Uhlalutyo kunye nesishwankathelo "Yintoni enokuyenza?" (Chernyshevsky NG)

Ngethuba lokuqala incwadi eyenziwa nguChernyshevsky umsebenzi odumileyo - incwadana ethi Yintoni Okumele Yenziwe? - yapapashwa ngo-1867 eGeneva. Abaqalisi bokukhululwa kwencwadi babefuduka baseRussia, eRussia incwadana ivaliwe ngokuchithwa. Ngomnyaka we-1863 umsebenzi wawunexesha lokunyatheliswa kwiphephancwadi leSovremennik, kodwa ezo manani apho izahluko zakhe ezahlukileyo zashicilelwa zivalelwe ngokukhawuleza. Ulutsha lukaChernyshevsky ngaloo minyaka ludlulisela igama-ngomlomo, kunye neveli ngokwayo-kwiikopi zesandla, ngoko ke umsebenzi wawubonakalisa.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukwenza into?

Umbhali wabhala incwadi yakhe yokuvusa ebusika ka-1862-1863, ephakathi kwamangxowankulu kaPetros noPaul Fortress. Imihla yokubhalwa nguDisemba 14-Epreli 4. Ukususela ngoJanuwari 1863 kunye nezahlulo ezahlukileyo zezicatshulwa zemibhalo zaqala ukusebenza, kodwa ekuboneni isicandelwana kuphela umgca wothando, zivumela ukuba incwadana ipapashwe. Ngokukhawuleza intsingiselo ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi ifinyelele kumagosa aseRashiya yaseTsarist, umcatshisi uyasuswa, kodwa yenziwe - ingqungquthela yolutsha engabonakaliyo yale minyaka ayizange ixoxe ngomxholo omfutshane othi "Yintoni oyenzayo?". UChernyshevsky kunye nomsebenzi wakhe akafuni nje ukuxelela amaRussia "ngabantu abatsha", kodwa nokuba bafune ukuba baxelise kubo. Kwaye isibindi sakhe saqhayisa kwiintliziyo zabaninzi babemi bemihla ngemihla.

Ulutsha lwexesha le-XIX leminyaka yeChenyshevsky yecala luye lwaba luhlobo lwenkqubo yobomi bakhe. Iindinyana zezenzo ezininzi ezintle zale minyaka zaqala ukubonakala ngokukhawuleza kangangokuthi kwithuba elithile zaba zizinto eziqhelekileyo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Abaninzi bakhawuleza baqonda ukuba babekwazi ukwenza uMthetho.

Ukufumaneka kombuzo kunye nempendulo ecacileyo kuyo

Ingcamango ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi, kwaye iguqulelo kabini kwimvelo, inkululeko yomntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isini. Yingakho i heroine eyinhloko yelveli yintokazi, kuba ngelo xesha ubukhulu bebhinqa abazange bahambe ngaphaya kwemida yokuhlala. Ukujonga emva kobomi bomama kunye nabahlobo abasondeleyo, uVera Pavlovna uqala ukuqonda iphutha lokungahambi, kwaye unquma ukuba entliziyweni yobomi bakhe uya kuba ngumsebenzi: uthembekile, uncedo, unike ithuba lokuphila ngokufanelekileyo. Ngenxa yoko ukuziphatha - inkululeko yomntu ivela kwinkululeko yokwenza izinto ezihambelana neengcinga kunye namathuba. Yiloo nto uChernyshevsky azame ukubonisa ngayo ngobomi bukaVera Pavlovna. "Yintoni enokuyenza?" Ngezahluko zenza abafundi babe nomfanekiso obalabalaleyo wokwakhiwa ngokukhawuleza "kobomi boqobo". Lapha uVera Pavlovna ushiya umama wakhe kwaye unquma ukuvula ishishini lakhe, uyaqonda ukuba kuphela ukulingana phakathi kwawo onke amalungu e-artel yakhe iya kuhambelana neminqophiso yakhe yenkululeko, ukuba ulonwabo lwakhe kunye neKirsanov luxhomekeke kulonwabo loluntu. Inkululeko yomntu inxulumene nemigaqo ephakamileyo yokuziphatha - le yonke iChernyshevsky.

