Ukuhlola - imboni inzululwazi nobugcisa bonxibelelwano

Imbali ukuhlola yaqala kudala - amawaka 5 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Yintoni na - uphando am ukuhlola sam. amagama eelwimi zasemzini anxulumene kwetheknoloji, kakhulu lomthobo imvelaphi German. Germany ebesoloko phambili icandelo lobugcisa. Izinto ezininzi ezinxulumene ezahlukeneyo kumashishini, anamagama waseJamani.

Yintoni na uphando lwam

yonke shishino ezinxulumene kwemigodi, uphando lwam kuthiwa. Le nguqulelo yokoqobo usho isiJamani "Ziza kwahlulwa umda" okanye mezhevschik. Ucando kubandakanya nokumisela imida kwemigodi ngokucokisekileyo iidipozithi, kodwa sisaxakekile nkcazelo ngqo ubume idipozithi, ezithile indawo yayo lomhlaba, uphuhliso bona - yonke into enxulumene nophuhliso ngokukuko nokusebenza kuloo dipozithi yakho. Wemihlaba iqokelela yonke data evela kulondolozo koko izizathu zabo, izigqibo kunye nomelo lomzobo phezu izicwangciso ezenziwe.

Kuphela nokuzingelwa wamandulo

Ucando - enye emidala amasebe yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa. Eyokuqala usebenza zam asusela IV-III kwiinkulungwane BC. Bagciniwe kwezinye iindawo kwehlabathi, kwada kwaba namhla, thina nabo izibalo kunye nemizobo kuyilo ukuya kuphuhliso kamva. Amanye amacebo wenza ngqangi ngakumbi, ka ezikhanyayo - amanzi elinombala oluhlaza, isanti etyheli. Kumanqaku achazayo ukuba imizobo yabonisa ukuba izilinganiso pre geodetic. Ukuba geodesy sele kwinkulungwane ndifumene isixhobo wayo wokuqala - diopter apho kamva theodolite imisiwe, i ucando lomhlaba kuye kwamkelwa kuphela, kodwa waba nawasezincotsheni elizimeleyo kuphela kumaXesha Aphakathi. Nokufika kwiindawo zemigodi, kuvela iingxaki ezintsha, imisebenzi emitsha ebekwe. badla am owned ngabanini eziliqela, kunye nemida phakathi kwiindawo zabo kwafuneka ukuba ngokucacileyo ezichazwe zombini emhlabeni kunye ezinzulwini yayo. Oku umongo ingqeqesho entsha. Kwangaxeshanye, wavele, kwakukho igama lakhe - "ucando".

Ukuvela uqeqesho entsha

Ivela uluhlu yeengcali ababandakanyekayo kulo mzekelo kuphela, ubugcisa ngokwemilinganiso imigodi baqalisa ukufundisa kwiiyunivesithi ephakathi. Kwinkulungwane XV kukho isixhobo lokuqala zobungcali - nekhampasi intaba. Inani imilinganiselo efunekayo ukuze imigudu emigodini kunye eqingqiweyo izixhobo ukwandisa lonke ixesha, uyilo bakhe baba zintsonkotha ngakumbi. Eyona abanobuchule zomsebenzi ezifunekayo ngamagcisa. Ekubeni ubalo sele usebenza ukufumana inani elikhulu labantu, ndineemfesane emhlabeni, iinjineli kwafuneka ukufumana imfundo imigodi ephakamileyo.

Russian uphando sam, njengazo zonke imigodi kunye lonke ishishini, wafumana negalelo kakhulu kuphuhliso phantsi Peter I. thathe njengesiseko ekufikeleleni izikolo zoshishino isiJamani esongezelelwe ngeziphumo iingcibi Russian. ERashiya, oko waqala ukupapasha uncwadi lwenzululwazi ezizodwa, umisele koomasifundisane ukwenziwa kwezixhobo ngqo (kwi umasifundisane kule Russian Academy of Sciences kukhutshwa ngekompas, zezine, iiastrolabes yomgangatho ophezulu kakhulu), iiyunivesithi ezivulekileyo, ekuthi kwezo nto kuphume iinjineli ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Kwinkulungwane XVIII eRashiya wavula kwiziko lemfundo (school) yokuqala ukulungiselela iingcali kuphela kwemigodi kunye ukuhlola zam. Kunye nezincomo intloko imigodi kunye noshishino metallurgical le Urals ayalelwa obaluliweyo "wemiGaqo Factory" phantsi komhlathi VI, isibakala sokuba isithuba unocanda oyintloko, okanye mezhevschika, kuphela iingcali kwelona nqanaba liphezulu wathathwa.

Umbala we ukuhlola kazwelonke

Indlela jikelele ngophengululo ucando eziphuhliswe M. V. Lomonosov. Lokuqulunqa nokuphuhlisa uphando zam kazwelonke kwenziwa izazinzulu Russian kakhulu ezifana GA Maksimovic, umbhali kweencwadi zezifundo, PA Olyshev, omashini theodolite Russian kunye umbhobho lukhuni, G. A. Time, ngubani epapashwe ngokusetyenziswa yesikhokelo theodolite kunye ikhampasi ekweyam kunjalo. elenziwa Great V. I. Baumana, kumququzeleli we-Union ezimbini Congress of abahloli Russian - ngo-1913 no-1921. Ngowe-1905, wapapasha umsebenzi "Ikhosi ucando zobugcisa," yaye ngowe-1921 okokuqala eRashiya (Petrograd Mining Institute), elithile entsha, ukulungele-abahloli iinjineli iye yaziswa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe azikho PM Lentovskogo, ngubani wafunda eli inzululwazi eFransi naseJamani. Ekubuyeni kwakhe, waseka iphephancwadi yokuqala professional ngamashishini wadala umatshini ukulungelelaniswa unocanda.

Ngowe-1938, eKharkov yavula umzi-mveliso ekuveliseni izixhobo ezizodwa, apho bakhululwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo Gyro M-1 kunye nobunzulu DA-2.

umsebenzi ofanelekileyo - imivuzo ephucukileyo

In tsarist Russia, uvumo yenjineli belusoloko ophezulu kwaye kakuhle ihlawulwe. Ipatiev House ithiywe emva injineli Ipatiev, umnini yokugqibela ipomakazi lendlu. Unobhala kwinqanaba eliphezulu Royal unako ukuhlawula iindleko zonyango ekhaya baze baphile kamnandi. Kumaxesha Soviet, le okukhethekile "injineli-unocanda" akazange abe naluphi na ukhuphiswano. Mhlawumbi ngoku into iya kutshintsha.