Ukubunjwa igazi lomntu kwaye umsebenzi igazi

Lo mxholo, ngathi igazi kunye negazi umsebenzi, okufanele ngokucacileyo ingqalelo njengenye iziseko utyhila ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo yonke umzimba womntu. Ukuqonda ixabiso ukuhamba kwegazi kubalulekile ngenxa eempembelelo ebonakalayo kuzo zonke iinkqubo ezingundoqo emzimbeni.

Yintoni igazi

Ngu egazini kulwelo kufuneka aqonde imeko-bume lwangaphakathi, nto leyo enika i parameters rhoqo isitshixo kwemichiza kunye nokomzimba, lo gama kukhuthazwa ikhonkco humoral phakathi imizimba. Ngokufundisisa igazi, ukwakhiwa layo kunye nemisebenzi, kubalulekile ukuqonda kakuhle amagama emibini esisiseko eyile:

- igazi neuropathy (it ibandakanya plasma);

- ukwakha izinto (ibekwe ngaphakathi igazi ekumisweni).

Blood linokuchazwa kwakhona njengendlela esiqwini, luphawulwa iimpawu ezininzi: amalungu alo enemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo, le incindi yomzimba ityhalela rhoqo, zonke izinto igazi akhiwa alitshabalalise ngaphandle kwegazi.

Phantsi komxholo othi: "inkqubo yegazi, ubume kunye nemisebenzi" kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kule nkqubo ziquka amalungu hematopoietic kunye kroverazrusheniya (wesibindi, lomongo wethambo, iindawo nkovu, udakada), kunye negazi neuropathy.

ukwakheka igazi

Uninzi isiqingatha segazi - 60% - plasma, kwaye ngama-40% kuphela ezele izinto ezifana erythrocytes, leukocytes neeplatelets. ulwelo Viscous obukhulu (plasma) iqulathe izinto ezibalulekileyo ukuze esiphilayo. Bona move on ancedisana amalungu, ukubonelela umchiza reaction ezifunwayo kunye nomsebenzi ngokupheleleyo yonke inkqubo luvo. Iveliswe glands of secretion lwangaphakathi zamadlala ukungena plasma uze kulo ukuhamba kwegazi emzimbeni. Omzimba - enzyme ezikhusela umzimba kwiintlobo ngeentlobo izoyikiso - ziqulethwe plasma.

erythrocytes

Ukuqwalasela isakhiwo esisiseko nemisebenzi igazi, kuyimfuneko ukunikela ingqalelo iiseli ezibomvu. Oku iiseli ezibomvu zegazi, leyo iza kucacisa umbala wegazi. Kubume bayo, iseli ebomvu igazi efana kakhulu imfunxa obhityileyo, pores yazo mpilo. Ngokomlinganiselo, ngalunye lukwazi ukuthwala 267 erythrocyte amasuntswana haemoglobin millionov "kuginya" icarbon dioxide neoksijini engena kulo mxube.

Ukuya nzulu kwisifundo: "Ubume kunye nomsebenzi igazi: iiseli ezibomvu," kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba amasuntswana asinakho ukuba siyinyamezele kwakhona isixa esikhulu mpilo ngenxa isakhiwo yinyukliya-free. Ngokumalunga ubungakanani erythrocyte, ngoko ke bafikelele 8 micrometres ubude kunye micrometers 3 ububanzi. Inani iiseli ezibomvu ngaphandle ubaxo enkulu: yesibini nganye umongo yenziwe ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 kwezi amasuntswana ubunzima iyonke emzimbeni, imalunga 26 triliyoni.

leukocytes

Ezi zinto nayo amacandelo ebalulekileyo igazi. iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi ekuthiwa iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi, esenokuba ubukhulu ezahlukeneyo. Bona aba ngeenxa kwifom engalunganga. Ngenxa yokuba iiseli ezimhlophe - ilungu ukuba undoqo, ukuba bayakwazi ukuya ngokuzimeleyo. Bona zincinane kakhulu iiseli ezibomvu, iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi kodwa athathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi zomzimba zokhuselo nxamnye zosulelo. ayikwazi kugqitywa ngaphandle iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi Blood ukubunjwa kunye nomsebenzi negazi.