Iinkcukacha zobuntu bombhali ngokusebenzisa abalinganiswa bakhe

Kwaye abalobi, nabafundi, kunye nabagxeki bonke, banoluvo lokuba abo bachasayo bomsebenzi bayimifanekiso yokubhala yabalobi babo. Nangona kungenjalo iikopi ezichanekileyo, ngoko-moya ngokusondeleyo kumbhali. Ingxelo yencwadana ethi "Yintoni enokuyenza?" Ingaba ngowomntu wokuqala, kwaye umbhali ungumlingisi wokwenza. Ungena namanye amaqhawe entlanganisweni, aze aphikisana nabo kwaye, njengokuba "ilizwi-phezu", uchaza kubalinganiswa nabafundi abaninzi abangenakuqondakala.

Ngexesha elifanayo, umbhali uletha kumntu ongaqinisekiyo ngamakhono akhe okubhala, uthi "akayi kuthetha kakuhle", kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akukho phasi "lithenda lobuciko" kulo. Kodwa ukuba umfundi angathandabuzeki, aphikisana nencwadi eyenziwa yiChernyshevsky ngokwakhe, "Yintoni endiyenzayo?". UVera Pavlovna kunye nezinye iimpawu zichanekile kwaye zichaneke ngokucacileyo, zinikwe iimpawu ezizodwa ezibonakalayo ukuba umbhali, ongenalo italente yeyona, akanako ukudala.

Entsha, kodwa eyahlukileyo

Iimvumi zikaChernyshevsky, aba bantu "abatsha", ngokubhaliweyo kumbhali, ukusuka kwinqanaba elingenangqiqo, elingekhoyo, ngexesha elifanelekileyo kufuneka bazinge ngokuqinisekileyo ubomi bethu. Ngena, qhawula kwisihlwele sabantu abaqhelekileyo, cinezela, uvuselele umntu, uvuselele umntu, uvuselele abanye-ukuba baphuphe ngaphandle, bawushiye uluntu, njengentsimi yokhula lokhula. Ubugcisa bezobugcisa, okwenziwa nguChersheshevsky ngokucacileyo kwaye wazama ukuchaza igama elithi, "Yintoni endiyenzayo?". Umntu okhethekileyo, Xa ekholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo, uyakwazi ukuguqula ngokubanzi umhlaba ojikelezile, kodwa indlela yokwenza ngayo, kufuneka azikhethele yena.

UChernyshevsky wadala iveli yakhe ngokuchasene noTurgenev "OoBawo noBantwana," "abantu abatsha" bakhe abafani nanjengobungqina obuvakalayo nabangelusizi bazarov. Ikhadi leminye imifanekiso ekuphunyezweni komsebenzi wayo oyintloko: iqhawe likaTurgenev lalifuna lijikeleze kuye kuyo yonke into ebeyenye "kwindawo yokucima", oko kukuthi, ukutshabalalisa, ngoxa abalinganiswa bakaChersheshevsky bazama ukwakha into engakumbi, ukudala ngaphambi kokuba bachithe.

Ukuqulunqwa komntu "omtsha" phakathi kwekhulu le-XIX

Le mibini mibini yabalobi abakhulu baseRashiya baye baba ngabafundi kunye noluntu lwengxelo yesahlulo sesiqingatha seXIX yexeshanye uhlobo lwenkqonkqo-i-ray yokukhanya ebukumkanini obumnyama. Bobabini uKernyshevsky noTurgenev bavakalisa ngokukhawuleza ukuba kukho "umntu omtsha", imfuno yakhe yokwakhiwa kwengqondo ekhethekileyo yoluntu olungabangela ukuguqulwa kwamakhadi kwilizwe.

