Iibongozi zaseRussia ziza kusasa. Izabelo zeSiliva yobudala

Ekupheleni kweminyaka elishumi yokuqala ye-20 leminyaka, umendo omtsha wamanje ufumana ukwamukelwa eNtshona Yurophu ngegama elithi "futurism" (ngesiLatini, "ikamva").
Ukhokho walo uthathwa njengombhali waseNtaliyane uFilippo Marinetti, owathi ngo-1909 wachaza ukutshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo zonke iinkcubeko nezithethe zenkcubeko ekuboniseni ihlabathi. Kunoko , iibongozi ze-futurist zenza ukuba abafundi baqwalaselwe ngokukhawuleza kwimihla yokuphila kwaye bakhetha ukuthetha ngakumbi ngekamva. Zonke izibonelelo eziphambili zibekwe kwiiManfestoes, owokuqala owaba nguMarinetti.

Ukudalwa kobugcisa obutsha ngokusemgangathweni kwakuyiinjongo zokuqala zama Futurists zombini eYurophu nakwiRashiya. Ababhali baye baxhaswa ngabaculi abathatha isiseko somntu ophakathi kwendawo ehambahambayo emele ukufuzisela ngokomfanekiso wenani elikhulu leempawu zejometri.

Iimpawu ze-Futurist Lyrics

Iqhawe lomsebenzi we-new-front-garde lathiso luhlala kwisixeko samanje kunye ne-dynamism yayo, isivinini esikhulu, ubuninzi beetheknoloji kunye nokufakelwa kombane, okukhokelela ekubeni uphumelele ngobomi. I-"I" yama-futurists iyazama ukuphepha kwixesha elidlulileyo, elibonakalisa ngendlela ekhethekileyo yokucinga engayamkeli imithetho ye-syntax, ukwakheka kwegama kunye nokuhambelanisa okufanayo kwamazwi. Injongo ephambili ebekwe ngababongi bexesha elizayo kukudlulisela isimo sengqondo kunye nokuqonda kwinto eyenzeka ngapha nangapha nayiphi indlela efanelekileyo kumntu.

Ukwakhiwa kweRussia avant-garde

E-Russia, isiqalo esitsha siqala ukuma ngo-1910. Eli lixesha apho iimbongi ezininzi zexesha lesilivere zaziwa . Ama-futurists akhawuleza athanda umdla. Ukongeza kwindlela ekhethekileyo yobugcisa bevesi (kuzo zonke iziganeko), ukubonakala kwebalaseleyo kunye nokuhamba kwiidolophu ezinkulu zaseRashiya zenza oku.

I-Futurism yaseRashiya, ngokungafani neYurophu, yayingafani kwaye ihluke kwi-heterogeneity yayo. Phakathi kwamacandelo e-avant-garde kwakukho ngezinye iinkxwaleko ezinzima. Kwakukho neemeko xa iingqungquthela-i-futurists zanyuka ukusuka kumbutho omnye ukuya kwenye. Kodwa impumelelo enkulu yenziwe ngamaziko amabini aloo ndlela: eMoscow naseSt. Petersburg.

Ego Futurists

Kwintlabathi esenyakatho yeembongi, abaqulunqwa ngo-1912 bajikeleza u-Ivan Ignatiev. Bazibhaptiza ngokwabo i-ego-futurists, eyathetha ukuba "ndiyikamva". Isikhundla esiphambili kule ngqungquthela sasigxinwe ngu-Igor Severyanin (uLotarev), owathi unyaka ngaphambili wabhawula iimpawu eziphambili kunye negama loqobo lomgaqo-mbonakalo kwimibongo. Ngokombono wakhe, "u-egoism onamandla onke" uba ngumkhosi ngaphambi kokuba akukho nto ikhona. Nguye, ongenakukwazi ukuhlaziywa, ufikelele kwinani leyantlupheko, ukugubha, ngokutsho kwembongi zeenkolelo, yinto efanelekileyo yokuphila.

