Yabemi Bashkiria: labemi, ukwakhiwa lobuhlanga, inkolo

Bashkirs - abantu bamandulo abahlala Urals wasezantsi kufuneka kwiinkulungwane ezili-12. ibali yabo umdla kakhulu kwaye Akumangalisi kukuba, nangona kokusingqongileyo abamelwane bomelele, Bashkirs walondoloza ayo ukohluka kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nangona, eneneni, nokwenziwa uhlanga wenza umsebenzi wayo. Yabemi Bashkortostan for 2016 kuthetha abantu malunga 4 million. Asingabo bonke abahlali kummandla ngabantu izithethi zomthonyama kunye nenkcubeko yamandulo, kodwa umoya uhlanga igcinwa apha.

indawo okuyo

Bashkortostan ukwakweli kumda Europe kunye Asia. kwintsimi Republic kaThixo nje kwama-143 amawaka square metres. km kwaye ligubungela inxalenye East European Plain, inkqubo nentaba South Urals kunye Trans-Urals intaba. capital Le ngingqi - Ufa - amatyotyombe inkulu kwiriphabliki, kwaye abanye wesixeko Bashkiria kubemi kunye nobungakanani mmandla emva kwakhe.

Bashkortostan usizo ezahlukahlukeneyo kakhulu. Ingongoma aphezulu kule ngingqi - Zigalga Ridge (1427 m). Amathafa neenduli kakuhle ifanele wezoLimo, ngoko abemi Bashkiria kudala wenza ukufuywa kwezilwanyana kunye nemveliso yezityalo. KwiRiphabliki zizityebi imithombo yamanzi, ibekwe nezitya zemilambo ezifana iVolga, phambene ne OB. Ngomhla kummandla Bashkortostan ithatha amawaka 12 imilambo ubungakanani ezahlukeneyo, oko izindlu 2700 amachibi, ubukhulu becala imvelaphi yasentwasahlobo. Kukho kwakhona wadala amadama 440 ezenziwe ngumntu.

Le ngingqi oovimba enkulu kwezimbiwa. Ngoko ke, nanku ke ifumaneka iidipozithi yeoli, igolide, intsimbi, ubhedu, igesi yendalo, zinc. Bashkortostan ibekwe kwindawo ziingcathu, endaweni yayo eninzi ihlathi engumxube, emathafeni kunye emathafeni. Icacisa zolondolozo ezintathu ezinkulu yolondolozo kunye nohlobo eziliqela. Bashkortostan ngomda kulawulwa Federation njengoko kwiingingqi Sverdlovsk, eChelyabinsk Orenburg, kunye Udmurtia kunye Tatarstan.

Imbali yabantu Bashkir

Abantu yokuqala kummandla Bashkortostan mihla waphila iminyaka yezigidi 50-40 eyadlulayo. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana imizila kweendawo yamandulo kumqolomba Iman. Kule Paleolithic, Mesolithic kunye nezizwe Neolithic abazingeli kunye nabavuni babehlala apha, bona kakuhle yendawo, izilwanyana, imizobo ekhohlo ezindongeni mqolomba. Zofuzo la base abahlala ngentsimbi yokuqala ukwenza Bashkir ubuzwe.

I ikhankanya yokuqala Bashkirs unokufunda imibhalo zejografi Arabhu. Bathi wahlala igama "Bashkort" abantu iinkulungwane 9-11 th kumacala omabini phambene Iintaba. Xa 10-12 Kwiinkulungwane th, le Bashkirs aba yinxalenye karhulumente ka iVolga Bulgaria. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-13 alwa ngengcwangu kunye Mongols, abo babefuna ukumbamba ilizwe labo. Isiphumo yaqukunjelwa isivumelwano sokuba liqumrhu, yaye kangangeminyaka 13-14 Abantu Bashkir ziyinxalenye Golden mkhosi kwiimeko ezizodwa. Bashkirs ningebantu, engqongwe irhafu. Baqhubeka lwemfundo yabo kwezentlalo baba Kagan emkhosini. Emva kokuba ngokuwa Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, le Bashkirs ibe yinxalenye Kazan kunye Siberian anayo.

Ngenkulungwane ye-16 yaqalisa uxinzelelo olumandla kokuzimela Bashkirs ukusuka uBukhosi Russian. In the 1550s Ivan Grozny wabiza abantu ukuba bajoyine ngokuzithandela urhulumente wakhe. thethwano Long zabanjwa, kwaye ngo-1556 asayina isivumelwano kwi wokujoyina Bashkirs ebukumkanini Russian kwiimeko ezizodwa. Abantu kugcina amalungelo abo unqulo, ulawulo, umkhosi, kodwa ahlawulwe irhafu ukuya Russian Tsar, kuba ukufumana uncedo dudula ndlongo amazwe.

