Uluhlu lwezityalo zamandla zenyukliya Russian. Zingaphi izityalo senyukliya Russia

physics Nuclear, njengoko kwabakho inzululwazi emva kokuba ukufunyanwa ngo-1986 of oosonzululwazi radioactivity Becquerel kunye Marie Curie, waba sisiseko kuphela izixhobo zenyukliya kodwa ushishino lwenyukliya.

Qala Uphando Nuclear eRashiya

Sele Radium Commission yasekwa ngo-1910 e-St Petersburg, eziquka zezinto ezaziwayo-kakuhle NN Beketov, A. P. Karpinsky, VI Vernadsky.

Uphononongo lwe radioactivity kwiinkqubo kunye kuphuma amandla lwangaphakathi olwenziwa kwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso samandla enyukliya eRashiya, kwisithuba ukususela ngowe-1921 ukuya 1941. Emva koko, kungqineke neutron kunokwenzeka capture protons ithuba isondlo esivakalayo samalungu reactions zenyukliya yi ngokucandeka of uranium.

Phantsi kolawulo abasebenzi I. V. Kurchatova yamaziko kumasebe ahlukeneyo sele kuqhutyelwa ukuba umsebenzi ethile malunga nokuphunyezwa kwe-chain reaction of uranium ngokucandeka.

Ngexesha ukwakhiwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya USSR

Ngo-1940, iye efunde amava omkhulu manani kwaye aluncedo, eye wavumela izazinzulu ukucebisa zobunkokeli kwilizwe lethu Nngokobuchwepheshe usebenzise amandla enkulu atomic. Ngowe-1941, i-cyclotron yokuqala, nto leyo eyenza uphando eyondeleleneyo excitation of nuclei okukhawulezayo ion yakhiwe eMoscow. Ekuqaleni kwezixhobo imfazwe yafudukela Ufa kunye Kazan, kunye nabasebenzi kufuneka uhambe.

Ngo-1943 kwakukho kwilebhu ekhethekileyo ngumongo atom phantsi kobunkokheli I. V. Kurchatova, injongo yaba kukudala ukuqhushumba yenyukliya okanye amafutha uranium.

Ukusetyenziswa iziqhushumbisi atomic-United States ngoAgasti 1945 iHiroshima Nagasaki wadala umzekelo lobunini yedwa of superweapon eli lizwe kwaye kwanyanzeleka eSoviet Union ukukhawulezisa umsebenzi ukudala ibhombu yayo zenyukliya.

Isiphumo yamanyathelo lombutho yaba bekusungulwa neyuranium-mifanekiso reactor zenyukliya zokuqala eRashiya kwidolophana Sarov (Gorky Region) ngo-1946. Xa reactor uvavanyo F-1 kwaye kulawulwa kuqala ngeeatom lwenziwa.

reactor Industrial zokuxhobisa neplutoniyam yakhiwa ngo-1948 eChelyabinsk. Ngowe-1949, uvavanyo luqhutyiwe intlawulo yenyukliya neplutoniyam kwindawo elaliseLo- Semipalatinsk.

Esi sigaba yaqala kwimbali wokulungiselela zamandla enyukliya zasekhaya. Kwaye ngo-1949, umsebenzi kuyilo yokwakha mveliso wenyukliya zaqalwa.

Ngowe-1954 e Obninsk ziphehlelele (yedemo) ufakelo zenyukliya zokuqala ehlabathini amandla asezantsi kakhulu (5 MW).

Industrial reactor ezimbini-injongo, apho ukongezelela ukuvelisa umbane lokwandisa ngakumbi neplutoniyam izixhobo kwibakala, wafakwa Tomsk (Seversk) kwi woMchiza laseSiberia.

amandla enyukliya Russian: iintlobo zamandla

amandla enyukliya eSoviet Union ekuqaleni ingqalelo ukusetyenziswa kubenzi ophezulu-ngamandla:

• Oku- thermal reactor RBMK (RBMK); Amafutha - yacebisa kancinane uranium dayokhsayidi (2%), i retarder reaction - grafayithi njengesipholisi - ukubilisa amanzi lingadlulanga deuterium kunye eziFihliweyo (amanzi ukukhanya).
• I-reactor WWER (VVER) neutron thermal zifakwe sityeni kontanga, amafutha - uranium dioxide ahlanganiswe 3-5% Imodareyitha - amanzi, nje ikwa njengesipholisi.
• BN-600 - neutron reactor fast, amafutha - ahlanganiswe uranium njengesipholisi - sodium. reactor kuphela hlabathi woqoqosho kolu hlobo. Kuhlohlwe kwisikhululo Beloyarsk.
• EGP - reactor thermal (energy loop owahlukeneyo) isebenza kuphela Bilibino. Ungachazwa ukuba nobushushu le njengesipholisi (amanzi) ithatha indawo reactor ngokwayo. Zibonakaliswa, isenzakalo.