Indlu yokupapasha "iPetersburg Herald" yaba yintlupheko eyayibonakala ngababongi bexesha elizayo. Iindinyana zabo zavezwa ngamagama amatsha kunye nokulungelelanisa ngolwimi lwesiRashiya lwamazwi angaphandle, ngokuqhelekileyo isiJamani kunye nesiFrentshi esihle. Ngenxa yoko, ubuchule be-ego-futurists bafumana iimpawu ezincinane ezifana nelifa labalingane babo baseTaliyane ababemi kwimvelaphi yale ndlela ye-avant-garde kwiincwadi.

EGiliyadi

Abangabongi beMoscow base-Moscow bahluke ngokusuka ePetersburg ngokubhekiselele kwisimo sengqondo somfanekiso wenyaniso. Uluhlu lwabo luqala kunye nabazalwana uBurukoukov, uV. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov. Baqhathanisa "mna" ngokuzithemba ngakumbi "Sisi" kwaye sizivakalisa ukuba zi-cubo-futurists. Isikhundla sokubaluleka kwabo kwakuyinhlangano ethi "Gilea", eyakhiwa ngo-1910 eMoscow.

Bakukhumbula iingcambu zabo baza baqhayisa igama elithi "Russian Futurists". Iingongoma zazizama ngazo zonke iindlela zokuzihlukanisa nabahlobo bazo baseTaliyane, kwaye uV. Khlebnikov wanikezela ukunika ulwalathiso igama elitsha - "iWillowland", eliza kugxininisa ukuqala kwayo kunye nokuzimela kwakhe. Kwakuloo nto leyo i-manifesto egxekayo "Ukukhupha ebusweni bentlalo yoluntu" yashicilelwe, ngokukhawuleza ithatha ingqalelo yonke i-Russian intelligentsia. Emva koko kulandelelwe imimangaliso kunye neentsebenzo, apho iingqungquthela-iindulutshi zatshitshisa uluntu ngokubonakala kwazo kunye nokuhlambalaza (kwanele ukukhumbula i-V. Mayakovsky kunye nefestile yakhe edumile ephuzi okanye ubuso obunobumba beebongi). Izixhobo zeenkondlo zabo, iinkqubo kunye ne-manifestos, eziprintiweyo kwiphepha lodonga elidala okanye kwiphepha lokugubungela, azizange zikhangele rhoqo, kwaye kungekhona ukugcina imali. Omnye wayecaphukile ekungazi ngokupheleleyo kwiimigaqo zokubhala kunye nokudala amagama angavumelekanga kunye nezindlela ezingafaniyo zokuthumela imiyalezo, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, konke oko kwaqinisekisa ukuba "iindwendwe" (njengokuba zazibizwa ngokubanzi kuluntu) isihloko esithi "Iindlovu zesilivere" Ikhulu leminyaka ". I-Futurists "iGalei" yathatha indawo eqinile kwincwadi yesiRashiya kwaye yabangela inxaxheba ekuphuhliseni nasekuphuculeni.

Vladimir Mayakovsky

Umbongi-uguquko kunye novukelo-wayedla ngokuthetha ngommeli odumileyo we-Russian futurism. Ngo-1912-1914, ukuqala komsebenzi we-Mayakovsky wobugcisa uqala. Kwaye sinokuthi ngokuzithemba ukuba iingcamango zengcebiso ye-avant-garde zakha imbongi yembongi kunye nokuzimisela ikusasa lakhe kwikamva. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini, abaninzi banokuqiniseka ukuba uMaakovsky wayengumlobi we-futurist, ekubeni umsebenzi wakhe wawubonakaliswe ngesiqhelo esingaqhelekanga, isigama esisigxina, ubuninzi beefom zegama lomlobi, iziqulatho ezimangalisayo. Yonke le mpawu yombongo wesicatshulwa yombongo ixhomekeke ekuqaliseni kwangaphambili, okuvusa kunye nokukrokra. Kwaye emva kweeminyaka emashumi, kuye negama lakhe ukuba umsebenzi wexesha elizayo unxulumene.

