Ulwandle Mina (ifoto)

ulwandle Mina liqulathwe-ngokwalo isixhobo iziqhushumbisi zibekwe emanzini ukuze ukonakalisa okanye ekutshatyalalisweni nenqanawa iinqanawa, ngwenya, neziye, izikhephe zokuloba kunye nezinye watercraft. Ngokungafaniyo iintlawulo ubunzulu ezimayini kwi "ebuthongweni" karhulumente de yakudibana broadside isitya. kwimigodi Naval ingasetyenziswa zokusetyenziswa umonakalo ngqo utshaba kuphazamise nentshukumo yayo kumacala qhinga. Ngo komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, aqhube imithetho imfazwe sam esekwe 8 1907 Hague Convention.

ngezigaba

imigodi Sea zihlelwa ngokwezi khrayitheriya zilandelayo:

• Uhlobo kwentlawulo - rhoqo, ezizodwa (nuclear).
• Degree of selectivity - izinto njengesiqhelo (nayiphi na injongo), unyulo (ukuqaphela iimpawu sikhephe).
• Ukulawula iimeko - eqhutywa (ngocingo, yiacoustic, unomathotholo), engakhokelwa.
• Multiplicities - multiple (kwangaphambili inani iinjongo), non-ezininzi.
• Uhlobo fuse - non-contact (zokuqala, hydrodynamic, yiacoustic magnetic), qhagamshelana (antenna, electric &) zidityanisiwe.
• Uhlobo yofakelo - homing (inomzimba), pop, ukuqubha, ezantsi, ankile.

Mines ukuba jikelele elirhangqiweyo okanye seqanda (ngaphandle m-torpedoes) Isanti ukusuka kwisiqingatha semitha ukuya kwiimitha ezili-6 (okanye ngaphezulu) ubukhulu. Zibambelela lubonakala ngokuba isigxina ukuya ku-350 kg, ezantsi - phezulu ukuya ngetoni nganye.

ulwazi zembali

Kuba okokuqala imigodi ulwandle sele isetyenziswe yi-Chinese ngenkulungwane ye-14. Yila kwawo ilula kakhulu: amanzi itha Umphanda kwazo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni umsonto oxhaswa phezu komhlaba esijingayo. Kufuneka ukuze zisetyenziswe ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukucwangcisa ngomlilo nomsonto. Ukusetyenziswa izakhiwo ezinjalo ifunyenwe sele azibhala kwenkulungwane ye-16 kwi-China enye, kodwa njengoko blaster esetyenziswa yi yindlela ngakumbi flintlock zobugcisa. imigodi Kuphuculwe ukulwa namapirates Japanese.

EYurophu, emgodini yokuqala aselwandle yasungulwa ngo-1574 liNgesi Ralph Rabbardsom. Kwinkulungwane kamva, i-umDatshi uCornelis Drebbel, abalungiselelayo Ordnance kwiSebe eNgilani, wacela ukuba bayile angasebenzi "crackers ezidadayo."

uphuhliso american

Isakhiwo emangalisa ngokwenene lwalwenziwe eUnited States ngexesha leMfazwe of Independence nguDavide Bushnell (1777). Loo nomgqomo efanayo, kodwa mayixhotyiswe ngesixhobo zicace ngendlela ukunqanda ingozi igobhogobho inqanawa leyo.

Xa phakathi War Civil (1861) eUnited States ngu Alfred Vaud wasungula kabini-hulled ezidadayo sam elwandle. Igama ukukhetha kumlungela - "umatshini wesihogo". Le into Iyadubula ungahlaliswa itankana yesinyithi, ibekwe phantsi kwamanzi, nto leyo igcinwe kwakudada phezu kwamanzi ndiyindla yamaplanga, kwangaxeshanye waba esijingayo kunye yokuqhumisa.

uphuhliso lwasekhaya

Ngokuba lixesha zokuqala fuse yombane ukuba i "umatshini wesihogo 'yasungulwa yi injineli Russian Paul Schilling ngo-1812. Ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni ongaphumelelanga ka Kronstadt, imikhumbi Anglo-French (1854) kwi iCrimea War omkhulu-obuvunyiweyo aselwandle uyilo am Jacobi kunye Nobel. Elinesihlanu lamakhulu obala "oomatshini wesihogo" asingabo kuphela kulo phantsi intshukumo utshaba fleet, kodwa bona babe kwinqanawa ezintathu ezinkulu baseBritani nazo yonakele.

