Ulwimi Catalan - iimpawu. Apho bathe bathetha Catalan

Catalan fanele ukuba oksitano-Romance iqelana yentsapho yaseYurophu Indo-. It is a wombuso seLizwe Jikelele. Inani elipheleleyo labantu abathetha Catalan, bamalunga nama-11 ezigidi. Amaninzi, oku ulwimi unokuviwa kummandla Ukuzilawula Uluntu eSpeyin (kwiiBalearic Islands kunye Valencia), Italy (Alghero, nto leyo ukwakweli kwisiqithi ESardinia) kunye neFransi (Pyrénées-Orientales).

ulwazi jikelele kunye nenkcazo emfutshane

Kwinkulungwane XVIII ngayo amagama amaninzi Catalan ngokunxulumene noko iye yasetyenziswa kwintsimi ezahlukeneyo. Nanamhla oku, walondoloza amagama amabini ngaphezulu elibhekisela olu lwimi - Catalano-IsiValencian-kwiiBalearic (asetyenziswe ikakhulu kwi ncwadi lwezenzululwazi) kunye IsiValencian. Le ndlela yokugqibela kusetyenziswa izizwe kuphela abahlala ekuhlaleni elizenzekelayo Valencia (part of Spain). Kukho kwakhona isihloko ezinqabileyo of "Mallorquina", nto leyo lisetyenziswa izihlandlo sesikweni (kwiiBalearic Islands, Kingdom of Majorca).

Catalan wathatha indawo ehlonelwayo yesithandathu kwiqela Romance ngokuthi nenani lezithethi (hayi ngaphantsi kwezigidi 11.6 zabantu). Ngaphambi isiRomania Spanish, Italian, isiFrentshi, IsiPhuthukezi kunye. Catalan kwi indawo 14 kwi-European Union ngokutsho Ngokobunyulu ukusetyenziswa kwintetho yemihla ngemihla.

Kuba ngokubhala kusetyenziswa naphaya Latin: umzekelo, edibeneyo iileta -ny-, -L ∙ l-, -ig, ezo akafumaneki naphi na. iimpawu uphawu ulwimi enxulumene nefonetiki kunye negrama, malunga nenani lwezikhamiso (kwi Romance iqela ezisixhenxe, in Catalan - ezisibhozo) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwinqaku ekhethekileyo phambi kokuba amagama.

NgoJanuwari 2009, ingxelo ukuba omnye mde ehlabathini (iiyure 124 intetho eqhubekayo) sele ifakiwe. Amaninzi awasiwisayo Catalan. irekhodi umbhali perpinyanets Lewis Kulet.

Imbali ukuvela kunye nophuhliso

Kukholelwa ukuba ulwimi Catalan waqalisa ukuba imilo emva X ngenkulungwane njengoko ezikhumbuzo bokuqala usebenzisa i "igunya Ukufundisa" lwaso, apho kwafunyanwa umhla ngaphambili kule nkulungwane. Yavele ngenxa yobukrwada yesiLatini inxalenye esemntla Iberia. KumaXesha Aphakathi emva njengento Catalan zindala kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa kule ncwadi (ngoko ke ndikhetha ukuba ubhale kwi Occitan), intanda kunye nenzululwazi.

Ukususela ngenkulungwane XIII, iziyelelane ngokuthe eqinisa isikhundla salo ukuze sibe lulwimi oluzimeleyo. Nangona uRamon Lully kunye nokusetyenziswa Catalan udale imisebenzi phezu imixholo ngezakwaLizwi, zefilosofi kunye nezobugcisa. ubudala Ngokwenene golden zolwimi waba kwekhulu XV. Inkosi kakhulu elihle kwaye eliqaqambileyo ongomnye ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa olu lwimi kwisihobe, waba Auzias Mark. Ukuphakama e iprozi, Kakade ke, bobabo kwinoveli "I-White Tyrant" yaye "lalikhathazwe kunye Guelph," umbhali leyo yaba Zhuanot Martorell.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX, ulwimi Catalan uphulukene isesebuqaqawulini bayo bokuqala. Isizathu soku yaba elite kwezentlalo nezopolitiko, eyaqala ukusebenzisa ngokubonakalayo i isiCastilian (igama yamandulo iSpanish). Ngenxa abantu abaqhelekileyo kunye nabefundisi, baqhubeka ukusebenzisa Catalan kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla, ulwimi singabi ufile.