Xa zizonke, Russia kunganyusa NPP ukusebenza namhlanje iiyunithi 33 ezingama umthamo phezu 2.300 MW:

• VVER - iiyunithi 17;
• zamandla RMBK - iiyunithi ezili-11;
• zamandla BN - 1 unit;
• zamandla EGP - iibhloko 4.

Uluhlu republic Russian kunye Soviet NPP ixesha ngegalelo ukususela ngo-1954 ukusa kowama-2001.

1. 1954, Obninsk, Obninsk, ukulungela kwiNgingqi. Injongo - Imiboniso nezamashishini. uhlobo reactor - AM-1. Imisiwe ngo 2002
2. 1958, eSiberia, Tomsk-7 kummandla (Seversk) Tomsk. Injongo - ukuphuhlisa neplutoniyam izixhobo-grade, ubushushu ezongezelelweyo kunye namanzi ashushu ukuze Seversk kunye Tomsk. uhlobo reactor - EI-2, 3-Ade, Ade-4, 5-Ade. Ekugqibeleni wayeka ngo-2008 phantsi kwisivumelwano ne-United States.
3. 1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). Iintlobo ziko - Ade, Ade 1, Ade-2. Injongo - ukuphuhlisa neplutoniyam izixhobo-grade ukufudumeza isityalo processing ekrwada e Krasnoyarsk. Angayeka lokugqibela lwaqhutywa ngo-2010 phantsi kwisivumelwano ne-United States.
4. 1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk kwiNgingqi. Iintlobo ziko - AMB 100, AMB-200, BN-600 kunye BN-800. AMB-100 wama-1983, i-AMB-200 - kugwayimbo 1990.
5. 1964, Novovoronezh NPP. uhlobo reactor - VVER iibhloko ezintlanu. Angayeka yokuqala neyesibini. Isimo - nomsinga.
6. 1968, Dimitrovogradskaya, Melekess isixeko (Dimitrovgrad 1972) kummandla Ulyanovsk. Iindidi esekwe zamandla uphando - WORLD SM RBT-6, ummelwane-60 RBT-10/1 RBT-10/2, VC-50. Janai-60 kunye VC-50 ukuvelisa umbane olongezelelweyo. Rhoqo eyandisiweyo ixesha stop. Isimo - isikhululo kuphela zamandla zophando. lokuvala Uqikelelo - 2020.
7. 1972, Shevchenko (Mangyshlak), Aktau, Kazakhstan. BN, wayeka ngo-1990.
8. 1973, Kola NPP, ummandla Polar Zori Murmansk. Four VVER. Isimo - nomsinga.
9. 1973, Leningrad, Sosnovy Janai, ummandla iLeningrad. Ezine reactor RMBK-1000 (ziyafana iChernobyl). Isimo - nomsinga.
10. 1974. Bilibino NPP Bilibino, Chukotka elizimeleyo indlela buthelezi. Iintlobo zamandla - AMB (wayeka njengangoku), BN kunye ezine EGP. Ukwenza.
11. 1976. Kursk, ummandla Kurchatov Kursk. zamandla ezine RMBK-1000. Ukwenza.
12. 1976. Armenian, ka Metsamor, Armenia. kuqala wayeka ngo-1989, iyunithi VVER ezimbini, isenzo yesibini.
13. 1977. Chernobyl, Chernobyl, Ukraine. zamandla ezine RMBK-1000. I ibloko wesine yatshatyalaliswa ngowama-1986, iyunithi yesibini wayeka ngo-1991, okokuqala - ngo-1996, lo wesithathu - ngo-2000
14. 1980. Rovno, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne mmandla., Ukraine. iiyunithi ezintathu zamandla VVER. Ukwenza.
15. 1982. ESmolensk, Desnogorsk kummandla ESmolensk, iiyunithi ezimbini kunye VVER-1000 RMBK. Ukwenza.
16. 1982. South Ukraine NPP Yuzhnoukrainsk, ummandla Mykolayiv., Ukraine. VVER ezintathu. Ukwenza.
17. 1983. Ignalina, Visaginas (owayesakuba kwisithili Ignalina), Lithuania. Ezimbini RMBK reactor. ngesicelo i-European Union wayeka ngo-2009 (kunye ukungena kulo eEC).
18. 1984. Esibizwa NPP, ummandla Udomlya yaseTver. VVER ezimbini. Ukwenza.
19. 1984. Zaporozhye, Energodar, Ukraine. iibhloko ezintandathu VVER. Ukwenza.
20. 1985. Balakovo, Balakovo, ummandla Saratov. Four VVER. Ukwenza.
21. 1987. Khmelnytsky, Neteshin, Khmelnitsky mmandla., Ukraine. Enye VVER. Ukwenza.
22. 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, ummandla Rostov. Ngo-2014, ukusebenza kwiibloko ezimbini zamandla VVER. iiyunithi ezimbini zisakhiwa.