Ukuba sifunda nokufunda isishwankathelo "Yintoni enokuyenza?" UChernyshevsky kwinqanaba leengcamango eziguquguqukayo ezichaphazela kakhulu iingqondo zengxenye ethile yabemi baloo minyaka, iziganeko ezininzi ezingenakwenzekayo zomsebenzi ziya kucaciswa lula. Umfanekiso "womtshakazi wamantombazana akhe", obonwa nguVera Pavlovna kwiphupha lakhe lesibini, akukho nto ngaphandle kwe "Revolution" - esi sigqibo esithathwe ngababhali abahlala kwiminyaka eyahlukileyo abaye bafunda baza bahlaziya inveli kumacala onke. Iminye imifanekiso, apho inoveli inomxholo, nayo iyingqungquthela, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iphilisa okanye ayikho.

Kancinci malunga neengcamango zengqiqo

Umnqweno wokutshintsha kungekuphela kwabo, kungekhona kuphela kubathandekayo babo, kodwa kubo bonke abanye, uhamba ngeveli yonke enomxholo obomvu. Oku kuhluke ngokupheleleyo kwimbali yokubala yenzalo, eyenziwa yiTurgenev kuBawo noBantwana. Ngeendlela ezininzi, kunye ne peneni yakhe, uChernyshevsky uyavuma, ekholelwa ukuba nayiphi na umntu akakwazi nje kuphela kodwa kwaye uyaqikelela ukubala kunye nokuzimisela indlela yakhe eyonwabileyo. Kodwa ngelo xesha, utsho ukuba unokuyonwabela kuphela ejikelezwe ngabantu abonwabileyo. Uluhluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwezifundo ezimbini: i-Chernyshevsky amaqhawe aphumelele kuwo wonke umntu, uTurgenev Bazarov udala ubumnandi bakhe ngaphandle kokujonga abanye. I-Chernyshevsky esondeleyo kuthi kuthi ngeveli yakhe.

"Yintoni endiyenze ukuba ndiyenze?", Uhlalutyo esilunika ngalo kwisigqibo sethu, ekugqibeleni lusondele ngakumbi kumfundi we "Tata" kunye noTurgenev.

Ngokufutshane malunga necebo

Njengoko umfundi wayenokukwazi ukumisela, akalokothi athathe inoveli kaChernyshevsky, umlingisi oyintloko walo msebenzi nguVera Pavlovna. Ngomphefumlo wakhe, ukubunjwa kobuntu bakhe, ubudlelwane bakhe nabanye, kuquka namadoda, ubonisa ingcamango enkulu yomlobi wencwadana yakhe. Isishwankathelo esifutshane "Yintoni enokuyenza?" UChernyshevsky ngaphandle Imixholo yabalinganiswa abakhulu kunye neenkcukacha zobomi babo zinokudluliselwa kwizivakalisi eziliqela.

UVera Rozalskaya (ongowaseVera Pavlovna) uhlala kwintsapho enokwenza kakuhle, kodwa yonke into ekhayeni lakhe iyamkhathaza: unina kunye nemisebenzi yakhe engathandabuzekiyo, kunye nabaqhelana nabo bacinga into efanayo, kodwa bathetha kwaye benze enye into ngokupheleleyo. Ukugqiba ukushiya abazali bakhe, iqhawe lethu lizama ukufumana umsebenzi, kodwa kuphela umtshato wengqiqo kunye naye osondeleyo emoyeni kuDmitry Lopukhov unikela intombazana ukuba inkululeko kunye nendlela aphila ngayo. UVera Pavlovna udala i-workshop yokuthunga kunye namalungelo alinganayo kwingeniso yakhe yezo zonke izithambiso, ezithathela inkqubela kweso sihlandlo. Ngaphandle kokuthanda kwakhe ngokukhawuleza kumhlobo osondeleyo womyeni wakhe, uAlexandro Kirsanov, apho wayeqinisekile, ukunyanelana noKirsanov kwiLogukhov ogulayo, akayikumthintela ucoceko nozuko: akayi kumshiya umyeni wakhe, akamshiyi i-workshop. Ukubona uthando lomfazi nomhlobo wakhe osondeleyo, uLolukhov, ukuzibulala, ukhulula uVera Pavlovna nayiphi na imbopheleleko kuye. UVera Pavlovna noKirsanov batshata kwaye bayavuya gqitha, kwaye emva kweminyaka embalwa uLolukhov ubonakala ebomini babo. Kodwa kuphela phantsi kwegama elithile kunye nomfazi omtsha. Ezi ntsapho zihlala kwindawo yokuhlala, zichithe ixesha elide kunye kwaye zinelisekile ngeemeko eziye zaphuhliswa ngale ndlela.

