UAlphonse Bertillon kunye negalelo lakhe ekuphuhlisweni kwezigebengu

Lo mFrentshi wehla kwimbali njengomntu olwaphulo-mthetho owaziwayo, umdali wendlela ekhethekileyo, ngokubhekiselele kuyo ukufunwa kwezigebengu ngokulinganisa amacandelo ngamnye omzimba womntu kunye nentloko. UAlphonse Bertillon - umdlalo kubantu abaninzi-babekwazi ukufikelela kwiiseli zentolongo, apho wayebandakanyeka ekulinganiseni imilinganiselo yezobanjwa.

Kwakudingeka enze imilinganiselo eyi-15 yokubhala umfanekiso we-anthropometric. Umzekelo, ukufumana ukuba ubude besithupha okanye umnwe omncinci, ukucacisa ubungakanani bentloko, ububanzi bebunzi, njl. Ukunyakaza kwakhe kwavusa ukumomotheka, kunye ngamanye amaxesha amahlaya angcolileyo amabanjwa, kodwa akukho mntu unokucinga ukuba lo mfana ongenakwenzeka onentloko eyayiza kuphumelela Kwaye i-masandade e-dandy-Alphonse Bertillon. Igalelo kwi-criminolo yalo mntu ngokwenene kakhulu. Ungumsekeli wendlela yokuchonga umntu nge- anthropometric data, eyayibizwa ngegama lakhe njengeBerisononage.

UAlphonse Bertillon: ibali, ibali lobomi

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha elizayo wazalwa ngo-1853, ngo-Ephreli 24, kwisikhululo saseFransi. Uyise ngu-statistician owaziwayo kunye nodokotela u-Louis Adolf Bertillon. Wayeyilungu le-Anthropological Society yaseParis, kunye noyise, u-Achilles Guillard uyisayensi yesazi eyaziwayo, isazi senzululwazi esaziwayo kwizenzululwazi zeYurophu. Ngamafutshane, le nkwenkwana yayineentlobo ezinobomi obuhle, kodwa esikolweni okanye kwiyunivesithi wayenayo impumelelo ekhethekileyo, kwaye yaxoshwa kwi-Imperial Lyceum eVersailles. Emva koko u-Alphonse Bertillon osemncinci wagijima kwiPhondo lesiFrentshi iminyaka emininzi.

Umntu

U-Alphonse Bertillon (unokubona isithombeni sakhe kwinqaku), ngokungafani nezihlobo eziyaziwayo, azizange zibe ne-science. Wayengenakuqhathaniswa, ahamba phambili, engaxolelwanga, angenakulinganiswa - engumntu oqhelekileyo. Wayenomntu ogxekayo, wayenobungozi obukhulu kakhulu kwaye engathintekiyo, unokuqhayisa isityholo ngenxa yesigxina. Kungenxa yoko oku kufuneka aguqule izikolo kathathu. Ngomntu omdala, wayekhe wagxothwa ngaphandle kwengcaciso ebhankini, apho uyise wayilungiselele khona. Kwaye uAlphonse Bertillon wanquma ukutshintsha imeko kwaye washiya iFransi, efumana utitshala waseFransi kwintsapho enye yesiNgesi. Kodwa ulwalamano lwalukho kwaye aluzange lusebenze, kangangokuthi wayengenakukhetha ngaphandle kokubuyela ezweni lakubo.

U-Alphonse wayengazi nendlela yokunxibelelana nabasetyhini okanye ukuchitha ixesha elinomdla. Wayenqatshelwe ngokupheleleyo indlebe yomculo, kunye nombono ontle. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-22, loo mfana wahlanganiswa emkhosini wamakhosi. Kubonakala ukuba, apha wayenzima, ngenxa yokungahambi kakuhle.

Ukukhangela kweJob

Emva kweminyaka emininzi, eshiya inkonzo, u-Alphonse Bertillon wayekhangela umsebenzi osebenzayo, kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba wazama njani, akafumani nto efanelekileyo. Ukongezelela, akazange athole imfundo ephakamileyo, kwaye oku kunzima ukukhangela. Ekugqibeleni, le nsizwa yagqiba ukucela uncedo kwakhona uyise.

Emva kwexesha elithile, uLouis Bertillon wakwazi ukulungisa unyana kwipolisa yaseParis kwindawo yokuncedisa unobhala. Ngaloo ndlela, iBertillon ngo-1879 yawela kwindawo yamapolisa.

