Umsunguli ngocingo. Unyaka kokusungulwa ngomnxeba. Yintoni ifoni kuqala

Nditsho ngamaxesha intsomi yamandulo yesiGrike Theseus kukuba athi wokuqala indlela ndlela angadlulisela ulwazi. Aegeus, uyise uTshawe, xa wathumela unyana wakhe kwisiqithi saseKrete, xa wayesilwa rhamncwa Minotaur, wambuza ukuba ukubuya kwakhe, ukuba uphumelele, ukuphakamisa iseyile phezu emhlophe emkhombeni, yaye kwimeko ukoyiswa - emnyama. Ngelishwa, le Umsunguli ifowuni kwakungafanelanga azalwe, nemibala engumxube, kunye Aegeus, ecinga ukuba unyana wakhe ufile, antywiliselwa. Ulwandle, apho lenziwe, wabiza Aegean.

Ukuqhubeka ibali nesihlanganisi

Kangangethuba, nogxininiso kubantu ekusombululeni ingxaki ekudluliseni yeesimboli kunye nemiqondiso imigama emide ezingahlawulwanga. Kangangethuba elide ndlela inokuthenjwa ukuqinisekisa unxibelelwano ezikumgangatho ophezulu zaba iintaka kunye nabantu. Xa imozulu ndinolunya yaye akazange uzimisele ukubaleka, sebenzisa umlilo umlilo, nomsi, ilizwi okanye ezinye iimpawu. Nangona, ngeliphandle, ngenkulungwane ye-16 kwabakho isindululo, Giovanni della Porta, sesayensi Italian ukusebenzisa thethwano yombhobho ukudibanisa. Loo indlela esisebenza phezu iinqanawa ukwenzela unxibelelwano phakathi egumbini injini kunye nomthetheli. Ngoko ke, isindululo ukubeka imibhobho enjalo phezu kummandla wonke Italy benganikhawulelanga ngokuqonda, yaye ifowuni lokuqala ngexesha wayengavuswanga yasungulwa.

I-revolution eFransi kunye impumelelo umba kunxibelelwano

Umkhandi Klod Shapp ngo ka1789 namadini Convent ukusombulula umba kunye uqhagamshelwano ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: sonke waseFransi ajolise ekufikeleleni uthungelwano ezinde ukufaka kwizixhobo zazo, eyenziwe ngamaplanga. kwafuneka ukuba ibonakale ngokucacileyo kude Ngelo xesha linye. Ebusuku, lo izibane yalikhanyisa phezu iziphelo oonotsheluza. Ngaphakathi Inqaba a telegrapher, ukutshintsha indawo oonotsheluza. A incopho yothelekiso ngenxa kwakhe ibekwe kwindawo ukubonakala inde. Behleli umyalezo wakhe telegrapher lwaza ithunyelwa. Ngoko ke bahamba - ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala ukuya ekupheleni. Ungacela ukufumana imidibaniso malunga 200, ukutshintsha indawo oonotsheluza. ikhowudi laqulunqwa, olu sapho lwaluquka kukho umthamo notebook kwiphepha 92, iyileyo ukuba inani elifanayo lamagama. umsebenzi Telegraph wadlula inombolo ilizwi iphepha iingongoma eziphakathi kwe-cipher ayaziwa, kodwa wadlulisela indibaniselwano ifunyenwe. Klod Shapp - akukabikho Umsunguli ngomnxeba, kodwa fan yakhe enkulu, uNapoleon yaqalisa indlela yakhe yonxibelelwano phantse lonke Europe. Kwenzeka ukuba, izinga zothumelo liphezulu ngokwaneleyo. Umzekelo, umyalezo ovela eSt Petersburg ukuya Warsaw waya kwenye indawo yimizuzu engama-45, ukuba kuphela yezulu abe eqhelekileyo.