De kwaba yinkulungwane ye-17 nemiqathango yesivumelwano nehlonitshwayo, kodwa ukuza ku namandla Romanovs baqalisa nokungena kumalungelo geqe of Bashkirs. Oku kwakhokelela ukuba uthotho neziphithiphithi 17-18 kwiinkulungwane th. Abantu bahlupheka ilahleko enkulu kumzabalazo amalungelo abo nokuzimela, kodwa wakwazi ukuzikhusela ukuzimela yalo uBukhosi Russian, nangona zisekhona concessions kwafuneka ukuba ahambe.

Xa 18-19 Kwiinkulungwane th Bashkiria iye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba kuthotyelwe phantsi utshintsho lolawulo, kodwa ngokubanzi ugcina ilungelo kuhlala imida zembali. Bashkiria abantu kuwo imbali yayo kuye amadoda kakhulu. Bashkirs yathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo onke amadabi imigushuzo iRussia: kwi-1812 imfazwe, owokuqala Second World Wars. ukulahleka abantu abakhulu, kodwa uloyiso ezukileyo. Phakathi Bashkirs ezininzi lokwenene Amaqhawe-amagorha.

Ngexesha le ukuvukela 1917 Bashkiria waba ngowokuqala kwicala yenkcaso Red Army wadalwa umkhosi Bashkir ukuba wasivuna ingcamango geqe esi sizwe. Noko ke, ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela ngowe-1919, urhulumente Bashkir yaba phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente waseSoviet. Njengenxalenye eSoviet Union Bashkiria wayefuna ukwenza republic womanyano. Kodwa Stalin wathi Tatarstan kunye Bashkortostan ayikwazi republic eSoviet, njengoko enclaves Russian, kwiRiphabliki Bashkir kangaka azimele zadalwa.

Kumaxesha Soviet, lo mmandla kwafuneka anyamezele ubunzima kunye neenkqubo ezithile ukuba yonke USSR. Kubekho collectivization kwemizi-mveliso. Ngexesha lemfazwe e Bashkiria ukuba bakhutshwe amashishini ezininzi kwimizi-mveliso namanye, nto leyo yenza isiseko post-imfazwe kweefektri recovery. Kwiminyaka ye perestroika, ngowe-1992, oko Ndashumayela Republic of Bashkortostan kunye siseko wayo. Namhlanje, Bashkortostan aza benza ukuvuselelwa ubuzwe kunye nezithethe yamanyange.

Uluntu lulonke Bashkiria. Dynamics kwezalathisi

Ukubalwa wokuqala Bashkortostan yaqhutyelwa ngo-1926, lo gama kummandla kwiriphabliki babehlala izigidi eziyi 2,665. Uqikelelo Kamva yamanani abemi bommandla lwenziwa ngamaxesha athile ezahlukeneyo, yaye kuphela ukususela kwinkulungwane yama-20 emva kwexesha baqalisa kuqokelelwa rhoqo ngonyaka data ezinjalo.

Phambi kokuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, nodaba abemi iyancumisa. Ukunyuka likhulu kwenani labahlali bezile 50 ekuqaleni. Ngamanye amaxesha lo mmandla ukunyuka umlinganiselo 100 lamawaka abantu. nokwehla kancinane ekukhuleni iye ibhalwe 90 ekuqaleni.

Kwaba kuphela ngo-2001 lwabonisa Dynamics elibi kubemi. Qho ngonyaka, inani labahlali lehlile ngabantu amawaka aliqela. Xa Ekupheleni kowama-2000, imeko lilungiswa kancinane, kodwa ngowama-2010 inani abahlali omtsha waqalisa ukuhla.

Namhlanje yabemi Bashkiria (2016) waye ngcono, inani ngu 441 000 abantu. Nangona izikhombisi yabantu kunye noqoqosho musa ukuba ukuphucuka meko. Kodwa ubunkokheli Bashkortostan ubeka kuqala ukunciphisa ukufa nokunyusa izinga ukuzalwa kule ngingqi, nekufuneka ifutha ngokwakhayo inani abemi balo.

division of Bashkortostan

Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-16 njengenxalenye Bashkortostan ye ubukhosi Russian zimanyene ngeenxa Ufa. Okokuqala yaba isithili Ufa, ngoko kwiphondo Ufa kwiPhondo Ufa. Kumaxesha Soviet loo mmandla kuye kwabakho iinguqulelo ezininzi sobummandla-yolawulo enxulumene tshintsho, ngoko zahlulwe phakathi kwizithili. Ngo-2009, kwagqitywa ekubeni namhlanje ukwahlulwa Bashkortostan zibe ziiyunithi indawo. Ngokutsho komthetho republic kuloo mmandla ebhalwe yesithili 54, 21 isixeko, 8 kubo - ngaphantsi republic, 4532 iilali. Namhlanje Bashkortostan yabantu kwedolophu ngokwenyusa kancinane ikakhulu ngenxa yokufuduka lwangaphakathi.

