Ubume sakhiwo kunye nolwakhiwo. Ntoni na nendlela zahlulwa?

In civil, umhlaba kunye nomthetho zasezidolophini Russian akukho into enjalo njenge "isakhiwo" separate, "isakhiwo", "wokwakha". Kwaye oku kukhokelela iimbambano ezininzi ngexesha lokwakha, kwakunye ukuqatshelwa iingqiqo real estate ikhankanywe ngasentla. Enye ingxaki ke nokuhlanganisa yeyiphi kwezi zakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo izinto zokwakha eyinkunzi, yaye yintoni - akukho.

Building. Yintoni na?

Zobungcali ezilawulayo kudala ezichongiweyo "isakhiwo" kombono, "isakhiwo" yaye "wokwakha". Yintoni na isakhiwo ichaza i Kulungile 013-94 (Classification National of ezingahambisekiyo). Oku yezakhiwo nokwakhiwa projekthi, ezenzelwe ukudala iimeko ezithile ukuze lifake bhokisi, umsebenzi, iinkonzo zenkcubeko nezentlalo zobuninzi. Izakhiwo kufuneka ube yinxalenye esisiseko (uphahla kunye neendonga), kwakunye zonxibelelwano lwangaphakathi ukuqinisekisa ixesha operation yesiqhelo.

Le zonxibelelwano lwangaphakathi ziquka:

• inkqubo yonikezelo lwamanzi kunye nothungelwano lwemijelo;
• zivula;
• inkqubo ukukhanya network kweentambo;
• iindlela umoya osekwe nemigangatho jikelele sanitary;
• bekwilift kunye asuse (kwi sakhiwo eziphakamileyo).

Construction. Yintoni into yokwakha?

Ukwakha - yinto lobunjineli kunye nolwakhiwo projekthi, ezenzelwe ukudala iimeko zenkqubo lokuvelisa ngaphandle ukutshintsha isifundo yabasebenzi, kodwa kunye nokuzalisekisa ezinye iimpawu eziyimfuneko zobuchwephesha. ngaloo ndlela zonke isakhiwo enye, leyo yenye isakhiwo engundoqo, benza into enye, kakhulu, kuthiwa isakhiwo.

Yintoni na le nto, le mizekelo ilandelayo ibonisa:

• Bridge (into enye), kunye nezinto zawo: asekela kumgangatho kwebhulorho ezikhulu - naye isakhiwo;
• Oil kakuhle - yaye iquka istili inqaba;
• Ezizihambelayo - iqulathe kwendlu, isekela kumgangatho, izakhiwo kweminwe kunye neengcingo.

Kwakhona, iintambo zombane, iintambo intambo, imibhobho kunye izinto ezifanayo kuwa phantsi kwenkcazo 'ukusekwa ". Yintoni na le nezi zakhiwo zingaphawulwa ngokufutshane bubonke: ukuba konke eyakhelwe ukuhlangabezana izinto zabantu kunye neemfuno zokomoya.

Isakhiwo. Yintoni na?

Ngokutsho komthetho Russian yoluntu, yoluntu isakhiwo mthetho - luhlanganisa igama kuquka isigama izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo. Kunye nesakhiwo eso, kunokuthiwa ke ngamanye amazwi - oko ukwakha, yanamathela ilizwe ngokusemthethweni. Oko kukuthi, kumthetho Russian luhlobo izakhiwo - isakhiwo, leyo iindidi ezimbini: ukwakha kunye nolwakhiwo. Kwaye abantu abaninzi ngaphandle kwimfundo yobugcisa, omathathu la magama zibonwa nje ntonye.

imigomo yokuhlela

Umsebenzi iphambili yale yokuhlela kukuququzelela izisombululo iindleko-olusebenzayo kuyilo zabo, kunye nokwakhiwa eziyingxaki izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo.

Isiseko ulwahlulo izakhiwo kwiiklasi bakhonze injongo yabo kunye nokufaneleka. Kananjalo Babeka:

• imigangatho yokusebenza kunye neemfuno ukuze siqinisekise ukusebenza kakuhle kwe izakhiwo (indawo kunye nomthamo, uhombiso yangaphakathi langaphandle, imibhobho, iindlela umbane);
• imigangatho iyawulwa umlilo kwaye ihlala lweziqalelo ngamnye noshowo.

Ukwahlulwa iindidi izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo lwenzeka ngokwahlukeneyo ukuze iqela ngalinye kweentlobo, ezifana injongo yabo (Izakhiwo zokuhlala, zobunjineli, iintambo zombane, iibrorho njalo njalo).

The main Ukuhlelwa

Ngesivumelwano ingaba:

• ubushushu isakhiwo amandla - a izibonda umgca amandla kunye nenkxaso, njalo-njalo;
• civil noshishino;
• isakhiwo lobuchule (umzekelo isakhiwo onjalo kuba edamini);
• traffic (ezizihambelayo apha ekunokuthiwa, emendweni, ibhulorho kunye kwalapho indlela).

Ngokufanayo, isakhiwo yahlulahlulwe:

• izindlu (ilungiselelwe ubummi bethutyana okanye obusisigxina);
• Imveliso - leyo izindlu iindidi ezahlukeneyo imveliso;
• kawonke - zisetyenziselwa ukulungiselela amaziko olawulo kunye neenkonzo zentlalo.

yokwahlukanisa jikelele

Kuxhomekeka nesixhobo apho ezenziwe, yahlulwe yaba:

• iinkuni;
• eziphathekayo;
• ilitye;
• ufakelo lwesamente.

Ngu indlela yokwakha ezi zakhiwo yahlulwe:

• monolithic;
• amaqela;
• of iibhloko-ntathu.

Kuxhomekeka wew:

• indawo;
• areal;
• lwento.

Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo bezinto yesicelo nabanako ukwahlulelana ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ukulungiswa rhoqo izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo;
• ukusebenzisa okwethutyana.

Kuxhomekeka ixabiso yahlulwe:

• inkxaso;
• esisiseko.

Ubukhulu uxanduva:

• izinga eliphezulu;
• amazinga eqhelekileyo;
• kwinqanaba kuyehla.

Kuxhomekeka inani imigangatho yahlula-hlulwe:

• ephantsi-suka, okuye imigangatho elinye okanye amabini;
• yee-ukunyuka uvela ezintathu ukuya imigangatho emihlanu;
• landa inani imigangatho (imigangatho 6-7);
• ezikhulu (ezisibhozo ukuya 29 imigangatho);
• vysokoetazhnye (30 100).

Nowakwakho njengezinto data nangokungqinelana iqondo uqinile, ngamanye ukukwazi ukugcina isakhiwo umgangatho eziyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukusebenza eqhelekileyo le nkqubo:

• isidanga sokuqala (ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka);
• degree yesibini (eyi-50 ukuya 100);
• degree lesithathu (20 to 50);
• degree yesine (neminyaka engaphantsi kwama-20).

Kukho kwakhona Ulwahlulo ukumelana nomlilo, nto leyo ibangele ukuba ixesha elifutshane:

• ukulahleka yokuthembeka;
• ukulahlekelwa umthamo umthwalo-ephethe;
• ukulahlekelwa usambathisa.