Ukuveliswa kombane kunye nonxibelelwano

Xa kwemoto umbane, okokuqala, oosonzululwazi akalifumana isicelo practical. La mava yokuqala yasasazwa kwiinkcukacha ukude. oosonzululwazi Austrian, ebona ukuxhomekeka le kusungulwe iimeko zemozulu Chappe wadala lobeko yayo yombane. Lilungu eMunich Academy Semmering ngo-1809 wenza isixhobo into edityaniswe ezingamashumi amathathu anesihlanu iingcingo, ngasinye sihambisane amanani oonobumba be-alfabhethi. Post zenzeke kwitreyi ezele ngamanzi, kwabakho uthungelwano kwisekethe yombane, apho ziza kwabiwa egesi, kunye nolwazi ufunde phezu kwalo. Uyilo wawunzima kakhulu, nje ungabanjwa, kuphela 1832 lwenziwe ezifanele ukusetyenziswa elektrotelegraf. Kuye ezaqanjwa Schilling, isazinzulu evela eRashiya, yaye kamva banyibilikiswe amaNgesi Cooke Wheatstone. Ngoko ke, ngokuthe ngcembe, siza kufika kuloo nto, njengoko kwenzeka kokusungulwa ngomnxeba, ngokufutshane ume kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo.

Ukusungulwa kwe Morse

yocingo lakhe zamagama kunye nezixhobo yokusasaza worse wabonisa ukuba uluntu ngo-1837. Ukususela ngalo mzuzu kusungulwe sombane waza waqalisa uhambo lwakhe loloyiso ehlabathini lonke. Nje-10 iminyaka komgca wakhe Badidekile uninzi Intshona Melika naseYurophu. uloyiso yakhe kungekabekwa le uqhagamshelwano ngentambo kwi-Atlantic kolwandle, eyenziwe 1866 ngoncedo wenqanawa "Enkulu Eastern", wayakhela ngokukodwa ukulungiselela le njongo. Xa kwemoto irediyo, worse wafudukela kungena kaEtere. Kwaye ngoku, nangona ezisasazwayo satellite, yeselula, uphawu-rich unxibelelwano, i-Internet, kukho abantu, yaye baninzi ukhetha ukuthumela ucingo. Kwaye hayi kuphela ezilalini kodwa kwizixeko ezikhulu. Ngoku usondele kakhulu umhla ezibalulekileyo ezifana njengonyaka kokusungulwa ngomnxeba.

Xa owavela ifowuni

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini iindlela ezingundoqo zokunxibelelana yaba ngomnxeba. Wazalwa kamva yocingo kakhulu, ezihlangwini zakhe. Ngelo xesha, xa oku siphu- engundoqo kaFilipu Rice, isazinzulu waseJamani, wenza isixhobo ukuba esebenzisa yangoku galvanic nanini na umgama ithwala ilizwi lomntu ngo-1861. kwiminyaka eli-15 kamva uAleksandr Grehem Bell, utitshala wesikolo ePhiladelphia, wabonisa izixhobo lokuqala ifowuni zombane lo Mboniso ka yeHlabathi. Khumbula, 1876 - umhla kokusungulwa ngomnxeba. Kodwa Elish Grey, omnye umakhi, kuphela emva kweeyure ezingengaphi emva kwexesha kunye nesicelo kokusungulwa olufanayo. Ngoko ke, lo igunya kulo mbandela - kuphela eqhelekileyo.

Development of zonxibelelwano

kwiminyaka nje emihlanu kamva indlela entsha yokunxibelelana, leyo lula kakhulu Telegraph, abe yinxalenye yobomi bomntu. Nimbonile na iifoto ifoni kuqala? Ngoko ke, yayingeyiyo uThomas Edison lugqibelele kule fowuni, yaye baba iindlela ngemihla ngokwenene zonxibelelwano. A kusungulwe kwaye uhlala zoluntu. Bekukho ukhetho kunye entsimini yomnxeba. Ngenxa isantya basiwe kwezinye iindawo kunye olulula nokuphathwa, kuye ziluncedo yomkhosi kunye nabezomkhosi. Exchange yefoni lokuqala kuvulwa ngo-1878. Le yindlela yonxibelelwano, ezifana kusungulwe, ezifumene iwonga lomntu. yawo eqhelekileyo alikwazanga ukuthintela mhlawumbi revolution okanye imfazwe. Bhanya-bhanya baloo maxesha ke wabona ukuba enye imisebenzi ozithandayo yabaphathi-mikhosi njengoko White Army kunye oluBomvu, ngexesha leMfazwe Civil waba pererugivanie ngalo efowunini.