nokwabiwa labantu

Russia - lizwe ikakhulu kwezolimo, malunga 51% of baseRashiya bahlala kwimimandla yasemaphandleni. Ukuba sihlolisisa labemi ezisezidolophini Bashkiria (2016), siyakwazi ukubona ukuba malunga ne-48% yabantu uhlala kuzo, oko kukuthi. E. million 1.9 kwezingama-4 million. Oko kukuthi, lo mmandla ibekwe a trend lonke. Uluhlu imizi Bashkiria ngokwemiqathango oluntu ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: amatyotyombe inkulu - nto Ufa (izigidi 1,112 abantu), abaseleyo zokuhlala mncinci kakhulu ngobukhulu, umphezulu ezintlanu iquka Sterlitamak (abantu 279,000), Salavat (154 000) Neftekamsk (137,000) no-Oktobha (114 amawaka). Ezinye dolophu phakathi ezincinane, inani labo ayidluli amawaka 70.

Age-sex Ukwakhiwa yabemi Bashkiria

index lonke female ku ratio oyindoda imalunga 1.1. Kwaye esemncinane inani amakhwenkwe zidlula amantombazana, kodwa ubudala, umfanekiso zitshintshile. Ukuqwalasela yabemi Bashkiria, ungabona ukuba oku kuqhubeka apha. Kwi-avareji, ngokuba amawaka elowo amadoda kukho 1139 abafazi.

Ukusasazwa labemi yobudala kwiRiphabliki Bashkortostan na ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ngaphantsi kweminyaka ukusebenza - 750 amawaka abantu, phezu yokusebenza - 830 amawaka abantu abasebenzayo - yezigidi 2.4 zabantu. Ngoko ke, ngo-1000 yokusebenza akhawunti yobudala malunga 600 abantu abatsha nabadala. Kwi-avareji, oku elungelelene nokwenzeka njengesimbo kuzwelonke. imodeli Age-sex ummandla Bashkiria kunganxulunyaniswa uhlobo nokuguga othi malunga nekamva le-ingxaki imeko athile kunye noqoqosho kule ngingqi.

nokwakheka yesizwe yabemi

Ukususela ngo-1926, wayeqhuba elibukhali ubume sikazwelonke abemi Bashkir Republic. Ngeli xesha lubonisa iintsingiselo zilandelayo: inani labantu Russian kuxhaphaka iyaphela, kunye 39,95% ukuya 35.1%. A Bashkirs inani kwandisa ukusuka 23,48% ukuya 29%. Kunye Bashkirs nobuhlanga Bashkortostan for 2016 1.2 million. Amanye amaqela eentlanga zimelwe amanani: Tatar - 24%, Chuvashes - 2.6%, Mari - 2.5%. Amanye amaqela uhlanga emelwe ngaphantsi kwe-1% yabo xa bebonke.

Kwingingqi apho kukho ingxaki enkulu kuba ulondolozo iintlanga ezincinane. Ngoko ke, abemi Kryashens kule minyaka ili-100 idluleyo liye lakhula, Mishari zisemngciphekweni wokutshabalala, kunye teptyari wanyamalala ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke, ubunkokeli le ngingqi izama ukudala iimeko ezizodwa ekulondolozweni subethnoses ezincinane eseleyo.

Ulwimi inkolo

Ezindaweni yesizwe kusoloko ingxaki kulondolozwe yonqulo zolwimi, akukho ngaphandle kunye Bashkiria. yabantu abaseAfrika - yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ungubani yesizwe. Kuba Bashkirs ukholo izinyanya ke Cartoon Islam. Kumaxesha Soviet, unqulo ukuvalwa ongekho mthethweni, nangona intra-imowudi zidla sisephantsi kolwakhiwo, ngokwesithethe Muslim. Kumaxesha ocalu-perestroika e Bashkiria iqala imvuselelo kwezenzo zonqulo. Bangaphezu kwama-20 iminyaka mmandla lavulwa ngaphezulu kwe 1000 zamaSilamsi (kumaxesha Soviet kwakukho 15 kuphela), iicawa malunga 200 Orthodox kunye namaziko zonqulo eziliqela zezinye iinkolo. Kodwa zonqulo kummandla yi Islam, unqulo anawo malunga ne-70% yawo onke amabandla lizwe.

