Ulwazi lwekhono lokukhumbula imemori

Isixa solwazi oluluncedo esinokulondoloza kwifomu yekhompyutheni lugqitywe ngumthamo wesicaciso esithile. Uncedo kakhulu kule ndawo yokujonga yimemori yefowuni. Isici sezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo ngokuqhelekileyo sibizwa ngokuba ngumthamo ophezulu kunye nobukhulu obuncinane bomphathi.

Yintoni imemori yefowuni?

Leli gama lohlobo lwetheknoloji ye-semiconductor ekwakheni imemori ekhutshwe ngombane. Kwesekethe, eli yigama elipheliswe kwindlela yokubukela kwezobugcisa ekwakheni izixhobo zokugcina ezigcinwe ngokusisigxina.

Ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ibinzana elithi "imemori ye-flash" isetyenziselwa ukubhekisela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokugcina izinto ezisetyenziswayo usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo. Iintlobo ezibalulekileyo eziye zabangela ukusasazwa kwazo ngokubanzi:

1. Ukuhambelana.
2. Ixabiso eliphantsi.
3. Amandla amatshini.
4. Umthamo omkhulu.
5. Ukukhawuleza komsebenzi.
6. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi.

Ngombulelo, yonke imemori yefowuni inokufumaneka kwiidivaysi ezininzi eziphathekayo zedijithali, kunye nakuboninzi beendaba zokugcina. Hayi, kukho ukuphazamiseka, njengexesha elincinci lokulondolozwa kobugcisa lomphathiswa kunye novelwano ekukhutsheni kwe-electrostatic. Kodwa yintoni amandla okukhumbula imemori? Akunakwenzeka ukuba uqikelele, kodwa zama. Ubungakanani obukhulu bememori yefowuni lunokufikelela ezinobungakanani obukhulu: ngoko, naphezu kobukhulu obuncinci, abathwali beenkcukacha kwi-128 GB ngokuthengiswa kwamahhala ngoku ke bambalwa abantu baya kumangaliswa. Kungekudala umzuzu xa i-Tb ye-1 ingabonakali kakhulu.

Imbali yendalo

Abacebisi baqwalasela izixhobo zememori ezisisigxina, ezachithwa ngoncedo lwe-ultraviolet kunye nombane. Kwakhona baneematrice ezijikelezayo ezaziphethe isango elijikelezayo. Kuphela apha ubunjineli bee-elektronike zenziwa ngokudala amandla eninzi kagesi ombane wesitya esincinci. Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo, indawo yombane wezakhi ezihanjiswe kumatrix yanda ngokukhawuleza, xa kwakudingeka ukudala insimu yokutshatyalaliswa okuphambeneyo.

Kwakunzima kwiinjineli ukuxazulula ingxaki ngobuninzi bezakhi zamaketanga. Ngowe-1984, yaphunyezwa ngempumelelo, kwaye ngenxa yokufana kweenkqubo kunye ne-flash, iteknoloji entsha ibizwa ngokuba "flash" (ngesiNgesi - "flash").

Umgaqo wokusebenza

Isekelwe ekurekhodweni nasekutshintsheni i-charge kagesi, esekuhlaleni elikude kwesakhiwo se-semiconductor. Ezi nkqubo zenzeka phakathi komthombo omkhulu kunye nesango ukufumana umbane wendawo yamandla kwisitya esincinci esibekwe apha, ukwenzela ukuba oku kunokwenkqalo kwindlela yokubonakala kombane phakathi kwesikhwama kunye nomzila wesithinteli. Ukuphucula, sebenzisa ukukhawuleza okukhawuleza kwee-elektrons, kwaye ke ukujova kwezithuthi ezitshisayo kwenzeka. Ulwazi lokufunda luphathiswe kwi- transistor yesiphumo sommandla. I-pocket isebenza njenge-shutter. Ubungakanani bayo bunokutshintsha iimpawu zomgca we-transistor, ezirekhodwa ngokufunda iisekethe. Uyilo lunezinto ezinokuthi zisebenze kunye nenqwaba yamaseli afanayo. Ngenxa yobukhulu becala bezo zonke iinkcukacha, umthamo wememori yefowuni iyamangalisa.

Izixhobo ze-NOR nakwi-NAND

Ziyaziwa ngendlela esetyenziswe njengesiseko sokujoyina iiseli kwindawo enye, kwakunye nokufunda nokubhala izilungiso. Ukwakhiwa kwe-NOR kusekelwe kumatriki omgangatho wesibini wokuba ngabaqhubi, apho kukho enye iseli kwinqanaba lamakholomu kunye nemiqolo. Ngethuba lentshukumo, umqhubi womgca uxhumeke kwi-drain of the transistor, kwaye iikholomu zidibanisa isango lesibini. Umthombo uqhagamshelwe kwi-substrate, eqhelekileyo kubo bonke. Olu lwakhiwo lwenza kube lula ukufunda imeko yomshenxiselwano othile ngokunikezela ngamandla amandla kwelinye icala kunye nekholomu enye.