amandla enyukliya emva kwengozi eChernobyl

1986 kwaba yingozi ukulungiselela ushishino. Imiphumo intlekele ezenziwe baba ezingalindelekanga ukuze uluntu ukuba angxamele yemvelo ukuvalwa izityalo ezininzi zamandla enyukliya. Inani lezityalo zamandla enyukliya ehlabathini jikelele lehla. Bamiswa yiSoviet Union phantsi sakhiwo hayi izikhululo zasekhaya kuphela, kodwa phesheya.

Uluhlu lwezityalo zamandla zenyukliya Russian, ukwakhiwa apho wamiswa:

• Gorkovskaya AST (ukufudumeza sisityalo);
• eCrimea;
• Voronezh AST.

Uluhlu ephehla Russian enyukliya, ecinyiweyo ngexesha uyilo kunye ezayame zokuzilungiselela:

• Arkhangelsk;
• Volgograd;
• East Far;
• Ivanovskaia AST (ukufudumeza sisityalo);
• Karelian Karelian NPP NPP-2;
• Krasnodar.

izityalo amandla enyukliya ishiywe Russia: Oonobangela

Ukufumana ukwakhiwa isiza kwi asilotyala ziitectonic plates - izizathu ezicatshulweyo imithombo ezisemthethweni ekulondolozweni zokwakha amandla enyukliya Russian. Imephu kwemimandla obukhulu wenyikima yelizwe Ozahlulayo eCrimea-Caucasus-Kopetdag zone izimvu ingxabano, zeAltai-Sayan, East Far kunye Priamurskaya.

Ukusuka lo mbono isikhululo zokwakha iCrimea (block yokuqala ukukulungela - 80%) eneneni waqala ngokungeyomfuneko. Esona sizathu sibangela ukuba kulondolozwe amandla ezishiyekileyo njengoko ebizayo waba imeko esibi - kwintlekele yoqoqosho kwi USSR. Ngaloo xesha ke ilondolozwe (ngokoqobo aphoswe kwi kabi), amaziko amaninzi mveliso, nangona iqondo eliphezulu lokulungela.

Rostov NPP: kut- ukwakhiwa yavota izimvo zoluntu

Ukwakhiwa isityalo yaqalwa ngo-1981 Ngowe-1990, phantsi kwengcinezelo umphakathi esebenzayo liBhunga leNgingqi yamkela isigqibo malunga nokwakhiwa zolondolozo. 47% - ukulungela kwibhloko wokuqala ngelo xesha sele 95% kunye 2nd lowo.

kweminyaka esibhozo kamva, ngowe-1998, iye yahlaziywa uyilo lokuqala, inani leeyunithi kuyehla ezimbini. NgoMeyi 2000, ukwakha saqalwa yaye ngoMeyi 2001 icandelo lokuqala ivuliwe grid. Ukuqala kunyaka ozayo, uye waqhubeka ukwakhiwa yesibini. Ukuphehlelelwa lokugqibela eli laye lamiselwa amanye amaxesha amaninzi, yaye ngoMatshi 2010 eyayibanjelwe uqhagamshelwano yayo kwegridi ye-Russian Federation.

unit Rostov NPP 3

Ngo-2009, kwathathwa isigqibo malunga nophuhliso Rostov amandla enyukliya ngokubiyelwa ngeebhloko zakhe ezine ngokusekelwe zamandla VVER.