Ulwimi - yinxenye ebalulekileyo yesazisi yesizwe. E Bashkortostan kumaxesha Soviet kwabakho okhethekileyo umgaqo-nkqubo wolwimi. Ngoko ke, abantu waqala ukuphelelwa ulwimi lwabo lweenkobe. Ukususela ngowe-1989, eli lizwe waqhuba umsebenzi okhethekileyo ukuvuselela ngayo yolwimi yesizwe. Imvume ukuba imfundo ngolwimi lwabo (Bashkir, Tatar). Namhlanje, 95% yabantu abathetha isiRashiya, 27% ephethwe yi-Bashkir, 35% - Tatar.

uqoqosho Le ngingqi

Bashkortostan - enye en- ngokwemigaqo neengingqi zoqoqosho Russia. Nedra Bashkortostan esisityebi kwizimbiwa, ngoko kwiriphabliki ithatha indawo 9 kwi-oyile lizwe kunye 1st - ngenkqubo yayo. uqoqosho Le ngingqi kukuba obuziintlobo kakuhle yaye, ke ngoko, kulungile uleyisayo ukuntsonkotha amaxesha ntlekele. Zimbalwa amashishini zinika uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kweli lizwe, zezi:

- kushishino petrochemical, bemelwe yi zokusila ezinkulu, "Bashneft", neftehimzavod Sterlitamak, Bashkir Soda Inkampani;

- obunjineli boomatshini kunye yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, kubandakanywa sebhasi Plant Neftemash, Kumertau moya, umenzi zonke-ngengingqi izithuthi "Vityaz" imoto Neftekamsk;

- imboni amandla;

- ishishini lemveliso.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uqoqosho sifunda ulimo, Bashkir abalimi abenza ngempumelelo lulimo izilwanyana kunye nezityalo ukulima.

Ummandla liphuhlise kakuhle urhwebo kunye nenkonzo karhulumente, leyo kakubi kuchaphazela imivuzo ephantsi (2016), e Bashkiria, kodwa imeko kweli lizwe ingcono kakhulu kwimimandla inkxaso.

umsebenzi

Ngokubanzi, abemi Bashkiria na iimeko zoqoqosho bhetele abantu kwezinye iingingqi ezininzi. Noko ke, ngo-2016 zarekhodishwa kukho ukwanda ngqesho, kuba iinyanga ezintandathu yenyuka nge-11% xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka ophelileyo. Kwakhona waphawula ukuhla iinkonzo zorhwebo kunye nomthengi, ukuncitshiswa umvuzo kunye nengeniso ngokwenene. Konke oku kukhokelela umjikelo olandelayo ngqesho. Okokuqala ahlaselwa iingcali abaselula kunye iziqu akukho amava emsebenzini. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni nencindi lolutsha iqala kunye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo kulo mmandla.

iziseko mmandla kwinto

Kuba nawuphi na ummandla ebalulekileyo iziseko zentlalo, nto leyo evumela abahlali ukuba ulwaneliseko lokuphila kwindawo ethile. Yabemi Bashkortostan for 2016 kakhulu kakhulu iimeko zobomi kule ngingqi. E Bashkortostan, omninzi iinzame kunye nemali ityalwe zokulungiswa kunye nokwakhiwa kweendlela, iibhulorho, amaziko ezempilo. ukuphuhlisa izithuthi kunye nezakhiwo nokhenketho kweli lizwe. Kodwa ke, kukho iingxaki, ingakumbi kunye namalungiselelo amaziko emfundo kunye nezenkcubeko. Le ngingqi ubunzima ecacileyo kunye nokusingqongileyo, amashishini ezininzi lemveliso kuba nefuthe elibi nokucoceka amanzi kunye nomoya kummandla kwizixeko ezikhulu. Noko ke, izinto eziluncedo esixeko ngcono kakhulu kuphuhliswa ngakumbi emaphandleni, ekhokelela yayikukuphuphuma kubemi basemaphandleni emizini.

Ezona mpawu yabantu labantu

Iimpawu zosasazeko Bashkortostan kakuhle iyahluka ukusuka kwiindawo ezininzi zeli lizwe. Ngenxa yoko, izinga kweli lizwe kancinane ngokuzalwa, kodwa elandayo minyaka ili-10 idlulileyo (ngaphandle kuphela ngo-2011, xa kwakukho ukuhla nge-0.3%). Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, kwaye izinga lokusweleka nayo ikhula kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nangona ngesantya esisezantsi umlinganiselo lokuzalwa. Ngoko ke, yabemi Bashkiria ubonisa ukwenyuka ezincinane yendalo, nto leyo okufana kwelizwe liphela.