Ngaba ukujonga ingqalelo?

Ukuqulunqwa kobuntu bukaVera Pavlovna kukude kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zoluhlobo lwabo ontanga abakhulayo kwaye bakhuliswa kwiimeko ezifanayo. Naphezu kobuncinci bakhe, ukungabikho kwamava kunye nokudibanisa, i-heroine iyazi ngokucacileyo into ayifunayo ebomini. Akuyena ukuba atshate ngokuphumelelayo kwaye abe ngumama oqhelekileyo wentsapho, ngakumbi ukususela ekubeni uneminyaka eyi-14 intombazana yazi kwaye yaqonda izinto ezininzi. Walungisa kakuhle kwaye wanika lonke intsapho iimpahla, xa uneminyaka eyi-16 eqala ukufumana, ukunika izifundo ezizimeleyo ekudlala ipiyano. Umnqweno womama wokutshata naye udibana nokukhanyela ngokuqinileyo kwaye udala ishishini lakhe-i-workshop yokuthunga. Kwizinto eziphihliweyo, malunga nezenzo ezinesibindi somntu onamandla, umsebenzi "Yintoni enokuyenza?". UChernyshevsky ngendlela yakhe unikeza inkcazo malunga nesigqibo esicacisiweyo sokuba ukuqonda kuqikelela ukuba kukho umntu. Uchaza, kodwa nje xa ekhetha - mhlawumbi ngokulandela indlela ekhethiweyo nguye, okanye ufumane eyakhe. UVera Pavlovna waphuma endleleni, wamlungiselela ngunina kunye nendalo ayehlala kuyo, waza wenza indlela yakhe.

Phakathi kweempembelelo zamaphupha kunye nenyaniso

Ukumisela indlela yakho akuthethi ukuba uyifumane kwaye uyilandele. Phakathi kwamaphupha kunye neendlela zabo zokuziphatha ngokuqinisekileyo uquba enkulu. Omnye akanakucinga ukuba angene phezu kwayo, kodwa umntu uqokelela konke ukuthanda kwakhe enqeni aze athathe isinyathelo esinqumayo. Yile ndlela uKernyshevsky "Yintoni enokuyenza?" Ukuphendula ingxaki ephakanyisiwe kwincwadi yakhe. Uhlalutyo lwamagatya okubunjwa kobuntu bukaVera Pavlovna lwenziwa ngumlobi ngokwakhe esikhundleni somfundi. Uqhuba ngeendlela zokubonakalisa i-heroine yamaphupha enkululeko yakhe ekubeni yinyani ngomsebenzi osebenzayo. Yenza oku kunzima, kodwa indlela echanekileyo kwaye idlulileyo. Kwaye uKhernyshevsky akayikukhokela kuphela i heroine, kodwa naye umvumela ukuba aphumeze oko akufunayo, ukunika umfundi ukuba aqonde ukuba ngumsebenzi kuphela onokufezekisa injongo. Ngelishwa, umbhali ugcizelela ukuba akusiyo wonke umntu okhetha ngale ndlela. Hhayi wonke umntu.

Ukucamngca ngokoqobo ngamaphupha

Ngendlela engavamile, wabhala incwadi yakhe ethi "Yintoni oyenzayo?" UChernyshevsky. Iingcamango Zokholo - zikhona ezine kwi-novel - zityhila ubunzulu kunye nemvelaphi yale ngcamango ebangela iziganeko zangempela kuyo. Ephupheni lakhe lokuqala, uzibona ekhululekile eseceleni. Oku kuwuphawu lokushiya ikhaya, apho wayezimisele ukuba yinto engamkelekanga. Ngengcamango yokukhulula amantombazana njengaye, uVera Pavlovna udala i-workshop yakhe, apho isithintelo ngasinye somnxeba sithola isabelo esilinganayo somvuzo wakhe.