Mina Jacobi-Nobel ilifa ukubagcina ikhona (kusetyenziswa amagumbi emoyeni) kwaye ezifunekayo kule eYafo ngokuyidadisa. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuba uyifake ngasese emanzini, sijinga phezu kwimixokelelwane, okanye ukuvumela ukuhamba.

Kamva, belizwe zisetyenziswa spheroconical zam phenyane, iba ubunzulu ezifunwayo kunye isefu encinane avulekile okanye ankile. Ekuqaleni isicelo emfazweni Russian-Turkish (1877-1878 gg.) Yaye wema phezu fleet axhobe kangcono ukuya 1960.

anchor Mine

Kukholelwa e ofunekayo ekupheleni ubunzulu iankile - ngentambo. iisampuli Pritaplivanie lokuqala hlengiso manual ubude USB, nto leyo efunekayo ixesha elininzi. ULieutenant Azarov uyilo olucetywayo ikuvumela ukuba ufake ngokuzenzekelayo imigodi yolwandle.

Icebo yafakwa kunye nenkqubo umthwalo abaphambili kunye ngaphezu umthwalo iiankile. Umgca iankile inxeba phezu igubu. Phantsi yempembelelo umthwalo kunye igubu iankile kukhululwa iziqhoboshi, kwaye isiphelo unwound ukusuka igubu. Xa umthwalo lufika ezantsi, amandla bawurhuqa ekupheleni nokuphungulwa kunye ngesiciko igubu, apho i "umatshini wesihogo" zitshone ukuya kubunzulu ehambisana umgama ukusuka umthwalo ukuya ankile.

Ukuqala lwekhulu XX

imigodi ulwandle kakhulu ziye zasetyenziswa kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Ngexesha inboxer Imvukelo China (1899-1901 gg.) Umkhosi Imperial geni umlambo Hayfe, eziquka indlela eya eBeijing. I kuqala ukulwa zam zenzeka ngxabano Russian-Japanese ngo-1905, xa omabini amaqela ngenkuthalo usebenzisa imiqobo ubunzima-yimveliso kunye ngokutyhoboza of minefields usebenzisa leenqanawa.

Oku kuye beluphindwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. kwimigodi aselwandle German kuthintele ukugaleleka amajoni aseBritani kwaye kwathintela nezenzo kwizithuthi Russian. Lweenqanawa ezintywilayo geni iindlela zorhwebo, iindawo kunye ezingxingongweni. Amanyeneyo akazange ahlale ematyaleni, phantse ngokunqamla iJamani iziphumo North Sea (oku wathabatha 70 000 min). Inani lilonke kusetyenziswa "umatshini wesihogo" ziingcali kuqikelelwa kwiiyunithi 235.000.

imigodi elwandle Second World War

Ngexesha lemfazwe kumazwe zemidlalo aselwandle eyaqala malunga imigodi kwesigidi sele zinikelwe, kubandakanywa amanzi eSoviet Union - ngaphezulu kwe-160 000. iJamani zasekwa izixhobo zokufa elwandle, amachibi, imilambo, womkhenkce kuLwandle Kara kunye esezantsi ye-OB River. Ebaleka, utshaba geni alala izibuko, ukuhlaselwa, ezibukweni. Ingakumbi ndikhohlakele waba imfazwe sam kuLwandle lweBaltic, apho amaJamani kuphela Gulf of Finland wahlangulwa iziqwenga ngaphezu kwama-70 000.

Ngenxa udubulo zam yazika iinqanawa malunga 8,000 kunye nempahla. Ukongeza, amawaka iinqanawa zonakala kanobom. Xa amanzi aseYurophu sele kwixesha kwempi e kwimigodi ulwandle nophondo phezulu iinqanawa 558, 290 apho batshoniswe. Ngosuku lokuqala wemfazwe ingumtshabalalisi aseBalti eyivuthele "ngumsindo 'yaye Cruiser" Mxim Gorky ".

ezimayini German

iinjineli German ekuqaleni kwemfazwe Amanyeneyo amangaliswa kunye iindidi ezintsha high-ngobuchule imigodi kunye fuse ngemagnethi. ulwandle Mina bavuthela nje qha. Inqanawa leyo ngokwaneleyo ukudada ikufutshane ngokwaneleyo intlawulo obulalayo. Its okubulala ngokwaneleyo kwibhodi umonakalo. iinqanawa ezonakeleyo kwafuneka ukuphazamisa mission babuya ukuze ilungiswe.