Leukocytes ilifa enzyme ezizodwa bayakwazi ukubopha ninamathele iimveliso yokubola zingangeni iiproteins amazwe, kwaye kananjalo ukufunxa iintsholongwane eziyingozi. Ukongeza, iintlobo ezithile leucocytes unako ukuvelisa izoba - amasuntswana protein ukuba omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo: wonditshitshisela kwizinto zamanye amazwe ezibanjiswe igazi, inwebu yangaphakathi kunye nezinye iithishu okanye amalungu.

zegazi

Ezi zegazi lihamba kufutshane iindonga isitya. Owona msebenzi wabo - recovery nemithambo xa umonakalo. Ukuba usebenzisa isigama zonyango, singatsho ukuba zegazi othatha inxaxheba ekunikezeleni hemostasis (igazi ekunqandeni). Aphindwe kathathu umlinganiselo ongama-500 lamawaka. La masuntswana. Zegazi baphile ngaphantsi izinto ezisaseleyo igazi - ukusuka kwiintsuku-4 ukuya kwelesi-7.

Zihamba ngokukhululekileyo ukuhamba kwegazi ize igcinwe kuphela kwezo ndawo apho ukuhamba kwegazi ingena kwimeko ezolileyo (udakada, isibindi, izicwili ongama). Ngexesha ukusebenza zegazi iba imilo ungqukuva, apho pseudopodia kuyilwa (outgrowths ezizodwa). Ngawo ezi zinto igazi pseudopodia bayakwazi nokuxhuma ngamnye kwaye ilungiswe endaweni ezonakeleyo eludongeni isitya.

Blood ukubunjwa kunye nomsebenzi igazi kufuneka kuqwalaselwa kuphela ngokusekelwe isenzo ziiplatelets.

lymphocyte

Eli gama libhekisela iiseli amancinci mononuclear. Lymphocyte asisininzi babe ubungakanani ukuya microns-10. Eziba zezi iiseli kukho icytoplasm engqukuva exineneyo iqulathe iinkozo ecikizekileyo elinombala umbala oluhlaza. Uphando befunda kunokuthi kubonwe ukuba zonke iiseli babe uhlobo olufanayo. Oku akuthethi ukutshintsha into zilandelayo - ahluke ngayo iimpawu inwebu yeseli kunye nemisebenzi yayo.

Ezo zinto igazi mononuclear zahlulwe ngokweendidi ezintathu eziphambili: 0-iiseli, B-iiseli ne T-iiseli. Umsebenzi lymphocyte kukuba libe izandulela iiseli eyenza lomzimba. Ngenxa yoko, i-T-iiseli zinika inguqu B leukocytes. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba T-iiseli - iqela elithile iiseli zamajoni omzimba, nto leyo elenza imisebenzi emininzi kwaye ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, nxaxheba lwabo yinkqubo synthesizing imiba macrophage kusebenze, kwaye imiba ukukhula, interferon, kwakunye iiseli B. Ingaba iiseli T ekwanti kunye inductor ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ukukhuthazwa lomzimba Ukwakheka. Kulo mzekelo nefuthe iindidi ezahlukeneyo lymphocyte ubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuzalana ubume kunye nomsebenzi negazi.

Njengoko iiseli-0, zahluke kakhulu ukusuka kwabanye, ngenxa yokuba kungekho awakwazi kumphezulu. Ezinye zezi seli egazini isebenze njenge "ababulali" ngokutshabalalisa ezo iiseli ukuba babe ubume umhlaza okanye bosulelwe yintsholongwane.

plasma yegazi

Ukubunjwa emanzini (90-90%) kunye plasma yegazi lingena eziqinileyo :. Proteins, amafutha, iswekile, ityuwa ezahlukeneyo, metabolites, iivithamini, iihomoni, njl Enye iimpawu eziphambili xi plasma osmotic. Kwakhona, i-plasma athwala izakhi, iiseli zegazi kunye neemveliso metabolic. Ngokufundisisa isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi plasma yegazi, oko kunokubonwa ukuba ukuba ukhonza unxibelelwano phakathi ulwelo ezingaphandle imithambo yegazi.