Ezinye izikhokelo ze-avant-gard garde

Ngomnyaka we-1913 "iMezzanine yeengqungquthela" (B. Lavrenev, V. Shershenevich) kunye ne "Iingoma" zenzeke, emva koko "i-Centrifuge" (B. Pasternak, N. Aseev) yahlukana emva konyaka (ngamanye amaxesha abizwa ngokuba yi-futurists yesibingelelo sesibini). Iqela lokuqala lidibene ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza. "I-Centrifuge", eyaye yafika ngowe-1917, yayixhomekeke kwizithethe zemihla ngemihla, idibanisa ngokubambisana kunye neendlela ezizayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukugqithiswa okukhulu kwezi mbongi azizange zenze. B. I-Pasternak, umzekelo, ngokukhawuleza yashiya kulolu hlobo kwaye yathatha indawo yeengoma ezizimeleyo zengoma.

Iingqungquthela eziqingqiweyo zesilivere zamatye

Uluhlu lwabaphathi belizwi, abaxhasa le ngcamango ye-avant-gardism kwinqanaba elithile lobumba babo, lukhulu kakhulu. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabanye kwimisebenzi yexesha elizayo kwakukho ixesha elifutshane, kanti abanye bahlala kwisakhelo solawulo kwindlela yokudala. Apha abameli ababalaseleyo bamaqela achaziweyo.

Kubofuturists:

• Burliuk - abasunguli;
• V. Khlebnikov - umgqugquzeli weengcamango;
• V. Mayakovsky - ubuntu obunobulumko kunabo bonke, umsebenzi wabo wabuya ngaphaya kolawulo;
• A. Kruchenykh.

Centrifuge:

• N. Aseev,
• B. Pasternak,
• S. Bobrov.

Ego-futurists:

• Umsunguli - "ukumkani weebongi" I. I-Severyanin,
• S. Olimpov,
• G. Ivanov,
• M. Lokhvitskaya.

I-Mezzanine yezibongo:

• UShershenevich,
• S. Tretyakov,
• R. Ivnev.

Imfazwe yokuqala Yehlabathi kunye neNguqulelo

Ngowe-1913-1914 yilexesha lokuphakama kozuko oluphunyezwe ngama-futurists aseRashiya. Iingumbongi zaziqatshelwa kakuhle kuzo zonke iindidi zombhalo, ziququzelele inani elikhulu lemiboniso, iingxelo, ubusuku bombongo. Ngowe-1915 baqala ukuthetha "ngokufa" kwe-Futurism, nangona i-Centrifuge ikhona iminyaka engaphezu kwe-2. Amazwi eengcamango ezizayo zivalelwa kwi-1920s post-revolutionary: ekuqaleni kweminyaka elishumi - kwimisebenzi yeengcali ze-Tiflis ezivela kwiqela elithi "41o", ngoko kwimibongo kaPetrograd Oberiut. Baye bathatha inxaxheba ekusebenziseni "ukuphucula" ulwimi, ukutshintsha i-lexical, i-syntactic kunye nesakhiwo esichaphazelekayo.

Isimo sengqondo seRussia i-intelligentsia eya kwi-futurism

Ukuvela kolwalathiso olutsha kunye nezenzo ezingaqhelekanga zabameli balo bakhangele ingqalelo kwi-Russian intelligentsia. Amanqaku amaninzi aphikisanayo ngexesha lo msebenzi bevalelwe ngabo ngabongi beepatethi-i-futurists. Uluhlu lwabagxeki luvulwa ngumfuziselo weV. Bryusov, waqaphela ngelo xesha. Ngcikivo kuba "abatsha" bafaka i-manifestos yabo, ngokuyininzi "bachithelwa kwi-Italiyane", kunye nesimo sengqondo esibi kwizithethe zenkcubeko yaseRussia. Ngaloo xesha waqaphela iziqhamo zomsebenzi waseMoscow naseSt. Petersburg ziza kubonisa ithemba lokuba babeza kukwazi "ukukhula zibe ziintyatyambo." Iimeko eziphambili kukuqwalasela amava akwi-Symbolists.

Ukungaboni kakuhle iimbongi ezintsha. Bunin noMnu. Osorgin, abakhankanya ubuchule nokuziphatha kwabo. UMnu Gorky, ngokuchaseneyo, wayeqwalasela ukubonakala kwee-Futurists kwiincwadi zesiRashiya ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye zifanelekile.