Avela ahleleleke fleet IsiNgesi. Churchill ngokwakhe wabeka phambili liphakamileyo ukuphuhlisa isakhiwo esifanayo, kwaye lifumane indlela eyiyo imigodi msulwa, kodwa iingcali aseBritani bengakwazi ukuba atyhile kubuchwepheshe mfihlakalo. Kwathi ngamabona-ndenzile. Enye ndalahlelwa imizuzu German moya exabileyo eludakeni unxweme. Ndafumanisa ukuba indlela udubule waba kunokuba kwaye zisekelwe phezu mhlaba otsalayo yomhlaba. Uphando uye wanceda ukudala minesweepers olusebenzayo.

ezimayini Soviet

kwimigodi aselwandle eSoviet babengenayo enobuchwepheshe, kodwa akukho ngaphantsi olusebenzayo. Esisetyenziselwa CB "Crab" umfuziselo AG. "Crab" kwaba sam ankile. CB-1 iingalo yamkelwa 1931, ngo-1940 - ziphuculwe KB-3. Eyenzelwe minefields abaninzi, konke ukulahlwa imikhumbi ekuqaleni kwemfazwe kwakukho malunga 8,000 iiyunithi. Ekubeni ubude oziimitha ezi-2 kunye ubunzima ngeetoni 230 yunithi ibamba kg iziqhushumbisi.

Mina eriyali nzulu (AG) sasetyenziswa lweenqanawa ezintywilayo izikhukula kunye neenqanawa, kwakunye nobunzima yokukhangela kotshaba izithuthi. Enyanisweni kwaba nenguqulo CB ukuya izixhobo eriyali. Xa ukulwa ndihleli olwandle phakathi eriyali ezimbini zobhedu ebulungelelanisile amandla ombane. Xa touch eriyali istili ye ngwenya okanye athumele imali enokubakho iphazamisekile, ebangela ukuvalwa zombane fuse wesekethe. Enye yeyam "ezilawulwa" 60 leemitha indawo. iimpawu ngokubanzi bahambelana imodeli CB. Kamva eriyali copper (efuna 30 kg metal ezixabisekileyo) zathathelwa indawo ngentsimbi, imveliso uphawulo AGSB ifunyenwe. Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuba igama lam ulwandle imodeli AGSB: Uthi eriyali yentsimbi nzulu kunye nezixhobo, ndawonye zibe iyunithi enye.

zavunyelwa Mine

Emva kweminyaka engama-70 kwimigodi aselwandle of the World Second aveze kukho isoyikiso uxolo Company. Inani elikhulu kubo namanje ndawo ezinzulwini oLwandle iBaltic. 1945,% 7 kuphela imigodi zaye defused, kwaye abanye wathabatha elishumi eyingozi umsebenzi isentimitha.

Isihlabo iphambili umzabalazo kunye yam elele ngaloo msimelelo iinqanawa, minesweepers kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe. Kuphela yiSoviet Union oko wabandakanyeka leenqanawa malunga 2,000 kwaye ukuya ku-100 000 abantu kwabasebenzi. Neqondo lomngcipheko iphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu rhoqo eziphikisanayo:

• imida olungaziwayo lwe minefields;
• ufakelo ezahlukeneyo ukujula min;
• uhlobo min (ababekungxamele, eriyali, kunye izabatha, noncontact umzantsi izixhobo ngokungxamisekileyo kunye ubuninzi);
• eliqela kunokwenzeka kwimigodi unexploded.

technology trawling

Efunyenwe indlela kude ogqibeleleyo yaye eyingozi. Esichengeni yasha yimigodi, ubeneenqanawa nge eneziqhushumbisi yaye emisa trawl. Ngoko ke uxinzelelo imeko lomgadi abantu ukulinda kuqhuma obulalayo.

TRAWL kungangabikho kunye neendlela zam (ukuba asingeniswanga ngemali phantsi inqanawa okanye trawl) kufuneka kutshatyalaliswa. Xa ulwandle rough kuqhotyoshelwe umxhasi ephazamisayo. Ukubukela imigodi yayo uphumezo ikhuseleke kakhulu imipu yomkhosi wamanzi, njengoko kusoloko kukho iqokobhe bamhlabayo emgodini iqokobhe ingafiki fuse. zam Unexploded emkhosini walala phezu komhlaba, emele entsha, akusekho efanele ekupheliseni ingozi.

isiphelo

zam yomkhosi wamanzi, ifoto usenza ukoyika enye kuphela umbono nangoku loyikekayo, iyabulala, kunye nezixhobo cheap. Devices baye baba "ukhaliphile" ngakumbi yaye zinamandla ngakumbi. Kukho uphuhliso kunye kwentlawulo zenyukliya lusekiwe. Ukongeza kwezi ntlobo, kukho mfutho, Shestov, ezweni, nokuzeyisa ngokwaso kunye nezinye "oomatshini somlilo."