihamba kwicala enye ehlabathini lonke. Ngo-2004, eRussia kuqala zingafumaneka kule fibre-optic indlela yokudlulisela isiginali kamabonakude. Ngaloo ndlela wavula ixesha elitsha TV Internet. Namhlanje, amava umabonwakude nzima elektroniki zitsala ababukeli, ingakumbi amabhinqa aselula. Ngoko ke kucacile ukuba imbali kamabonakude eRashiya kubakho ukhuphiswano kunye nentsebenziswano kunye Internet. Namhlanje, 99% amakhaya lulungiselelwe usasazo kumabonakude, kodwa intsingiselo icetyelwe wokuyeka TV, ingakumbi kwiintsapho abaselula kummandla lwenkunzi. Kuyabonakala ukuba, iindidi ezikhoyo izikhululo TV ukwala ngenxa kancinane ukuya yafudukela Internet, uya kwandisa zobungcali iinkampani, iza kuya iqina ngakumbi iya kuba kokwahlulwa ngabasasazi kunye neenkampani zemveliso.