Emva kokuba Civil kweMfazwe ka-1936-1939. ahlula Franco bukaThixo balelwa ukusetyenziswa lwesigodi ngolwimi oluthethwayo kunye nolwimi olubhaliweyo. ESpeyin, ngelo xesha kwakukho nkqu umthetho njengako apho umntu osebenzisa Catalan, phantsi mthetho. Nokufika kwedemokrasi ngo-lizwe kwakhokelela ukuba autonomization ezithile imimandla, kangangokuba ulwimi kwakhona waba karhulumente.

upelo

inkqubo yokubhala Catalan usebenzisa oonobumba Latin kunye namanqaku lwemvakalo-zwi. Phakathi ngeempawu ukupela yahlulwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• sebenzisa Interpoint phakathi kabini unobumba l: Intel • ligent - clever;
• ukusetyenziswa lwendibaniso -ig-, nto leyo ibonisa isandi [ʧ] amagama afana njengoko maig, faig etc.;
• ukusebenzisa oonobumba t, leyo yayimisela elandelayo eyandisiweyo lwamaqabane tl, tll, TN kunye t: setmana - veki, bitllet - itikiti;
• nokuhlangana TZ, ts, TJ, KT kusetyenziswa ekuchazeni affricates.

iimpawu uphawu lwezikhamiso

Enye ngeempawu ezicacileyo zolu hlobo lwezandi - eli Ukunyamalala lwezikhamiso ekupheleni amazwi imvelaphi Latin ngaphandle incwadi s. Olu phawu kuqala azakubalulwa i-Catalan ulwimi Italo-Roman kunye iqelana Western Iberia. Ulwimi ezi subfamilies kugcina zonke zikhamiso lokugqibela. Catalan and Occitan babelana inani lamagama monosyllabic kunye izandi ezibini ezininzi. Umahluko phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini ezingasentla kunciphiso ezizalanayo AU ukuvula i O. sound

Catalan yahlukile ukusuka pronunciation Spanish ye ukugcinwa lwezikhamiso wabethelela mfutshane wavula Latin imvelaphi kunye O E. intlanganisela -ACT loonobumba phakathi kwamagama ivavanywa nokwehlisa iba njl. Lo msebenzi osemqoka ofanayo ulwimi Catalan kunye Western Romance (Occitan kunye Languedoc lwesigodi).

iimpawu consonants

Olu hlobo isandi luphawulwa utshintsho -t osisithulu, -C, -P unkenteza -d-, -g-, -b. Olu phawu idibanisa kunye Catalan Romanesque ngasentshona-subfamily. C. Gallo-Romanic iqela lolwimi olumanyanisa ukulondolozwa FL izandi zokuqala, PL, CL, ukutshintsha amaqabane qegu ehambelana avakalisa ukuba igama elilandelayo iqala ngesikhamiso ngezandi okanye baveza. Inkqubo Lahla -n intervocalic, efana Latin yobukrwada udityanisiwe mihle wokugqibela nobona Catalan kunye Occitan languedocien lwesigodi.

• Khawucinge iimpawu original ukuba akafumaneki ngeelwimi Romance:
• isandi esingunombini Latin uba -u -D;
• -TIS isiphelo engena -u (kuphela ukuba loo mntu isininzi yesibini);
• intlanganisela Latin anesiphelo izandi -C + e, i → -u (nama. CRUCEM → Creu).

uhlobo

Maxa wambi ezahlukeneyo kwintsimi kuloo mimandla apho abantu ndithetha Catalan, phantsi kweempembelelo zakhe, kukho iziyelelane ezahlukahlukeneyo. Cinga ebaluleke kakhulu, kwakunye indawo okuvela:

• ulwimi Sicilia emazantsi eItali;
• lwesigodi patuet, leyo kude kube kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane lokugqibela sithetha kwamanye amazwe, yaye kamva - inzala yabo elasezantsi Valencia, Menorca. Njengoko zolwimi, liye laba isisekelo yamagama Arab kunye French;

• ukuyilwa lwesigodi panotcho (Ukuzilawula Community of Murcia) iphenjelelwa Catalan. Ilizwe imvelaphi - Spain;
• ulwimi Sicilia, Southern Italy;
• churros limi, iindawo iSpanish abathetha ulwimi lwasemzini beso kummandla Ukuzilawula Community of Valencia;
• ulwimi Neapolitan, ilizwe - Italy.