Iphupha lesibini nelesithathu lichazwe kumfundi ngodaka lokwenene nolumnandi, ukufunda idayari yeVerochkin (apho yena, ngendlela engazange iholele), ziphi iingcamango malunga nokuba khona kwabantu abahlukeneyo bambamba i heroine kwixesha elifaniyo lobomi bakhe, into ecinga ngayo ngomtshato wakhe wesibini kunye Yona imfuneko yalo mtshato. Inkcazo ngamaphupha - indlela efanelekileyo yokubonisa umsebenzi, owakhetha uChersheshevsky. "Yintoni endiyenzayo?" - umxholo wenveli , kuboniswe Ngamaphupha, abalinganiswa Abalinganiswa abaphambili ngamaphupha - umzekelo ofanelekileyo we sicelo sikaChernyshevsky sale fom entsha.

Iimbono zekamva eliqaqambileyo, okanye iphupha lesine leVera Pavlovna

Ukuba amaphupha amathathu okuqala e-heroine abonisa isimo sakhe sengqondo kwizinto ezifezekileyo, ngoko iphupha lakhe lesine liphupha ngekamva. Kwanele ukuyikhumbula ngokubanzi inkcukacha. Ngoko, iVela Pavlovna iphupha ilizwe elihluke ngokupheleleyo, elingenakulungeleka kwaye elihle. Ubona abantu abaninzi abonwabileyo abahlala kwindlu enhle: iindawo ezintle, eziqhekezayo, ezijikelezwe yimbonakalo emangalisayo, ezihlotshiswe ngokubetha imithombo. Kuyo, akukho mntu uziva ephuhliweyo, kukho konke-inye into efanayo, inhlalakahle efanayo, bonke bayalingana nayo.

Ezo ziphupha zikaVera Pavlovna, yilokho uKernyshevsky angathanda ukubona ("Yintoni endiyenzayo?"). Iingcamango, kwaye, njengoko sikhumbula, malunga nokungqinelana phakathi kweqiniso kunye nehlabathi lamaphupha, abonakali kakhulu kwihlabathi elingokomoya le-heroine, kodwa umbhali wencwadana. Kwaye ukuqonda kwakhe ngokupheleleyo ukuba akunakwenzeka kokudala into enjalo, i-utopia engenakufezwa, kodwa oko kuyimfuneko ukuba siphile kwaye sisebenze. Kwaye le liphupha lesine likaVera Pavlovna.

Utopia kunye nesiphelo sayo esingaqikelelwa

Njengokuba wonke umntu uyazi, umsebenzi wakhe oyintloko - inqaku "Yintoni enokuyenza?" - UNikolai Chernyshevsky wabhala ejele. Ukuxhomekeka kwintsapho, uluntu, inkululeko, ukubona emagodini enyanisweni ngendlela epheleleyo, ephupha ngenye into, umlobi wachaza ephepheni, engakholelwa ekuphunyezweni kwayo. Inyaniso yokuba "abantu abatsha" bangatshintsha ihlabathi, kule Chernyshevsky ayithandabuzeki. Kodwa inyaniso yokuba phantsi kwamandla kweemeko akuyiwo wonke umntu uya kuma, kwaye kungekhona wonke umntu oya kufaneleka ubomi obubhetele - oku naye wakuqonda.

Yintoni ekupheleni kweveli? Ukuhlalisana okungaqhelekanga kweentsapho ezimbini ezisondele emoyeni: i-Kirsanovs neLolukhovs-Beaumont. Ihlabathi elincinci, elenziwe ngokusebenzayo, eligcwele iingcamango nezenzo zabantu. Ngaba baninzi malunga noluntu olunolonwabo? Hayi! Ngaba oku akusiyo impendulo kumaphupha kaChernyshevsky malunga nekamva? Ngubani ofuna ukudala ihlabathi elonwabileyo nelonwabileyo, uya kudala, nabani na ongafuniyo-uya kuhamba nokuhamba.