Ukucinga ukuba yiyiphi i-NAND, cingela i-3D. Isekelwe kumatrix ofanayo. Kodwa akukho sitshintshi esisodwa sisendaweni nganye, kodwa kukho ikholamu yonke sele ifakiwe, equkethe amaseli axhunyiwe ngokulandelelana. Olu qulunqo lunamathanga amaninzi esango kwinqanaba elilodwa. Kule meko, unokwandisa kakhulu (kwaye oku kusetyenziswa) ubuninzi bezinto. Ingcipheko kukuba i-algorithm yokurekhoda, ukufikelela nokufunda iseli yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. KWE-NOR, isivinini siyinzuzo, kwaye ukungonakali kukuphezulu kwenkcazelo yolwazi lwe-flash memory. Kwi-NAND, ubukhulu budibanisa kunye, kwaye i-minus isantya.

I-SLC- kunye ne-MLC-devices

Kukho amacebo angagcina enye okanye ngaphezulu kweengcombolo zolwazi. Kulo hlobo lokuqala kukho kuphela amanqanaba amabini okuhlawulwa kwe-shutter evaliweyo. Ezi iiseli zibizwa ngokuba yiiseli enye. Kwabanye, kukho ngaphezulu. Iiseli ezininzi ezininzi zibizwa ngokuba ngama-cell level level. Isalathiso njengoko kubonakala ngathi, bahluke kwixabiso elincinci kunye nomthamo (ngomqondo ochanekileyo), nangona baphendula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye banokubandezeleka kwinani elincinci le-overwrites.

Imemori yomsindo

Njengoko i-MLC yaveliswa, kwavela imbono yokubhala uphawu lwe - analog kwiseli. Isiphumo esifumene sathotyelwa kwii-microcircuits, ezibandakanya ukuveliswa kweziqhekeza ezincinci ezincinci kwiimveliso ezincinci (amathoyizi, umzekelo, amakhadi anesandi kunye nezinto ezifanayo).

Ukusilela kwezobuchwepheshe

Iinkqubo zokurekhoda nokufunda ziyahlukana nokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ngoko ke, okokuqala kuyimfuneko ukwakha umbane ophezulu. Ngelo xesha, xa ufunda iindleko zamandla zincinci.

Ukurekhoda imithombo

Xa ishintsho sitshintsha, utshintsho olungenakuguquka kwisakhiwo lukopishwa. Ngoko ke, inani lokungeniswa kweseli lilinganiselwe. Ngokuxhomekeka kwimemori kunye nenkqubo yezobuchwepheshe, amadivayisi angaphila amakhulu eminyaka yemijikelezo (nangona kukho abameli abathile abangazange bafike kwi-1000).

Kwizixhobo ezininzi zebhanki, isixhobo esiqinisekisiwe siphantsi ngokuthelekiswa nolunye uhlobo lwenhlangano. Kodwa kutheni idivaysi ngokwayo ihlaziya? Inyaniso kukuba awukwazi ukulawula ngabanye abantu inkokhelo, eneesango elijikelezayo kwiseli nganye. Emva koko, ukurekhoda kunye nokucima kwenziwa ngokusetyenzwa ngexesha elifanayo. Ulawulo lomgangatho lwenziwa ngendleko ephakathi okanye ngeselfowuni yesalathisi. Ngethuba lexesha, ukungahambi kakuhle kuyenzeka, kwaye inkokhelo inokudlulela ngaphaya komda owamkelekileyo, emva koko ulwazi alukwazi ukufunda. Emva koko imeko iyancipha.

Esinye isizathu kukuba ukwahlukana ngokusemthethweni kwimihlaba yokuqhuba nokukhusela kwisakhiwo semiconductor. Ngelo xesha, kukho ukuphazamiseka kombane, okukhokelela ekuphazamiseni imida, kunye nekhadi leememori khadi liphuma ngaphandle komyalelo.

Ixesha lokugcina idatha

Ekubeni ukugxininisa kwipokothini akuyona into efanelekileyo, ihlawuliswa ngokukhawuleza. Ngokuqhelekileyo ixesha apho ulwazi lugcinwa li malunga neminyaka eyi-10-20. Izimo zangaphandle zangaphandle zichaphazela ixesha lokugcina. Ngaloo ndlela, ukushisa okuphakamileyo, i-gamma radiation okanye i-particle high-energy inokutshabalalisa yonke idatha ngokukhawuleza. Ngoku iipampuli eziphambili kakhulu, ezinokuziqhayisa ukuba zineenkcukacha ezibalulekileyo zokwenza imemori yefowuni, zinezinto ezibuthathaka. Banobukho bombuso obuncinane ngaphezu kwezixhobo ezicwangcisiweyo nezilungisiweyo, eziye zaphuculwa eziliqela.

Isiphelo

Nangona kukho iingxaki ezikhankanywe ekupheleni kwinqaku, inkcazelo yekhnoloji yefowuni iyasebenza, ngenxa yokuba iyasetyenziswa kakhulu. Yaye kwaye izibonelelo zayo zininzi ngokwaneleyo ukugqithisa imiphumo. Ngoko ke, ulwazi lomnatha wefowuni luye luncedo kakhulu kwaye luyaziwayo kwizixhobo zombane.