Umsebenzi

Xa uAlphonse waqala ukuvela kwiofisi yokuchongwa kwezomthetho, wayedumala kakhulu, ngoko ke umsebenzi wakhe onomdla wawubonakala uyisidenge kwaye ungenanto engenanto kuye. Okumangalisayo kukuba, oku akuzange nje kumsuse kumsebenzi, kodwa, ngokuchaseneyo, wamenza wacinga ngengxaki yezobugebengu zanamhlanje. Ngamanye amaxesha abasebenzi basebe lakhe behleka iinjongo zomlingane wakhe wokutshintsha into kwaye akanakucinga ukuba umsekeli wendlela entsha, u-Alphonse Bertillon, wayephambi kwabo. Izigwenxa ezandleni zakhe zokukhanya ngeli xesha zenze inkqubela enkulu.

Iingcamango ezintsha

Nsuku zonke, abasebenzi beSebe lakhe babecelwa ukuba babhale phantsi kwaye babuyekeze amawaka ngamashumi amakhadi achaza abantu abaye benza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Nangona kunjalo, iBertillon, wazala waza wakhula phakathi kweemathematika, wayeva ukuba kukho into engalunganga emsebenzini wakhe ukuba akukho ndlela yokusebenza eyayikunceda emsebenzini wakhe. Kwaye ke, ekhumbula iiparitha ze-anthropometric, waqala ukulinganisa iindawo ezithile zomzimba wabamangali kwaye wazalisa imibuzo efunyenwe nezigebengu.

Ukwazi i-biografi yalomntu, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukholelwe ukuba nguye umsunguli wexesha elitsha kwisayensi ye-forensic. Emva kwendlela ebeyicetywayo yamukelwa kwaye yafumana ukuthandwa, amanqaku aneenhloko eziphezulu ezibonakala kwiphephandaba - "Inkolelo yesiFrentshi uAlphonse Bertillon kunye nenkolelo yakhe yokuchongwa kweempazamo zamagosa", "Hlala ubomi kwiBerononage" indlela eyona nto ifunyenwe kwikhulu le-19! " .

Ingundoqo yendlela

Ngethuba lexa iBertillon yakha indlela entsha, kwakungenakwenzeka ukufotoza okanye ukunyathelisa ngomnwe - ukuchongwa komntu ngokulandelwa kwamanwe. Ekubeni ulwazi ngolwaphuli-mthetho aluhambiswanga, ezinye iinkcukacha zabhalwa kumakhadi, oko kukuthi, zimelela umfanekiso wesandi. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nkcazo zifanelwe ngamawaka amaninzi abantu, ngaphandle koko, bekungekho nkcazelo malunga nolwazi lwabo lwe-anthropometric.

UAlphonse waqonda ukuba kwakuyizidenge ukubhala iimpawu zomhlaba ezinjenge-high-low, zincinci. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukubhalisa kwiphepha lemibuzo ukukhula ngokuthe ngqo, ububanzi bamagxa, ubude bezandla kwizandla zomnxeba, njl njl. Yiloo nto, yenza imilinganiselo yale miqathango yezinto eziqhubekayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuchongwa kwixesha elizayo akufanele kwenzeke ngokwemigangatho enye okanye ezimbini, kodwa ngo-14-15. Ubungakanani bephutha ngale ndlela kuya kuncitshiswa. Ukuze kube ngokuchanekileyo, uA. Bertillon wamisela ukuba xa kuhlanganiswe iiparitha ezilishumi elinanye, umzekelo, ukuphakama, ubude bomzimba, ubude beenyawo kunye nobude beentloko, ubude bezandla kunye neenyawo, kunye neminwe nganye, njalo njalo, umntu oqolileyo, ithuba lokuba 1 ukuya kwizigidi ezingama-250.

Inkqubo yomsebenzi

Kakade, isiluleko sakhe sokubumba i-portrait ye-anthropometric yamkelwe ngokungathembeki. Nangona kunjalo, wanikezwa ithuba lokusebenza kule nto kwaye aqinisekise ukuba uyasebenza. Abahlobo bakhe baxhamla ngendlela ayeyithatha umlawuli ezandleni zakhe, xa kuthelekiswa ubuso bezono ezizithombeni, balinganisa umgama phakathi kwamehlo, ubude nobubanzi bempumlo kunye neempumlo, njalo njalo.

Emva koko ulwaphulo-mthetho wafumana imvume kubaphathi bakhe waza watyelela iiseli zentolongo, ukulinganisa amabanjwa. Ngokuqinisekileyo, elo lonke ixesha athe wanikwa amahlaya angamafutha kwiefeksi, kodwa akazange akhathalele kwaye ngokukhawuleza waya kwinjongo yakhe.

Ngethuba ngalinye wayeqiniseka ngokuchanekileyo kwengcamango yakhe: ubukhulu bezingxenye ezi-5 zomzimba azinjalo ngexesha elinye. Ekubeni esesandleni sakhe ubungqina obuxhasa inkxaso yakhe, wabonisa iziphumo zakhe kumagunya. Kodwa emva koko konke kwakudingeka ukulungelelanisa yonke le nto ukuze kube lula ukusetyenziswa kwedatha xa kubonakala izigebengu. Kakade, oku kwafuneka kusebenze noAlphonse Bertillon.