Plasma ngokusisigxina ukunxibelelana nezi ntso, nomhlehlo wesibindi kunye namanye amalungu, ngokwenjenjalo egcina homeostasis - rhoqo yokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi.

iipropati Physico-chemical igazi

Ukufunda isihloko ezifana ukwakheka, iimpawu kunye nemisebenzi igazi, kuyimfuneko ukunikela ingqalelo izibakala ezithile. Umthamo wegazi abantu abadala abantu kwi-avareji elingana 6-8% sobunzima bomzimba wayo. Xa abantu, eli nani ufikelela 5-6 ziilitha, abasetyhini - 4 ukuya 5. sisixa igazi yonke imihla udlula intliziyo ziliwaka amaxesha .. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba igazi akuthethi uzalise ngokupheleleyo olujikeleza, enkulu yayo kuhlala simahla. Ukuxinana kwegazi ixhomekeke kwinani erythrocytes kwaye imalunga 1,050-1,060 g / cm ^3. Le viscosity ifikelela iiyunithi 5 ngokwesigqibo esicalanye.

Abasabela esebenzayo egazini ukuba umlinganiselo hydroxyl kunye hydrogen ion. Icacisa umsebenzi pH enjalo, njengoko pH (hydrogen ion yoxinaniso). Utshintsho pH igazi, apho umzimba ukwazi ukusebenza kuyahlukana kuluhlu 7.0-7.8. Ukuba indlela igazi esebenzayo ishenxiselwe kwicala asidi, kwimeko enjalo inokuchazwa-asidi eninzi. uphuhliso yayo ngenxa yokwanda kumanqanaba ion hydrogen. Ukuba indlela ishenxiselwe kwicala obrak, iyavakala ukuthetha alkalosis. Olu tshintsho kwi pH ngenxa yokunciphisa lwee- ion hydrogen, nokwandisa lwee- ion hydroxyl OH.

umsebenzi Transport igazi

Le yenye imisebenzi ephambili eyenziwa yi-yegazi. Xa inkqubo yokuthutha izinto ezahlukeneyo eziquka le misebenzi ilandelayo:

- trophic-transfer onke amalungu omzimba kwezondlo, ukulandela iimpawu kunye neevithamini;

- zolawulo: ukuthutha iihomoni kunye nezinye izinto abangena inkqubo ummiselo humoral umzimba;

- zemiphunga: nokuphefumla iigesi zothutho O2 kunye CO2 ukusuka nemiphunga ancedisana kwelinye icala;

- thermoregulatory: Ukususa ubushushu obugqithisileyo yobuchopho kunye nezibilini nolusu;

- excretory: iimveliso pathways bathuthwayo kuloo maziko zinomgutyulo.

hemostasis

Umongo umsebenzi kunciphisa le nkqubo ilandelayo: kwityala eliphakathi okanye emihle umonakalo isitya yegazi (okanye notshi xa inyama acofwa) kunye kukuvela ukopha zangaphandle okanye zangaphakathi behleli-apho ngokutshatyalaliswa isitya usenziwa ihlwili legazi. Yaba nguye lowo kuthintela ukopha ebalulekileyo. Phantsi yempembelelo neemvakalelo-luvo ezingasasetyenziswayo neekhemikhali sayo wenqanawa lifinyele. Ukuba kuyenzeka ukuba ingaphakathi endothelial isitya igazi sele yonakele phantsi endothelium usekuhleni collagen. Ngokukhawuleza unamathela zegazi, leyo kujikeleziswa egazini.

imisebenzi Homeostatic and protective

Ngokufunda igazi, ukwakhiwa layo kunye nomsebenzi, sinikele ingqalelo inkqubo homeostasis. Undoqo kwayo lifinyele ukulondoloza imali eseleyo amanzi amtyuba ion (yoko xi osmotic), kunye nokugcina pH yokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi.