Ngenxa imeko yangoku kwi umthengisi mzuzu lombane usingasiqithi iCrimea kufuneka abe Rostov NPP. 3 unit ngoDisemba 2014 yaye aqhagamshelwe kwindlela amandla ka Russian Federation de amandla ubuncinane. Phakathi kowe-2015 sihlelwe ukuqala umsebenzi zorhwebo (1011 MW), nekufuneka ukunciphisa ingozi yokuba ubonelelo elifutshane umbane Ukraine eCrimea.

amandla enyukliya in Russian yanamhlanje

Ngu ekuqaleni kuka-2015 zonke izityalo amandla enyukliya Russia (ezikhoyo phantsi kolwakhiwo) ezi nkampani ze "Rosenergoatom 'inkxalabo. Ixesha lobunzima kweli candelo nobunzima neelahleko iye yasuswa. Ngu ekuqaleni kuka-2015 eRashiya kukho izityalo amandla 10 enyukliya phantsi kolwakhiwo - 5 emhlabeni yaye omnye station zokudada.

Uluhlu lwezityalo samandla enyukliye Russian elisebenza ekuqaleni kuka-2015:

• Beloyarsk (kokuqalisa ukusebenza - 1964).
• Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant (1964).
• Kola Nuclear Power Plant (1973).
• Leningrad (1973).
• Bilibino (1974).
• Kursk (1976).
• ESmolensk (1982).
• Esibizwa NPP (1984).
• Balakovo (1985).
• Rostov (2001).

izityalo amandla enyukliya Russian phantsi ukwakhiwa

• Baltic NPP, ummandla Neman, Kaliningrad. iibhloko ezimbini ngokwesiseko zamandla VVER-1200. Ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-2012. Qala - ngo-2017, amandla ezenzelwe - ngo-2018

Kucetywa ukuba kwiBaltic NPP uya kumazwe umbane kumazwe aseYurophu: Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia. intengiso umbane eRashiya iza kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ngamandla Lithuanian.

• Beloyarsk NPP-2, Zarechny, ummandla Sverdlovsk, kwi sayithi yangoku. Enye unit - esekelwe kwi-BN-800 reactor. Lalenze isicwangciso sokuba sungula ngo-2014 sele utshintshile ngenxa ubonelelo elifutshane Ukraine ngokunxulumene iziganeko zobupolitika 2014.
• Leningrad NPP-2 Sosnovy Janai, ummandla iLeningrad. station Chetyrehblokovaya ngokusekelwe zamandla VVER-1200. Iya abambele Sela (iLeningrad). Le yunithi lokuqala icetyelwe ukwazisa ngo-2015, oku kulandelayo - 2017, 2018, 2019. ngokulandelelana.
• Novovoronezh NPP-2 Novovoronezh kummandla Voronezh, hayi kude intshukumo. Ngaba endaweni ulwakhiwo awayecwangcisiwe iibhloko ezine, kuqala - ngokusekelwe kwi VVER-1200 zamandla, oku kulandelayo - VVER-1300. Ukuqala umthamo yoyilo i - ngo-2015 (i-unit lokuqala).
• Rostov (cm. Ngaphezu).

Nuclear Power Industry Ehlabathini: isishwankathelo

Kwinxalenye yaseYurophu yelizwe yakhiwe phantse zonke izityalo amandla enyukliya Russian. Imephu lungiselelo zomhlaba izityalo amandla enyukliya ibonisa lwee- izinto mimandla zine zilandelayo: Europe, eMpuma Ekude (iJapan, China, Korea), kuMbindi Mpuma, Central America. Ngokutsho IAEA, malunga 440 reactor zenyukliya esebenza ngo-2014.

izityalo amandla enyukliya bebekelwa kumazwe alandelayo:

• US izityalo amandla enyukliya avelisa 836 630 000 000 kWh / ngonyaka ..;
• eFransi - 439 730 000 000 kWh / ngonyaka ;.
• Japan - 263 830 000 000 kWh / ngonyaka ;.
• e Russia - 160 040 000 000 kWh / ngonyaka ;.
• e Korea - 142 940 000 000 kWh / ngonyaka ;.
• e Germany - 140 530 000 000 kWh / ngonyaka ..