Ngokufutshane gefowuni yokuqala

Uyazi, ngubani na umenzi esemthethweni ngefowuni. Yintoni na ngokwaleyo ifowuni kuqala? Hi ndlela leyi, wayila yaba ingozi, njengamanye amaninzi apha kobu bomi. Xa ukuhlola kunye imifuniselo egcwele ipleyiti ekuqaleni ukwenza njenge kovalo nobu-, kwaye ucinga ngaphandle ngakumbi ukuba lo mbandela ixesha. Ngenxa yoko, ifowuni Bell uye waba imvakalelo kwi mboniso. Nangona isixhobo yokuqala wasebenza kuphela kumgama amakhulu amabini eemitha, kunye ukutyhefa isandi enkulu, wayithumela nokufumana izixhobo ibizezamandulo kakhulu. Le Umsunguli wadala i "Society ifowuni Bell" waza waqalisa ngenkuthalo ukuphucula kuyo. Ngenxa yoko, emva omnye kuphela unyaka lwezilinganisi eqinisekisiwe kunye inwebu entsha kwifowuni yakho. Kancinci kamva isicelo umbhobho carbon (ukwandisa umgama transmission) yaye yanikwa neebhetri ezahlukeneyo. Kwiminyaka kancinane abangaphezu kwekhulu phantse ngokohlobo yefoni yathatha.

Development of ngocingo kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini

njani baya njani uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwe fyabo, exhaswa yi-uAleksandr Bell? Phone, bavula kungekudala Ugqwesile yocingo waya likhule ephala. Phakathi Canada kunye eSkotlani, lo Tat-1 yokuqala yocingo cable sabekwa 1956. Ke emveni koko - abangaphezu kwekhulu elinamanci ophosa kweekhebhile ezinjalo. Ukuquka - Washington - Moscow, edume urhulumente intambo esikhethekileyo uqhagamshelwano phakathi ngumongameli American kunye nentloko eSoviet Union. Akukho mntu wumbi ukufikelela kuyo. Oku, ucingo, inkonzo yocingo, Kakade ke, kakhulu ibiza ngaphezu ifowuni, ingakumbi xa ubala inani ingontsi kunye ubhedu wangcwatywa, kodwa indawo yayo akayi ndibuthabathe. Ubuncinane ngenxa kukuthembeka kwayo mkhulu kwaye kungenzeka ukuba ganga ngoku incoko.

phone namhlanje

Bell - Umsunguli ngomnxeba - abakwazanga, mhlawumbi, kunye nenkqubela eyenziwe uqhagamshelwano ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kubonakala ukuba uphuhliso lonxibelelwano mobile kufuneka isantya ucingo, kodwa yokugqibela uqhubekela phambili, ingakumbi kwizixeko ezikhulu ngenxa; njengokuba kuthiwe, ukuthembeka wayo, kwaye kuqaliswa ubuchwepheshe obutsha, ezifana fibre-optic networks. Kwaye ngaphandle kokuba undilibele, kuba abanye ucingo igqithiselwe kwi Internet? Kuba kakhulu, nto leyo kwaziswa nootatomkhulu bethu, kunye umbindi eMoscow - nootatomkhulu ezinkulu. Ngeteknoloji entsha, ifowuni Iyakwazi umoya waza wajika evela into kwindawo liqabane yabantu elula kakhulu kwaye phambili.

Enye inguqulelo Umsunguli ngomnxeba

Ukubonakalisa umxholo wayila le kuthetha zonxibelelwano, ndingasathethi ngenye version, phezu kwazo Umsunguli ngomnxeba - Ilayshi Grey kunye uAleksandr Bell akazange. Ngowe-2007 wapapasha incwadi kakuhle eyaziwa umphengululi, intatheli Seth Shulman, apho wabhala ukuba yokugqibela wayiba imilonde-okhuphisana fyabo kwaye kugqitha Yicime yeyakhe. Eyona iqhekeza ezingundoqo ubungqina yokubhala Bella, ukufikelela apho de-1976 kwaba kuphela. Ngoko ke, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuba Gray iye isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi kuqala, kodwa mbangi yakhe, enkosi zokunyoba kunye namagqwetha ndlongondlongo, wakwazi ukuba babhalise lomenzi ngaphambili. Kodwa loo nto bonke. Kukho ingcamango yokuba njengoko Umsunguli ifoni kuqala zingajongwa kunye filipp miseve, isazinzulu waseJamani. isixhobo wakhe, sidalelwe 1860, iye yakwazi ukudlulisa intetho umgama, kodwa isebenza phezu umgaqo eyahlukileyo. Hi ndlela leyi, Grey waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe njengomchweli, ngokunxuseneyo abafunda Oberlin College. Emva koko bazama yocingo umbane ubuchule kunye omashini of ehotele isilumkiso isixhobo Wire yotshintsho izixhobo zokushicilela ngqo kunye nezinye izixhobo. Court ilungelo lokuba abe Umsunguli ngomnxeba, yena waphulukana, nokuba Bell yafakelwa ingqalelo kuqala.