Ngokumalunga zikhusela, umongo wayo kukuba ukukhusela eziphilayo yi omzimba omzimba, umsebenzi phagocytic of leukocytes zingangeni antibacterial.

kwinkqubo yegazi

Ngu inkqubo yokujikeleza ziquka imithambo intliziyo negazi: igazi kunye nkovu. Umsebenzi ephambili kwinkqubo yegazi - na ubonelelo ngexesha olupheleleyo Amalungu nezihlunu zonke izinto eziyimfuneko ebomini. ukuhamba kwegazi ngenxa olujikeleza inikezelwa kumsebenzi intliziyo sokumpompa amanzi. Siphengulule isihloko: "Ixabiso ubume kunye nomsebenzi negazi" kuyimfuneko ukuchaza into yokuba igazi ngqo ngokwalo ihamba gqolo ngokusebenzisa iimpahla kwaye ngoko iyakwazi ukuxhasa yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo, ebekuthethwe ngazo ngasentla (ezothutho, ukhuseleko, njl ..).

Umzimba ephambili kwinkqubo yegazi intliziyo. Kuye isakhiwo yelungu kumgongxo kwimisipha ngasezindongeni nkqo eqinileyo yahlulwe kubini ekhohlo ne ekunene. Kukho nenye hlulo - tye. umsebenzi walo kuyehla lwegumbi eliphezulu (imithambo) kwentliziyo hlula ngo-2 no-2 asezantsi (ventricles).

Ngokufundisisa isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi igazi lomntu, kubalulekile ukuqonda siseko kwizangqa ejikeleza. Kwinkqubo igazi, kukho ezimbini isangqa izithuthi, ezinkulu nezincinane. Oku kuthetha ukuba igazi ngaphakathi oshukunyiswa emzimbeni kwiinkqubo ezimbini ngesitya evaliweyo ukuba udityanisiwe kwi entliziyweni.

Njengesiqalo lwe isangqa esikhulu simi aorta elandisiweyo ukususela ventricle ngasekhohlo. Ukuba bangela imithambo amancinci, aphakathi kunye enkulu. Bona (imithambo), ke, isebe ibe arterioles, emithanjeni nesiphelo. Ngqo emithanjeni ngokwabo ukwenza uthungelwano enkulu ogqugqisileyo zonke izicwili kunye namaziko. Oku kule womnatha kwenzeka imbuyekezo izondlo neoksijini kwiiseli, kwakunye inkqubo yokuvelisa iimveliso pathways (carbon dioxide ngokunjalo).

Ukususela inxalenye engezantsi igazi buti engena Vena cava kunguhata, ukusuka phezulu, ngokulandelelana, apha phezulu. Ezi cava Vena ezimbini olupheleleyo kwegazi, ukuba ungene intendelezo ekunene.

Ethetha kwegazi pulmonary, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba eqalisa buti pulmonary, elandisiweyo ukususela ventricle ekunene ukuya imiphunga kunye ephethe igazi lwemithambo. Sam isiqu pulmonary ihlukane kwamasebe amabini ukuba aye ekunene kunye nemiphunga ekhohlo. Kwemithambo pulmonary zahlulwe arterioles ezincinane kunye emithanjeni, venules edlula kamva wokusungula umfanekiso. A mngeni engundoqo kwegazi pulmonary kukuqinisekisa ngokutsha igesi Ukwakhiwa emiphungeni.

Ukufunda nokwakhiwa kwegazi negazi umsebenzi, kulula ukucinga ukuba kubalulekile ukuba izihlunu kunye nezibilini. Ngoko ke, xa kwimeko ukopha kakhulu okanye ukuhamba kwegazi kakuhle kukho isoyikiso kubomi babantu.