Ukunikezelwa kwenguqu yokugqibela yendlela yakhe kwakufuneka kwenzeke kuphela emva kokubeka yonke into ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ingasetyenziswa ngama-criminologists kulo lonke ilizwe.

Inkqubo

Emva kokuba imilinganiselo iqokelelwe, kwakudingeka ukudala ifayili yefayili apho kuya kwenzeka ukuba ifumane i-questionnaire efunwayo lula.

Ngokomxholo weBerison, xa usebenzisa ifowuni yee-questionnaire ezingama-90 000, ubude bentloko buyakubhalwa kuqala njengento ebalulekileyo, kwaye ke zonke iikhorenti zingahlula zibe ngamaqela amathathu. Kule meko, kuya kubakho amakhadi angama-30 000 nganye.

Emva koko, ukuba iparameter yesibini imele ibeke ipharamitha enjengobanzi bekhanda, ukuqhubeka kule ndlela, iyunithi iya kuamaqela a-9, ngalinye liza kuba namakhadi ayi-10 000.

Ukuba usebenzisa ii-parameters ezili-11, kwibhokisi nganye kuya kuba nemibuzo engama-10-12 kuphela. Wanikela konke oku kwiPreferensi yamaPolisa oLwaphulo-mthetho waseFransi, uMnu. Surete. Enyanisweni, ekuqaleni kwakunzima ukuqonda amanani angapheli angena kwiikholam, kwaye wacebisa ukuba angamphazamisi nayiphi na into engekho nto. Nangona kunjalo, u-Alphonse akazange akhiphe kwaye wenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwengcamango yakhe. Kwaye wanikezelwa ixesha eli-3 leenyanga.

Ubu bungqina bokusebenza kweemfundiso

Ngokuqinisekileyo, amathuba okubonakalisa ifundiso yakhe malunga neenyanga ezintathu zincinci, kodwa u-Alfonso unenhlanhla. Wayefuna ukuchonga ubuncinane olunye ulwaphulo-mthetho, ulwazi malunga nelikuko kwiinkomfa zeefayile zeenkcukacha ezinzima. Kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba umenzi wobubi wayefanele enze ulwaphulo-mthetho phakathi kwezi nkcukacha ezintathu kwiinyanga zaseBertillon kwaye uvalelwe ngamapolisa.

Ukuze uvuyo olukhulu luka-Alfonso, esi siganeko sazibonakalisa ngomhla wama-80 wexesha lokulinganisa, xa wayesele ekhulelwe. Wakwazi ukubonisa ubungqina bakhe, kwaye ngokukhawuleza wamiselwa umlawuli wenkonzo yokuchonga kwamapolisa aseFransi. Kwaye kwakukho ityala elikhulu "uRavachol", okwamenza ukuba adume nje kuphela eFransi, kodwa eYurophu. Inkqubo yezobugebengu yayibizwa ngokuba yi-genius, kwaye wayebhekwa njengeqhawe likazwelonke ngokwakhe. Nangona kunjalo, "mbulela" kwiimeko ezibuhlungu bezithandwa zakhe. Kodwa yayinguAlphonse Bertillon!

I-Dactyloscopy, eyasungulwa kamva, yabonwa ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye emva kokusungulwa kwayo i-Bertillonage inkqubo yavela kwimvelaphi.

Alphonse Bertillon: iincwadi

Ngo-1893, u-Alfonso washicilela incwadana yama-criminologists, awayibiza ngokuthi "iMyalelo yeSignal". Umlobi walo wanika imifanekiso kunye nemifanekiso yezoxhobo eziyimfuneko ekufundeni, kwakunye nemidwebo apho ubuchule bokulinganisela amalungu omzimba babonakala.

Kwakhona wanikela imiyalelo kubhalisi bamapolisa malunga nendlela yokuzalisa imibuzo. Ngendlela, ngeli xesha A. uBertillon waqulunqa indlela yokuhlola i-acoustic, ngokubhekiselele kuloluphi ulwaphulo-mthetho oluye lwafotwa ngokusebenzisa ikhamera ekhethiweyo kwiimpawu ezi-3: kwiprofayili, ubuso obupheleleyo (1/7 kwindleko yemvelo), kunye nokukhula okupheleleyo (1/20 Kuxabiso elimiselweyo). Le mifanekiso yayifanele ifakwe kwiimviwo zemibuzo yabantu abaye benza ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye bewele kwifayile yekhadi yaseBertillon.