esizayo ukuze kuphuhliswe la maziko, zonxibelelwano

Umsunguli ifowuni, nokuba ngoobani na, mhlawumbi ucinge ukuba amathemba elizayo konxibelelwano. Basimisela isuntswana zamabali, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, banelungelo lokuba khona. Oku - telepathy, okanye, ngamanye amazwi, ukuba ukudluliselwa ingcamango mgama. Emva phaya ngeminyaka yenkulungwane lokugqibela, iSoviet Academician Glushkov wavakalisa lo mbono. Waphawula ukuba inkqubo kwengcamango yoluntu iya kuthunyelwa ngekhompyutha, uya kuyikhumbula, ekugqibeleni ufumana ngokuncedisana epheleleyo womntu kwaye umatshini. Kwaye uqinisekile ukuba ngo-2020, umsebenzi ehambelanayo ngokupheleleyo computer kwaye ingqondo yomntu kuya kuphunyezwa. Xa sicinga ngendlela computer ithatha indawo yezi ndlela zemveli of transfer ulwazi ibanga, zemo academician akudali umbono kumnandi kakhulu. Eneneni, abaninzi kubonakala neminqweno yenzeka sizaliseke. Ngokomzekelo, izindlu, yekhompyutha ngokupheleleyo, iminqwazi, eqhagamshelwe PC, wayithumela ukushukumisa ezibonwayo. Xa ke nezingeyonyani Artura Klarka kunye Ray Bradbury. Okanye ikhompyutha print-on umyalelo we lilizwi lomntu. Xa kukho usulelo nemfuno ingcamango mgama, ngoko ke isigqibo kulo mba. nje kangaka kude ngokwenene akazange uyifuna akukho mntu.

A kancinci malunga nezinye izinto zabantu

Nangona kokusungulwa ngomnxeba yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo, kodwa zonke izinto uluntu ayipheli apho. Ngoku ngokufutshane dwelisa ezilishumi ezona esisiseko kubo.

1. Utywala.
2. Internet.
3. control lokuzalwa.
4. Antibiotics.
5. Ukubulawa.
6. Shicilela.
7. Lwelindle.
8. Tools.
9. Nokupheka.
10. Ulwimi.

biography emfutshane of Aleksandra Bella

Xa sithetha ngalo kokusungulwa sisazinzulu enkulu, kufuneka unikeze isishwankathelo ngobomi bakhe. Wazalwa e Edinburgh (Scotland), nowesithathu ngoMatshi 1847. Uninzi nezihlobo zakhe umsebenzi rhetoricians zobungcali - umalume, uyise kunye notatomkhulu. Le yokugqibela ndabhala ama kwi mpendulo. Alexander kwi yokuqala bahamba ngendlela yawo, yesikolo esichaphazelekayo igqityiwe yaye waba ngumfundisi umculo obuciko. Wafunda unyaka kwiYunivesithi Edinburgh, ngoko ndafudukela Bati (eNgilane). Ngowe-1870 intsapho yakowabo yafudukela eKhanada kuhlala Ontario. Apha, Bell waqhubeka ukuzibandakanya usulelo uphawu ngenxa umba zonxibelelwano kunokuba nomdla ngakumbi eSkotlani. Created, umzekelo, ipiyano yombane, neyasasazwa phezu kwicingo umculo. Kungekudala emva, ngo-1873, Alexander waba ngumfundisi amalungu intetho kwiYunivesithi eBoston. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva wafumana igunya lokwenza kokusungulwa umnxeba №174465. Kwakhona, uye wabandakanyeka ngokudangazela ukukhanya, leyo kamva negalelo ekudalweni kobuchwepheshe-optic. Ngowe-1877, watshata Zanele Hubbard, umfundi wakhe, ngo-1882 - waba ngummi US. Owesibini wafa ngo-Agasti 1992. Kweli lizwe ngenxa okomzuzu nje, ukuba ukuhlonipha inkumbulo yakhe, zonke Pop inqanyulwe.